Patent US5746546A successfully refreshed from Google Patents.
US5746546A
Expired / Lapsed
US
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Soil stabilization composition and method
Assignee: Stabilizer Inc
•
Filing: 1996-01-24
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Granted: 1998-05-05
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Expires: 2016-01-24
Abstract
Abstract A product for forming a stable resilient surface layer which comprises a particulate aggregate having particles of a plurality of sizes and including fiber strands and a selected amount of water-absorbent, water-activated adhesive particles having a swell volume when absorbing water in a range of 25% to 45%. When subjected to sufficient water the water-absorbent particles swell and bind the aggregate and fiber strands forming a high shear strength, flexible resilient layer.
Inventors
- 👤 Jonathan W. Hubbs
- 👤 James J. Hubbs, Jr.
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-11-08 12:47
CPC Classifications
E; E02; E02D; E02D17/00; E02D17/20; C; C09; C09K; C09K17/00; C09K17/40; C09K17/52
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 88
Claim 1
Independent Claim
92 words
A product for forming a stable resilient layer, the product comprising: a particulate aggregate with particles of a plurality of sizes ranging downward from a selected maximum particle size, a selected amount of fiber strands having lengths within a selected range, and a selected amount of water-activated adhesive particles having a swell volume when absorbing water in a range of 25% to 45%. in relative proportion such that when subjected to sufficient water the water-absorbent particles swell and bind the aggregate and fiber strands, forming a high shear strength flexible resilient layer.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
92 words
A product for forming a stable resilient layer, the product comprising: a particulate aggregate with particles of a plurality of sizes ranging downward from a selected maximum particle size, a selected amount of fiber strands having lengths within a selected range, and a selected amount of water-activated adhesive particles having a swell volume when absorbing water in a range of 25% to 45%. in relative proportion such that when subjected to sufficient water the water-absorbent particles swell and bind the aggregate and fiber strands, forming a high shear strength flexible resilient layer.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
18 words
The product of claim 1, including fiber strands in the amount of 0.05% to 1.0%, by dry weight.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
16 words
The product of claim 2, including fiber strands in the amount of 0.1%, by dry weight.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
18 words
The product of claim 2, including water-absorbent particles in the amount of 0.01% to 2.0%, by dry weight.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
16 words
The product of claim 4, including water-absorbent particles in the amount of 0.5%, by dry weight.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
16 words
The product of claim 5, including fiber strands in the amount of 0.1%, by dry weight.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
18 words
The product of claim 1, including water-absorbent particles in the amount of 0.01% to 2.0%, by dry weight.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
16 words
The product of claim 7, including water-absorbent particles in the amount of 0.1%, by dry weight.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
11 words
The product of claim 1, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprise psyllium.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
22 words
The product of claim 9, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprise psyllium having a swell volume in the range of 25% to 45%.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
17 words
The product of claim 9, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprise psyllium having a swell volume of 35%.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
17 words
The product of claim 8, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprise psyllium having a swell volume of 35%.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
17 words
The product of claim 6, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprise psyllium having a swell volume of 35%.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
22 words
The product of claim 1, wherein the fiber strands have lengths within the range of one-eight inch to three inches in length.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
22 words
The product of claim 1, wherein the fiber strands have lengths within the range of one-eight inch to two inches in length.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
22 words
The product of claim 1, wherein the fiber strands have lengths within the range of one-eight inch to one-half inches in length.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
15 words
The product of claim 1, wherein the fiber strands are one quarter inch in length.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
11 words
The product of claim 1, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
18 words
The product of claim 1, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated with a denier of at least 360.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
11 words
The product of claim 15, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated.
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
18 words
The product of claim 15, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated with a denier of at least 360.
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
18 words
The product of claim 16, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated with a denier of at least 360.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
18 words
The product of claim 17, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated with a denier of at least 360.
Claim 25
Dependent Claim
30 words
The product of claim 1, wherein the aggregate comprises a selected percentage of fine gravel/very coarse sand, a selected percentage of coarse sand; a selected percentage of silt and clay.
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
63 words
The product of claim 1, wherein the aggregate comprises a selected percentage of particles having a size of approximately 2 mm; a selected percentage of particles having a size of from about 0.5 to 2 mm; a selected percentage of particles having a size in the range of 0.05 to 0.5 mm and a selected percentage of particles from 0.0002 to 0.05 mm.
Claim 27
Dependent Claim
31 words
The product of claim 1, wherein the aggregate comprises 1-6% by volume of fine gravel/very coarse sand, 20%-50% of coarse sand; 20%-50% of fine sand; and 10%-40% of silt and clay.
Claim 28
Dependent Claim
57 words
The product of claim 1, wherein the aggregate comprises 1%-6% by volume of particles having a size of approximately 2 mm; 20%-50% of particles having a size of from about 0.5 to 2 mm; 20%-50% of particles having a size in the range of 0.05 to 0.5 mm; and 10%-40% of particles from 0.0002 to 0.05 mm.
Claim 29
Dependent Claim
22 words
The product of claim 1, wherein the aggregate comprises 1%-3% gravel; 30%-45% course sand; 25%-45% fine sand; and 15%-30% silt and clay.
Claim 30
Dependent Claim
43 words
The product of claim 1, wherein the aggregate comprises 1%-3% volume of particles having a size of approximately 2 mm; 30%-45% of particles having a size in the range of 0.05 to 0.5 mm; and 15%-30% of particles from 0.0002 to 0.05 mm.
Claim 31
Dependent Claim
22 words
The product of claim 1, wherein the aggregate comprises 1.3% gravel, 38.2% coarse sand, 36.3% fine sand, and 24.2% silt and clay.
Claim 32
Dependent Claim
57 words
The product of claim 1, wherein the aggregate comprises 1.3% by volume of particles having a size of approximately 2 mm; 38.2% of particles having a size of from about 0.5 to 2 mm; 36.3% of particles having a size in the range of 0.05 to 0.5 mm; and 24.2% of particles from 0.0002 to 0.05 mm.
Claim 33
Dependent Claim
133 words
For a golf sand bunker comprising a pit of selected contour and depth with a bottom surface and sidewalls, and sand disposed in the pit, a method of minimizing contamination of the sand, the method comprising: forming a subgrade barrier on the bottom surface and sidewalls of the pit generally conforming to the selected contours, the barrier layer comprising a particulate aggregate with particles of a plurality of sizes ranging downward from a selected maximum particle size, a selected amount of fiber strands having lengths within a selected range, and a selected amount of water-absorbent particles that have a swell volume when absorbing water in a range of 25% to 45%, mixed in relative proportion such that when subjected to sufficient water, the water-absorbent particles swell and bind the aggregate and fiber strands.
Claim 34
Dependent Claim
133 words
For a golf sand bunker comprising a pit of selected contour and depth with a bottom surface and sidewalls, and sand disposed in the pit, a method of minimizing contamination of the sand, the method comprising: forming a subgrade barrier on the bottom surface and sidewalls of the pit generally conforming to the selected contours, the barrier layer comprising a particulate aggregate with particles of a plurality of sizes ranging downward from a selected maximum particle size, a selected amount of fiber strands having lengths within a selected range, and a selected amount of water-absorbent particles that have a swell volume when absorbing water in a range of 25% to 45%, mixed in relative proportion such that when subjected to sufficient water, the water-absorbent particles swell and bind the aggregate and fiber strands.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim
22 words
The method of claim 32, wherein the barrier layer includes fiber strands in the amount of 0.05% to 1.0%, by dry weight.
Claim 36
Dependent Claim
20 words
The method of claim 33, wherein the barrier layer includes fiber strands in the amount of 0.1%, by dry weight.
Claim 37
Dependent Claim
22 words
The method of claim 33, wherein the barrier layer includes water-absorbent particles in the amount of 0.01% to 2.0%, by dry weight.
Claim 38
Dependent Claim
20 words
The method of claim 35, wherein the barrier layer includes water-absorbent particles in the amount of 0.5%, by dry weight.
Claim 39
Dependent Claim
20 words
The method of claim 36, wherein the barrier layer includes fiber strands in the amount of 0.1%, by dry weight.
Claim 40
Dependent Claim
22 words
The method of claim 32, wherein the barrier layer includes water-absorbent particles in the amount of 0.01% to 2.0%, by dry weight.
Claim 41
Dependent Claim
20 words
The method of claim 38, wherein the barrier layer includes water-absorbent particles in the amount of 0.1%, by the weight.
Claim 42
Dependent Claim
11 words
The method of claim 32, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprise psyllium.
Claim 43
Dependent Claim
22 words
The method of claim 40, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprise psyllium having a swell volume in the range of 25% to 45%.
Claim 44
Dependent Claim
17 words
The method of claim 40, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprise psyllium having a swell volume of 35%.
Claim 45
Dependent Claim
17 words
The method of claim 39, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprise psyllium having a swell volume of 35%.
Claim 46
Dependent Claim
17 words
The method of claim 37, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprise psyllium having a swell volume of 35%.
Claim 47
Dependent Claim
22 words
The method of claim 32, wherein the fiber strands have lengths within the range of one-eight inch to three inches in length.
Claim 48
Dependent Claim
22 words
The method of claim 32, wherein the fiber strands have lengths within the range of one-eight inch to two inches in length.
Claim 49
Dependent Claim
22 words
The method of claim 32, wherein the fiber strands have lengths within the range of one-eight inch to one-half inches in length.
Claim 50
Dependent Claim
15 words
The method of claim 32, wherein the fiber strands are one quarter inch in length.
Claim 51
Dependent Claim
11 words
The method of claim 32, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated.
Claim 52
Dependent Claim
18 words
The method of claim 32, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated with a denier of at least 360.
Claim 53
Dependent Claim
11 words
The method of claim 46, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated.
Claim 54
Dependent Claim
18 words
The method of claim 46, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated with a denier of at least 360.
Claim 55
Dependent Claim
18 words
The method of claim 47, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated with a denier of at least 360.
Claim 56
Dependent Claim
18 words
The method of claim 48, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated with a denier of at least 360.
Claim 57
Dependent Claim
43 words
The method of claim 32, wherein the step of forming a subgrade layer comprises: mixing the particle aggregate with the fiber strands and water-absorbent particles; adding water; and, blowing the mixture, under selected pressure, onto the bottom surface and sidewalls of the pit.
Claim 58
Dependent Claim
21 words
The method of claim 55, wherein the predetermined pressure is in the range of 2800 to 3600 pounds per square inch.
Claim 59
Dependent Claim
22 words
The method of claim 55, wherein the barrier layer includes fiber strands in the amount of 0.05% to 1.0%, by dry weight.
Claim 60
Dependent Claim
20 words
The method of claim 55, wherein the barrier layer includes fiber strands in the amount of 0.1%, by dry weight.
Claim 61
Dependent Claim
22 words
The method of claim 55, wherein the barrier layer includes water-absorbent particles in the amount of 0.01% to 2.0%, by dry weight.
Claim 62
Dependent Claim
20 words
The method of claim 55, wherein the barrier layer includes water-absorbent particles in the amount of 0.5%, by dry weight.
Claim 63
Dependent Claim
11 words
The method of claim 55, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprises psyllium.
Claim 64
Dependent Claim
22 words
The method of claim 55, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprises psyllium having a swell volume in the range of 25% to 45%.
Claim 65
Dependent Claim
17 words
The method of claim 55, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprises psyllium having a swell volume of 35%.
Claim 66
Dependent Claim
22 words
The method of claim 55, wherein the fiber strands have lengths within the range of one-eight inch to two inches in length.
Claim 67
Dependent Claim
22 words
The method of claim 55, wherein the fiber strands have lengths within the range of one-eight inch to one-half inches in length.
Claim 68
Dependent Claim
15 words
The method of claim 55, wherein the fiber strands are one quarter inch in length.
Claim 69
Dependent Claim
11 words
The method of claim 55, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated.
Claim 70
Dependent Claim
18 words
The method of claim 55, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated with a denier of at least 360.
Claim 71
Dependent Claim
18 words
The method of claim 63, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated with a denier of at least 360.
Claim 72
Dependent Claim
14 words
The method of claim 32, wherein the predetermined maximum particle size is 2 mm.
Claim 73
Dependent Claim
117 words
A golf sand bunker comprising: a pit of selected contour and depth with a bottom surface and sidewalls, a subgrade barrier layer on the bottom surface and sidewalls of the pit generally conforming to the selected contours, the barrier layer comprising a particulate aggregate with particles of a plurality of sizes ranging downward from a selected maximum particle size, mixed with a selected amount of fiber strands having lengths within a selected range, and a selected amount of water-absorbent particles that have a swell volume when absorbing water in a range of 25% to 45%. mixed in relative proportion such that when subjected to sufficient water, the water-absorbent particles swell and bind the aggregate and fiber strands.
Claim 74
Dependent Claim
117 words
A golf sand bunker comprising: a pit of selected contour and depth with a bottom surface and sidewalls, a subgrade barrier layer on the bottom surface and sidewalls of the pit generally conforming to the selected contours, the barrier layer comprising a particulate aggregate with particles of a plurality of sizes ranging downward from a selected maximum particle size, mixed with a selected amount of fiber strands having lengths within a selected range, and a selected amount of water-absorbent particles that have a swell volume when absorbing water in a range of 25% to 45%. mixed in relative proportion such that when subjected to sufficient water, the water-absorbent particles swell and bind the aggregate and fiber strands.
Claim 75
Dependent Claim
22 words
The bunker of claim 71, wherein the barrier layer includes fiber strands in the amount of 0.05% to 1.0%, by dry weight.
Claim 76
Dependent Claim
20 words
The bunker of claim 71, wherein the barrier layer includes fiber strands in the amount of 0.1%, by dry weight.
Claim 77
Dependent Claim
22 words
The bunker of claim 71, wherein the barrier layer includes water-absorbent particles in the amount of 0.01% to 2.0%, by dry weight.
Claim 78
Dependent Claim
20 words
The bunker of claim 71, wherein the barrier layer includes water-absorbent particles in the amount of 0.5%, by dry weight.
Claim 79
Dependent Claim
11 words
The bunker of claim 71, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprises psyllium.
Claim 80
Dependent Claim
22 words
The bunker of claim 71, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprises psyllium having a swell volume in the range of 25% to 45%.
Claim 81
Dependent Claim
17 words
The bunker of claim 71, wherein the water-absorbent particles comprises psyllium having a swell volume of 35%.
Claim 82
Dependent Claim
18 words
The bunker of claim 78, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated with a denier of at least 360.
Claim 83
Dependent Claim
22 words
The bunker of claim 79, wherein the fiber strands have lengths within the range of one-eight inch to one-half inches in length.
Claim 84
Dependent Claim
22 words
The bunker of claim 71, wherein the fiber strands have lengths within the range of one-eight inch to three inches in length.
Claim 85
Dependent Claim
22 words
The bunker of claim 71, wherein the fiber strands have lengths within the range of one-eight inch to one-half inches in length.
Claim 86
Dependent Claim
15 words
The bunker of claim 71, wherein the fiber strands are one quarter inch in length.
Claim 87
Dependent Claim
11 words
The bunker of claim 71, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated.
Claim 88
Dependent Claim
18 words
The bunker of claim 71, wherein the fiber strands are fibrillated with a denier of at least 360.
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