US5057293A — Multi-stage process for reducing the concentratio…

Claim 1

Independent Claim 212 words

A process for reducing the concentration of nitrogen oxides, sulfur trioxide or both in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel, the process comprising: a. introducing a first treatment agent selected from the group consisting of gaseous ammonia, and an aqueous solution of urea or ammonia and mixtures thereof into the effluent at a first temperature zone in order to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent; and b. introducing a second treatment agent selected from the group consisting of urea, ammonia, hexamethylenetetraamine, an oxygenated hydrocarbon, a paraffinic hydrocarbon, an olefinic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, an ammonium salt of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1:1, a hydroxy amino hydrocarbon, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen, a five- or six-membered heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic nitrogen, hydrogen peroxide, guanidine, guanidine carbonate, biguanidine, guanylurea sulfate, melamine, dicyandiamide, calcium cyanamide, biuret, 1,1'-azobisformamide, methylol urea, methylol urea-urea condensation product, dimethylol urea, methyl urea, dimethyl urea, and mixtures thereof into the effluent at a second temperature zone in order to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides, sulfur trioxide, or both in the effluent, wherein said first and second treatment agents are introduced under conditions effective to lower the effluent pollution index.

Claim 2

Dependent Claim 212 words

A process for reducing the concentration of nitrogen oxides, sulfur trioxide or both in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel, the process comprising: a. introducing a first treatment agent selected from the group consisting of gaseous ammonia, and an aqueous solution of urea or ammonia and mixtures thereof into the effluent at a first temperature zone in order to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent; and b. introducing a second treatment agent selected from the group consisting of urea, ammonia, hexamethylenetetraamine, an oxygenated hydrocarbon, a paraffinic hydrocarbon, an olefinic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, an ammonium salt of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1:1, a hydroxy amino hydrocarbon, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen, a five- or six-membered heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic nitrogen, hydrogen peroxide, guanidine, guanidine carbonate, biguanidine, guanylurea sulfate, melamine, dicyandiamide, calcium cyanamide, biuret, 1,1'-azobisformamide, methylol urea, methylol urea-urea condensation product, dimethylol urea, methyl urea, dimethyl urea, and mixtures thereof into the effluent at a second temperature zone in order to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides, sulfur trioxide, or both in the effluent, wherein said first and second treatment agents are introduced under conditions effective to lower the effluent pollution index.

Claim 3

Dependent Claim 22 words

The process of claim 1 wherein the effluent temperature at said first temperature zone is about 1700° F. to about 2100° F.

Claim 4

Dependent Claim 39 words

The process of claim 1 wherein the effluent temperature at said first temperature zone is about 1850° F. to about 2100° F. and the effluent temperature at said second temperature zone is about 1700° F. to about 1850° F.

Claim 5

Dependent Claim 43 words

The process of claim 3 wherein said first treatment agent comprises an aqueous solution comprising about 2% to about 10% of urea or ammonia and said second treatment agent comprises an aqueous solution comprising about 10% to about 50% of urea or ammonia.

Claim 6

Dependent Claim 54 words

The process of claim 3 wherein said first treatment agent comprises gaseous ammonia or an aqueous solution of urea or ammonia and said second treatment agent comprises an aqueous solution of urea or ammonia, wherein said second treatment agent further comprises a composition selected from the group consisting of hexamethylenetetramine and an oxygenated hydrocarbon.

Claim 7

Dependent Claim 21 words

The process of claim 3 which further comprises introducing a third treatment agent into the effluent at a third temperature zone.

Claim 8

Dependent Claim 22 words

The process of claim 6 wherein the effluent temperature at said third temperature zone is about 1350° F. to about 1750° F.

Claim 9

Dependent Claim 19 words

The process of claim 6 wherein the effluent temperature at said third temperature zone is below about 1400° F.

Claim 10

Dependent Claim 22 words

The process of claim 1 wherein the effluent temperature at said second temperature zone is about 1350° F. to about 1750° F.

Claim 11

Dependent Claim 66 words

The process of claim 1 wherein said oxygenated hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of acetone, sugar, an alcohol, a lignin derivative, a carboxylic acid, a peroxide, an aldehyde, an ether, an ester, a ketone, glycerin, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, NH 4 -lignosulfonate, calcium lignosulfonate, 1,3 dioxolane, 1,4 dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, furfurylamine, n-butyl acetate, methylal, furan, fish oil, furfuryl acetate, tetrahydrofuran tetrahydrofurylamine, tetrahydropyran, mannitol, hexamethylenediamine and acetic anhydride.

Claim 12

Dependent Claim 19 words

The process of claim 10 wherein said sugar is selected from the group consisting of sucrose, d-galactose and molasses.

Claim 13

Dependent Claim 25 words

The process of claim 10 wherein said alcohol is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, methanol, furfurylalcohol, 1,3 butylene glycol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, 2,5-furandimethanol.

Claim 14

Dependent Claim 37 words

The process of claim 10 wherein said carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of 2-furoic acid, gluconic acid, citric acid, formic acid, coumalic acid, 2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid, furylacrylic acid, barbituric acid, oxalic acid and mucic acid.

Claim 15

Dependent Claim 92 words

The process of claim 1 wherein said ammonium salt of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1:1 is selected from the group consisting of ammonium acetate, ammonium and diammonium adipate, ammonium benzoate, ammonium binoxalate, ammonium caprylate, ammonium, diammonium and triammonium citrate, ammonium crotonate, ammonium and diammonium dodecanoate, ammonium and diammonium fumarate, ammonium heptanoate, ammonium linolenate, ammonium and diammonium malate, ammonium mono butyrate, ammonium oleate, ammonium and diammonium pthalate, ammonium propionate, ammonium salicylate, ammonium and diammonium succinate ammonium and diammonium tartarate, and ammonium, diammonium and triammonium trimellitate.

Claim 16

Dependent Claim 27 words

The process of claim 1 wherein said heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen is selected from the group consisting of furfural and derivatives of furfural.

Claim 17

Dependent Claim 23 words

The process of claim 1 wherein said hydroxy amino hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of alkanolamines, amino acids and protein-containing compositions.

Claim 18

Dependent Claim 38 words

The process of claim 1 wherein said five or six membered heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic nitrogen is selected from the group consisting of piperazine, piperidine, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrazole, imidazole, oxazolidone, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, and mixtures thereof.

Claim 19

Dependent Claim 21 words

The process of claim 1 which further comprises introducing a third treatment agent into the effluent at a third temperature zone.

Claim 20

Dependent Claim 19 words

The process of claim 18 wherein the effluent temperature at said third temperature zone is below about 1400° F.

Claim 21

Dependent Claim 29 words

The process of claim 19 wherein said third treatment agent comprises a composition selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide and paraffinic, olefinic, aromatic, oxygenated and nitrogenated hydrocarbons.

Claim 22

Dependent Claim 14 words

The process of claim 20 wherein said third treatment agent comprises an oxygenated hydrocarbon.

Claim 23

Dependent Claim 37 words

The process of claim 20 wherein said nitrogenated hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of monomethylamine, triethylene tetramine, hexamethylenediamine, tetraethylene pentamine, bis-hexamethylene triamine, polyamine HpA, 1,2-diaminopropane, N,N-dimethylethylenediamine, tetramethylethylenediamine, 2-methylaziridine, bis (3-aminopropyl) ethylenediamine, tetramethyldiaminomethane, ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine.

Claim 24

Dependent Claim 39 words

The process of claim 1 wherein the effluent temperature at said first temperature zone is about 1700° F. to about 2000° F. and the effluent temperature at said second temperature zone is about 1350° F. to about 1750° F.

Claim 25

Dependent Claim 19 words

The process of claim 1 wherein the effluent temperature at said second temperature zone is below about 1450° F.

Claim 26

Dependent Claim 36 words

The process of claim 1 wherein the effluent temperature at said first temperature zone is about 1350° F. to about 1750° F. and the effluent temperature at said second temperature zone is below about 1400° F.

Claim 27

Dependent Claim 21 words

The process of claim 4 which further comprises introducing a third treatment agent into the effluent at a third temperature zone.

Claim 28

Dependent Claim 21 words

The process of claim 5 which further comprises introducing a third treatment agent into the effluent at a third temperature zone.

Claim 29

Dependent Claim 115 words

The process of claim 27 wherein the effluent temperature at said third temperature zone is about 1350° F. to about 1750° F. and said third treatment agent comprises urea, ammonia, hexamethylenetetramine, a paraffinic hydrocarbon, an olefinic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, an oxygenated hydrocarbon, an ammonium salt of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1:1, a hydroxy amino hydrocarbon, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen, a five or six membered heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic nitrogen, hydrogen peroxide, guanidine, guanidine carbonate, biguanidine, guanylurea sulfate, melamine, dicyandiamide, calcium cyanamide, biuret, 1,1'-azobisformamide, methylol urea, methylol urea-urea condensation product, dimethylol urea, methyl urea, dimethyl urea and mixtures thereof.

Claim 30

Dependent Claim 65 words

The process of claim 28 wherein said oxygenated hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of sugar, an alcohol, a lignin derivative, a carboxylic acid, a peroxide, an aldehyde, an ether, an ester, a ketone, glycerin, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, NH 4 -lignosulfonate, calcium lignosulfonate, 1,3 dioxolane, 1,4 dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, furfurylamine, n-butyl acetate, methylal, furan, fish oil, furfuryl acetate, tetrahydrofuran tetrahydrofurylamine, tetrahydropyran, mannitol, hexamethylenediamine and acetic anhydride.

Claim 31

Dependent Claim 19 words

The process of claim 29 wherein said sugar is selected from the group consisting of sucrose, d-galactose and molasses.

Claim 32

Dependent Claim 25 words

The process of claim 29 wherein said alcohol is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, methanol, furfurylalcohol, 1,3 butylene glycol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, 2,5-furandimethanol.

Claim 33

Dependent Claim 37 words

The process of claim 29 wherein said carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of 2-furoic acid, gluconic acid, citric acid, formic acid, coumalic acid, 2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid, furylacrylic acid, barbituric acid, oxalic acid and mucic acid.

Claim 34

Dependent Claim 92 words

The process of claim 28 wherein said ammonium salt of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1:1 is selected from the group consisting of ammonium acetate, ammonium and diammonium adipate, ammonium benzoate, ammonium binoxalate, ammonium caprylate, ammonium, diammonium and triammonium citrate, ammonium crotonate, ammonium and diammonium dodecanoate, ammonium and diammonium fumarate, ammonium heptanoate, ammonium linolenate, ammonium and diammonium malate, ammonium mono butyrate, ammonium oleate, ammonium and diammonium pthalate, ammonium propionate, ammonium salicylate, ammonium and diammonium succinate ammonium and diammonium tartarate, and ammonium, diammonium and triammonium trimellitate.

Claim 35

Dependent Claim 27 words

The process of claim 28 wherein said heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen is selected from the group consisting of furfural and derivatives of furfural.

Claim 36

Dependent Claim 23 words

The process of claim 28 wherein said hydroxy amino hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of alkanolamines, amino acids and protein-containing compositions.

Claim 37

Dependent Claim 38 words

The process of claim 28 wherein said five or six membered heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic nitrogen is selected from the group consisting of piperazine, piperidine, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrazole, imidazole, oxazolidone, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, and mixtures thereof.

Claim 38

Dependent Claim 43 words

The process of claim 27 wherein the effluent temperature at said third temperature zone is below about 1400° F. and said third treatment agent comprises a composition selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide and paraffinic, olefinic, aromatic, oxygenated and nitrogenated hydrocarbons.

Claim 39

Dependent Claim 20 words

The process of claim 18 which comprises introducing a fourth treatment agent into the effluent at a fourth temperature zone.

Claim 40

Dependent Claim 48 words

The process of claim 1 wherein each of said treatment agents is introduced so as to minimize the generation of pollutants other than nitrogen oxides while substantially maximizing the reduction in nitrogen oxides concentration by utilizing the nitrogen oxides reduction versus effluent temperature curve for each treatment agent.

Claim 41

Dependent Claim 182 words

A process for the reduction of the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel, the process comprising selecting a plurality of locations for introduction of chemical formulations and introducing at each of said locations at least one chemical formulation, selected from the group consisting of urea, ammonia, hexamethylenetetraamine, an oxygenated hydrocarbon, a paraffinic hydrocarbon, an olefinic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, an ammonium salt of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1:1, a hydroxy amino hydrocarbon, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen, a five- or six-membered heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic nitrogen, hydrogen peroxide, guanidine, guanidine carbonate, biguanidine, guanylurea sulfate, melamine, dicyandiamide, calcium cyanamide, biuret, 1,1'-azobisformamide, methylol urea, methylol urea-urea condensation product, dimethylol urea, methyl urea, methyl urea, and mixtures thereof, effective to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides at the effluent temperature existing at said location, such that optimization of the level of injection at each of said locations leads to the reduction of the level of nitrogen oxides below a predetermined target level.

Claim 42

Dependent Claim 182 words

A process for the reduction of the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel, the process comprising selecting a plurality of locations for introduction of chemical formulations and introducing at each of said locations at least one chemical formulation, selected from the group consisting of urea, ammonia, hexamethylenetetraamine, an oxygenated hydrocarbon, a paraffinic hydrocarbon, an olefinic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, an ammonium salt of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1:1, a hydroxy amino hydrocarbon, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen, a five- or six-membered heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic nitrogen, hydrogen peroxide, guanidine, guanidine carbonate, biguanidine, guanylurea sulfate, melamine, dicyandiamide, calcium cyanamide, biuret, 1,1'-azobisformamide, methylol urea, methylol urea-urea condensation product, dimethylol urea, methyl urea, methyl urea, and mixtures thereof, effective to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides at the effluent temperature existing at said location, such that optimization of the level of injection at each of said locations leads to the reduction of the level of nitrogen oxides below a predetermined target level.

Claim 43

Dependent Claim 29 words

The process of claim 40 wherein each of said formulations is adjusted in response to changes in boiler load in order to substantially maintain the nitrogen oxides reductions achieved.

Claim 44

Dependent Claim 34 words

The process of claim 40 wherein each of said formulations is adjusted in response to changes in boiler load in order to maintain the nitrogen oxides level in the effluent at a specified level.

Claim 45

Dependent Claim 217 words

A process for the reduction of the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel to a predetermined target level at minimum cost, the process comprising selecting a plurality of locations for introduction into the effluent; selecting at least one chemical formulation selected from the group consisting of urea, ammonia, hexamethyl- enetetraamine, an oxygenated hydrocarbon, a paraffinic hydrocarbon, an olefinic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, an ammonium salt of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1.1, a hydroxy amino hydrocarbon, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen, a five- or six-membered hetero- cyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic nitrogen, hydrogen peroxide, guanidine, guanidine carbonate, biguanidine, guanylurea sulfate, melamine, dicyandiamide, calcium cyanamide, biuret, 1,1'-azobisformamide, methylol urea, methylol urea-urea condensation product, dimethylol urea, methyl urea, dimethyl urea, and mixtures thereof, for introduction onto each of said locations, each of said chemical formulations being effective at the reduction of the concentration of nitrogen oxides at the effluent temperature existing at the location into which said chemical formulation is introduced; and introducing said chemical formulations into the effluent, wherein the sequence of introduction comprises introducing the least expensive formulation first, and repeating the introduction procedure with the remaining chemical formulations until the predetermined target level is attained.

Claim 46

Dependent Claim 217 words

A process for the reduction of the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel to a predetermined target level at minimum cost, the process comprising selecting a plurality of locations for introduction into the effluent; selecting at least one chemical formulation selected from the group consisting of urea, ammonia, hexamethyl- enetetraamine, an oxygenated hydrocarbon, a paraffinic hydrocarbon, an olefinic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, an ammonium salt of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1.1, a hydroxy amino hydrocarbon, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen, a five- or six-membered hetero- cyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic nitrogen, hydrogen peroxide, guanidine, guanidine carbonate, biguanidine, guanylurea sulfate, melamine, dicyandiamide, calcium cyanamide, biuret, 1,1'-azobisformamide, methylol urea, methylol urea-urea condensation product, dimethylol urea, methyl urea, dimethyl urea, and mixtures thereof, for introduction onto each of said locations, each of said chemical formulations being effective at the reduction of the concentration of nitrogen oxides at the effluent temperature existing at the location into which said chemical formulation is introduced; and introducing said chemical formulations into the effluent, wherein the sequence of introduction comprises introducing the least expensive formulation first, and repeating the introduction procedure with the remaining chemical formulations until the predetermined target level is attained.

Claim 47

Dependent Claim 186 words

A process for reducing the concentration of nitrogen oxides, and sulfur trioxide or ammonia in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel, the process comprising: a. introducing a first treatment agent selected from the group consisting of urea, ammonia, hexamethylenetetraamine, an oxygenated hydrocarbon, a paraffinic hydrocarbon, an olefinic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, an ammonium slat of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1:1, a hydroxy amino hydrocarbon, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen, a five- or sic-membered heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic nitrogen, hydrocarbon peroxide, guanidine, guanidine carbonate, biguanidine, guanylurea sulfate, melamine, dicyandiamide, calcium cyanamide, biuret, 1,1'-azobisformamide, methylol urea, methylol urea-urea condensation product, dimethylol urea, methyl urea, dimethyl urea, and mixtures thereof, into the effluent at a first temperature zone to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides; and b. introducing a second treatment agent comprising an oxygenated hydrocarbon into the effluent at a second temperature zone to reduce the concentration of sulfur trioxide or ammonia, wherein said first and second treatment agents are introduced under conditions effective to lower the effluent pollution index.

Claim 48

Dependent Claim 186 words

A process for reducing the concentration of nitrogen oxides, and sulfur trioxide or ammonia in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel, the process comprising: a. introducing a first treatment agent selected from the group consisting of urea, ammonia, hexamethylenetetraamine, an oxygenated hydrocarbon, a paraffinic hydrocarbon, an olefinic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, an ammonium slat of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1:1, a hydroxy amino hydrocarbon, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen, a five- or sic-membered heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic nitrogen, hydrocarbon peroxide, guanidine, guanidine carbonate, biguanidine, guanylurea sulfate, melamine, dicyandiamide, calcium cyanamide, biuret, 1,1'-azobisformamide, methylol urea, methylol urea-urea condensation product, dimethylol urea, methyl urea, dimethyl urea, and mixtures thereof, into the effluent at a first temperature zone to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides; and b. introducing a second treatment agent comprising an oxygenated hydrocarbon into the effluent at a second temperature zone to reduce the concentration of sulfur trioxide or ammonia, wherein said first and second treatment agents are introduced under conditions effective to lower the effluent pollution index.

Claim 49

Dependent Claim 38 words

The process of claim 44 wherein the effluent temperature at said first temperature zone is about 1700° F. to about 2000° F. and said first treatment agent comprises gaseous ammonia or an aqueous solution of urea or ammonia.

Claim 50

Dependent Claim 22 words

The process of claim 44 wherein the effluent temperature at said first temperature zone is about 1350° F. to about 1750° F.

Claim 51

Dependent Claim 66 words

The process of claim 46 wherein said oxygenated hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of sugar, acetone, an alcohol, a lignin derivative, a carboxylic acid, a peroxide, an aldehyde, an ether, an ester, a ketone, glycerin, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, NH 4 -lignosulfonate, calcium lignosulfonate, 1,3 dioxolane, 1,4 dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, furfurylamine, n-butyl acetate, methylal, furan, fish oil, furfuryl acetate, tetrahydrofuran tetrahydrofurylamine, tetrahydropyran, mannitol, hexamethylenediamine and acetic anhydride.

Claim 52

Dependent Claim 19 words

The process of claim 47 wherein said sugar is selected from the group consisting of sucrose, d-galactose and molasses.

Claim 53

Dependent Claim 25 words

The process of claim 47 wherein said alcohol is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, methanol, furfurylalcohol, 1,3 butylene glycol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, 2,5-furandimethanol.

Claim 54

Dependent Claim 37 words

The process of claim 47 wherein said carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of 2-furoic acid, gluconic acid, citric acid, formic acid, coumalic acid, 2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid, furylacrylic acid, barbituric acid, oxalic acid and mucic acid.

Claim 55

Dependent Claim 92 words

The process of claim 46 wherein said ammonium salt of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1:1 is selected from the group consisting of ammonium acetate, ammonium and diammonium adipate, ammonium benzoate, ammonium binoxalate, ammonium caprylate, ammonium, diammonium and triammonium citrate, ammonium crotonate, ammonium and diammonium dodecanoate, ammonium and diammonium fumarate, ammonium heptanoate, ammonium linolenate, ammonium and diammonium malate, ammonium mono butyrate, ammonium oleate, ammonium and diammonium pthalate, ammonium propionate, ammonium salicylate, ammonium and diammonium succinate ammonium and diammonium tartarate, and ammonium, diammonium and triammonium trimellitate.

Claim 56

Dependent Claim 27 words

The process of claim 46 wherein said heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen is selected from the group consisting of furfural and derivatives of furfural.

Claim 57

Dependent Claim 23 words

The process of claim 46 wherein said hydroxy amino hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of alkanolamines, amino acids and protein-containing compositions.

Claim 58

Dependent Claim 38 words

The process of claim 46 wherein said five or six membered heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic nitrogen is selected from the group consisting of piperazine, piperidine, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrazole, imidazole, oxazolidone, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, and mixtures thereof.

Claim 59

Dependent Claim 30 words

The process of claim 45 wherein the effluent temperature at said second temperature zone is no greater than about 1700° F. and said second treatment agent comprises an oxygenated hydrocarbon.

Claim 60

Dependent Claim 30 words

The process of claim 55 wherein said oxygenated hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, sugars, lignin derivatives, carboxylic acids, peroxides, aldehydes, ethers, esters, ketones, and mixtures thereof.

Claim 61

Dependent Claim 31 words

The process of claim 56 wherein said oxygenated hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethylene glycol, molasses, glycerin, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, ammonium acetate, citric acid, sucrose, and mixtures thereof.

Claim 62

Dependent Claim 21 words

The process of claim 45 wherein the effluent temperature at said second temperature zone is no greater than about 1450° F.

Claim 63

Dependent Claim 26 words

The method of claim 45 wherein the weight ratio of said second treatment agent to sulfur trioxide in the effluent is about 3:1 to about 8:1.

Claim 64

Dependent Claim 14 words

The method of claim 45 wherein said second treatment agent comprises an aqueous dispersion.

Claim 65

Dependent Claim 31 words

The process of claim 44 which comprises introducing a third treatment agent into the effluent at a third temperature zone to reduce the concentration of a third pollutant in the effluent.

Claim 66

Dependent Claim 24 words

The process of claim 61 wherein said first pollutant comprises nitrogen oxides, said second pollutant comprises ammonia and said third pollutant comprises sulfur trioxide.

Claim 67

Dependent Claim 16 words

The process of claim 62 wherein said second treatment agent is effective at performing ammonia scrubbing.

Claim 68

Dependent Claim 20 words

The process of claim 63 wherein the effluent temperature at said second temperature zone is greater than about 1350° F.

Claim 69

Dependent Claim 15 words

The process of claim 64 wherein said second treatment agent comprises a non-nitrogenous treatment agent.

Claim 70

Dependent Claim 33 words

The process of claim 61 wherein the effluent temperature at said third temperature zone is no greater than about 1450° F. and said third treatment agent comprises hydrogen peroxide or an oxygenated hydrocarbon.

Claim 71

Dependent Claim 30 words

The process of claim 66 wherein said oxygenated hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, sugars, lignin derivatives, carboxylic acids, peroxides, aldehydes, ethers, esters, ketones, and mixtures thereof.

Claim 72

Dependent Claim 31 words

The process of claim 67 wherein said oxygenated hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethylene glycol, molasses, glycerin, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, ammonium acetate, citric acid, sucrose, and mixtures thereof.

Claim 73

Dependent Claim 172 words

A process for reducing the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel, the process comprising: a. introducing into the effluent a treatment agent which comprises any of urea, ammonia, hexamethylenetetramine, a paraffinic hydrocarbon, an olefinic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, an oxygenated hydrocarbon, an ammonium salt of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1:1, a hydroxy amino hydrocarbon, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen, a five- or six-membered heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic nitrogen, hydrogen peroxide, guanidine, guanidine carbonate, biguanidine, guanylurea sulfate, melamine, dicyandiamide, calcium cyanamide, biuret, 1,1'-azobisformamide, methylol urea, methylol urea-urea condensation product, dimethylol urea, methyl urea, dimethyl urea, and mixtures thereof under conditions effective to effect a free radical nitrogen oxides reducing process; and b. contacting the effluent with a compound of catalytic material under conditions effective to effect a selective catalytic nitrogen oxides reducing process, wherein said nitrogen oxides reducing processes are effected under conditions effective to lower the effluent pollution index.

Claim 74

Dependent Claim 172 words

A process for reducing the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel, the process comprising: a. introducing into the effluent a treatment agent which comprises any of urea, ammonia, hexamethylenetetramine, a paraffinic hydrocarbon, an olefinic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, an oxygenated hydrocarbon, an ammonium salt of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1:1, a hydroxy amino hydrocarbon, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen, a five- or six-membered heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic nitrogen, hydrogen peroxide, guanidine, guanidine carbonate, biguanidine, guanylurea sulfate, melamine, dicyandiamide, calcium cyanamide, biuret, 1,1'-azobisformamide, methylol urea, methylol urea-urea condensation product, dimethylol urea, methyl urea, dimethyl urea, and mixtures thereof under conditions effective to effect a free radical nitrogen oxides reducing process; and b. contacting the effluent with a compound of catalytic material under conditions effective to effect a selective catalytic nitrogen oxides reducing process, wherein said nitrogen oxides reducing processes are effected under conditions effective to lower the effluent pollution index.

Claim 75

Dependent Claim 70 words

The process of claim 69 wherein said free radical nitrogen oxides reducing process comprises: a. introducing a first nitrogen oxides reducing treatment agent into the effluent at a first temperature zone; and b. introducing a second nitrogen oxides reducing treatment agent into the effluent at a second temperature zone, wherein said first and second nitrogen oxides reducing treatment agents are introduced under conditions effective to lower the effluent pollution index.

Annuity Stage	Window Opens	Payment Deadline	Surcharge Period Until	Estimated Fee	Status
3.5 Years (Year 4)	1994-10-14	1995-04-15	1995-10-15	$2000.00	Window Closed / Lapsed
7.5 Years (Year 8)	1998-10-14	1999-04-15	1999-10-15	$3760.00	Window Closed / Lapsed
11.5 Years (Year 12)	2002-10-14	2003-04-15	2003-10-15	$7700.00	Window Closed / Lapsed

Multi-stage process for reducing the concentration of pollutants in an effluent

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