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US5500760A Expired / Lapsed US ⏱️ 0.0 years remaining

Electrochemichromic solutions, processes for preparing and using the same, and devices manufactured with the same

Assignee: Magna Donnelly Corp
•
Filing: 1992-08-27
•
Granted: 1996-03-19
•
Expires: 2012-08-27
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Abstract

Abstract The present invention relates to electrochromic solutions and devices manufactured therefrom. More precisely, the present invention relates to electrochemichromic compounds and processes for preparing the same. The present invention also relates to electrochemichromic solutions of such compounds, and those devices manufactured with the same, that demonstrate superior responsiveness to those solutions known heretofore when an applied potential is introduced thereto. And, these solutions, when contained within electrochemichromic devices, demonstrate ultraviolet stability, thermal stability and cycle stability. The responsiveness observed in terms of solution coloring with respect to the solutions, and devices containing the same, of the present invention is of a greater rapidity, intensity and uniformity than those electrochemichromic solutions of the prior art. Preparation of these solutions involve the novel process of pre-treating at least one of the electrochemichromic compounds with a redox agent prior to placing it in contact with the other electrochemichromic compound. Moreover, the present invention relates to methods of preparing such novel solutions and processes for using these solutions to provide devices that exhibit and benefit from the aforementioned superior characteristics.

Inventors

  • 👤 Desaraju V. Varaprasad
  • 👤 Steven D. Looman
  • 👤 Mingtang Zhao
  • 👤 Hamid R. Habibi
  • 👤 Niall R. Lynam

Bibliographic Details

Application Number —
Jurisdiction US
Data Source google_patents
Last Synchronized 2026-10-28 22:39
CPC Classifications
C; C09; C09K; C09K9/00; C09K9/02; G; G02; G02F; G02F1/00; G02F1/01; G02F1/15; G02F1/1503; G02F2001/1502; G02F1/1514; G02F2001/15145

Claims Analysis

Total Claims: 93
Claim 1
Independent Claim 232 words
An electrochemichromic solution capable of color change when an applied potential is introduced thereto, said electrochemichromic solution comprising: (a) at least one anodic compound, said anodic compound having been previously contacted with a redox agent such that said anodic compound exists in a different valence state than prior to having been contacted with said redox agent, wherein said anodic compound may be a member selected from the class of chemical compounds consisting of the following formulae: ##STR8## wherein X and Y may be the same or different and each may be selected from the group consisting of H, any halogen and NRR 1 , wherein R and R 1 may be the same or different and each may be selected from the group consisting of H or any straight- or branched-chain alkyl constituent having from about one carbon atom to about three carbon atoms; or X and Y, taken together, represent an aromatic ring structure having six carbon ring atoms when viewed in conjunction with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached; and Z is OH or NRR 1 , or salts thereof; and combinations thereof (b) at least one cathodic compound; and (c) a solvent wherein the redox potential of said at least one anodic compound in said different valence state is greater than the redox potential of said at least one cathodic compound while contacted with said solvent.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim 232 words
An electrochemichromic solution capable of color change when an applied potential is introduced thereto, said electrochemichromic solution comprising: (a) at least one anodic compound, said anodic compound having been previously contacted with a redox agent such that said anodic compound exists in a different valence state than prior to having been contacted with said redox agent, wherein said anodic compound may be a member selected from the class of chemical compounds consisting of the following formulae: ##STR8## wherein X and Y may be the same or different and each may be selected from the group consisting of H, any halogen and NRR 1 , wherein R and R 1 may be the same or different and each may be selected from the group consisting of H or any straight- or branched-chain alkyl constituent having from about one carbon atom to about three carbon atoms; or X and Y, taken together, represent an aromatic ring structure having six carbon ring atoms when viewed in conjunction with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached; and Z is OH or NRR 1 , or salts thereof; and combinations thereof (b) at least one cathodic compound; and (c) a solvent wherein the redox potential of said at least one anodic compound in said different valence state is greater than the redox potential of said at least one cathodic compound while contacted with said solvent.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim 45 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 1, wherein said at least one anodic compound is a combination of two or more anodic compounds, wherein at least one of said at least one anodic compound in said combination need not be pre-contacted with said redox agent.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim 196 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 1, wherein said anodic compound further may be represented by the formula below: ##STR9## wherein A is O, S or NRR 1 ; wherein R and R 1 may be the same or different and each may be selected from the group consisting of H or any straight- or branched-chain alkyl constituent having from about one carbon atom to about six carbon atoms, provided that when A is NRR 1 , Q is H, OH or NRR 1 ; D is O, S, NR 1 or Se; E is R 1 , COOH or CONH 2 ; G is H; J is H, any straight- or branched-chain alkyl constituent having from about one carbon atom to about six carbon atoms, NRR 1 , ##STR10## OR 1 , phenyl, 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl or any halogen; or G and J, taken together, represent an aromatic ring structure having six carbon ring atoms when viewed in conjunction with the ring carbon atoms to which they are attached; L is H or OH; M is H or any halogen; T is R 1 , phenyl or 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl; and Q is H, OH or NRR 1 .
Claim 5
Dependent Claim 16 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein N in said anodic compound is an N-oxide.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim 38 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein when A of said anodic compound is NRR 1 , a salt selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroborate, perchlorate, trifluoromethane sulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, acetate and any halogen is associated therewith.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim 30 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein when Q of said anodic compound is OH, a salt selected from the group consisting of any alkali metal is associated therewith.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR11##
Claim 9
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR12##
Claim 10
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR13##
Claim 11
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR14##
Claim 12
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR15##
Claim 13
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR16##
Claim 14
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR17##
Claim 15
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR18##
Claim 16
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR19##
Claim 17
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR20##
Claim 18
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR21##
Claim 19
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR22##
Claim 20
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR23##
Claim 21
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR24##
Claim 22
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR25##
Claim 23
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR26##
Claim 24
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR27##
Claim 25
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR28##
Claim 26
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR29##
Claim 27
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR30##
Claim 28
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR31##
Claim 29
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR32##
Claim 30
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 3, wherein said anodic compound is represented by the formula below: ##STR33##
Claim 31
Dependent Claim 25 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 1, wherein said at least one anodic compound has been isolated after having been contacted with said redox agent.
Claim 32
Dependent Claim 24 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 30, wherein said isolated at least one anodic compound further may be represented by the formula below: ##STR34##
Claim 33
Dependent Claim 13 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 1, wherein said anodic compound is ##STR35##
Claim 34
Dependent Claim 108 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 1, wherein said cathodic compound is selected from the group of chemical compounds consisting of the following formulae: ##STR36## wherein R 2 and R 3 may be the same or different and each may be selected from the group consisting of H, any straight- or branched-chain alkyl constituent having from about one carbon atom to about six carbon atoms, or any straight- or branched-chain alkyl- or alkoxy-phenyl, wherein said alkyl or alkoxy constituent contains from about one carbon atom to about six carbon atoms; X is selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroborate, perchlorate, trifluoromethane sulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, any halide and combinations thereof.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim 13 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 33, wherein said cathodic compound is ##STR37##
Claim 36
Dependent Claim 13 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 33, wherein said cathodic compound is ##STR38##
Claim 37
Dependent Claim 13 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 33, wherein said cathodic compound is ##STR39##
Claim 38
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 1, wherein said redox agent of (a) is in a solid form.
Claim 39
Dependent Claim 23 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 37, wherein said redox agent has a particle size of about 50 mesh to about 400 mesh.
Claim 40
Dependent Claim 52 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 1, wherein said redox agent of (a) is a reducing agent capable of causing an electrochemichromic compound to assume a decreased valence state upon contacting therewith as compared with that valence state possessed by said electrochemichromic compound prior to having been contacted with said reducing agent.
Claim 41
Dependent Claim 37 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 39, wherein said reducing agent is a member selected from the group consisting of zinc, ascorbic acid, sodium hydrosulfite, vanadium (III) chloride, chromium (II) acetate, sulfur dioxide and any combination thereof.
Claim 42
Dependent Claim 13 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 40, wherein said reducing agent is zinc.
Claim 43
Dependent Claim 53 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 1, wherein said solvent of (c) is a member selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, 3-hydroxypropionitrile, methoxypropionitrile, 3-ethoxypropionitrile, propylene carbonate, 2-acetylbutyrolactone, cyanoethyl sucrose, γ-butyrolactone, 2-methylglutaronitrile, N,N'-dimethylformamide, 3-methylsulfolane, methylethyl ketone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, benzoyl acetone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, acetophenone, glutaronitrile, 3,3'-oxydipropionitrile, 2-methoxyethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether and combinations thereof.
Claim 44
Dependent Claim 14 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 1, wherein said solvent of (c) is acidic.
Claim 45
Dependent Claim 51 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 43, wherein said solvent is rendered acidic by employing as a solvent component an acidic material selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, any hydrogen halide gas in solution, perchloric acid, 2-acetylbutyrolactone, 3-hydroxypropionitrile, benzoic acid in solution, ascorbic acid in solution and combinations thereof.
Claim 46
Dependent Claim 14 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 44, wherein said solvent component is acetic acid.
Claim 47
Dependent Claim 27 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 45, wherein said solvent component is acetic acid employed in the range of about 0.01% (v/v) to about 75% (v/v) .
Claim 48
Dependent Claim 27 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 46, wherein said solvent component is acetic acid employed in the range of about 0.5% (v/v) to about 5% (v/v) .
Claim 49
Dependent Claim 19 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 46, wherein said solvent component is acetic acid employed at about 3% (v/v).
Claim 50
Dependent Claim 25 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 44, wherein said solvent is comprised of about 74% 3-hydroxypropionitrile, about 25% glutaronitrile and about 1% acetic acid (v/v).
Claim 51
Dependent Claim 25 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 44, wherein said solvent is comprised of about 49.5% 3-hydroxypropionitrile, about 49.5% glutaronitrile and about 1% acetic acid (v/v).
Claim 52
Dependent Claim 26 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 44, wherein said solvent is comprised of about propylene carbonate, about 35% cyanoethyl sucrose and about 1% acetic acid (v/v).
Claim 53
Dependent Claim 26 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 44, wherein said solvent is comprised of about propylene carbonate, about 25% cyanoethyl sucrose and about 1% acetic acid (v/v).
Claim 54
Dependent Claim 23 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 44, wherein said solvent is comprised of about 3-hydroxypropionitrite, 30% 3,3'-oxydipropionitrile and about 1% acetic acid (v/v).
Claim 55
Dependent Claim 22 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 44, wherein said solvent is comprised of about propylene carbonate and about 1% acetic acid (v/v).
Claim 56
Dependent Claim 24 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 44, wherein said solvent is comprised of about 99.5% propylene carbonate and about 0.5% acetic acid (v/v) .
Claim 57
Dependent Claim 22 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 44, wherein said solvent is comprised of about propylene carbonate and about 2% acetic acid (v/v).
Claim 58
Dependent Claim 22 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 44, wherein said solvent is comprised of about propylene carbonate and about 3% acetic acid (v/v).
Claim 59
Dependent Claim 28 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 1, further comprising (d) a constituent selected from the group consisting of an ultraviolet stabilizing agent, an electrolytic material and combinations thereof.
Claim 60
Dependent Claim 51 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 58, wherein said ultraviolet stabilizing agent is a member selected from the group consisting of "UVINUL 400", "UVINUL D-49", "UVINUL N-539", TINUVIN P", "TINUVIN 327", "TINUVIN 328", "CYASORB UV 24", acrylate and derivatives thereof, benzotriazole and derivatives thereof, benzophenone and derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
Claim 61
Dependent Claim 15 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 59, wherein said ultraviolet stabilizing agent is "UVINUL 400".
Claim 62
Dependent Claim 37 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 58, wherein said electrolytic material is a member selected from the group consisting of tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, tetraethylammonium perchlorate, tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrabutylammonium trifluoromethane sulfonate, any halogen alkali metal salt and combinations thereof.
Claim 63
Dependent Claim 14 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 61, wherein said electrolytic material is tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate.
Claim 64
Dependent Claim 33 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 1, wherein the total concentration of said anodic compound and said cathodic compound in said electrochemichromic solution is in the range of about 0.001M to about 0.1M.
Claim 65
Dependent Claim 26 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 63, wherein the total concentration of said anodic compound and said cathodic compound in said electrochemichromic solution is about 0.04M.
Claim 66
Dependent Claim 27 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 1, wherein said applied potential is introduced to said solution in the range of about 0.001 volts to about 5 volts.
Claim 67
Dependent Claim 21 words
The electrochemichromic solution according to claim 65, wherein said applied potential is introduced at about 1 volt to about 1.5 volts.
Claim 68
Dependent Claim 112 words
An electrochemichromic solution capable of color change when an applied potential is introduced thereto, said electrochemichromic solution comprising: (a) a combination of anodic compounds, wherein at least one of said anodic compounds in said combination has been previously contacted with a redox agent such that said anodic compound exists in a different valence state than prior to having been contacted with said redox agent; (b) at least one cathodic compound; and (c) a solvent wherein the redox potential of said at least one of said anodic compounds in said combination in said different valence state is greater than the redox potential of said cathodic compound while each is contacted with said solvent.
Claim 69
Dependent Claim 112 words
An electrochemichromic solution capable of color change when an applied potential is introduced thereto, said electrochemichromic solution comprising: (a) a combination of anodic compounds, wherein at least one of said anodic compounds in said combination has been previously contacted with a redox agent such that said anodic compound exists in a different valence state than prior to having been contacted with said redox agent; (b) at least one cathodic compound; and (c) a solvent wherein the redox potential of said at least one of said anodic compounds in said combination in said different valence state is greater than the redox potential of said cathodic compound while each is contacted with said solvent.
Claim 70
Dependent Claim 65 words
A process for using an electrochemichromic solution according to claim 1, said process comprising the steps of: (a) inserting said electrochemichromic solution into a cell; (b) sealing said cell so that said electrochemichromic solution is prevented from escaping therefrom; and (c) introducing an applied potential to said electrochemichromic solution contained in said cell such that a current passes therethrough to cause a color change thereof.
Claim 71
Dependent Claim 127 words
An electrochemichromic device comprising: (a) a first substantially transparent substrate coated with a substantially transparent conductive coating on its interior face; (b) a second substantially transparent substrate coated with a substantially transparent conductive coating on its interior face, said second substrate positioned in substantially parallel spaced-apart relationship with said first substrate and being laterally displaced therefrom; (c) a sealing means positioned toward the peripheral edge of each of said first substrate and said second substrate and sealingly forming a cell cavity therebetween; (d) the electrochemichromic solution according to claim 1 having been dispensed into and confined within said cell cavity; and (e) a means for introducing an applied potential to said electrochemichromic solution to controllably cause a variation in the amount of light transmitted through said device.
Claim 72
Dependent Claim 58 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 69, wherein said transparent conductive coating may be constructed from a material selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide, indium tin oxide full wave, indium tin oxide half wave, indium tin oxide half wave green, tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, antimony-doped zinc oxide and aluminum-doped zinc oxide.
Claim 73
Dependent Claim 26 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 69, wherein said device is a member selected from the group consisting of mirrors, glazings, partitions, filters, displays and lenses.
Claim 74
Dependent Claim 14 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 71, wherein said glazing is a window assembly.
Claim 75
Dependent Claim 15 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 69, wherein said glazing is a sun roof assembly.
Claim 76
Dependent Claim 33 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 69, wherein said device is a mirror assembly further comprising a reflective coating on a face of either one of said first substrate or said second substrate.
Claim 77
Dependent Claim 32 words
The electrochemichromic mirror assembly according to claim 74, wherein said reflective coating is constructed of a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, silver, platinum, palladium, titanium, chromium and stainless steel.
Claim 78
Dependent Claim 34 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 69, wherein said first substrate of (a) is a laminate assembly comprising at least two substantially transparent panels affixed to one another by a substantially transparent adhesive layer.
Claim 79
Dependent Claim 20 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 69, further comprising (g) a molded casing formed about the periphery of said device.
Claim 80
Dependent Claim 18 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 77, wherein said molded casing is constructed of injection molded polyvinyl chloride.
Claim 81
Dependent Claim 22 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 77, wherein said molded casing is constructed of a moldable material that is reaction injected molded.
Claim 82
Dependent Claim 30 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 69, wherein said sealing means of (c) may be constructed from a member selected from the group consisting of thermosetting materials and thermoplastic materials.
Claim 83
Dependent Claim 17 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 80, wherein said sealing means is constructed from a thermosetting material.
Claim 84
Dependent Claim 17 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 81, wherein said sealing means is constructed of a thermoplastic material.
Claim 85
Dependent Claim 38 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 69, wherein said first substrate of (a) and said second substrate of (b) are constructed from a material selected from the group consisting of glass, optical plastics, laminated glass and tempered glass.
Claim 86
Dependent Claim 26 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 69, wherein said first substrate of (a) and said second substrate of (b) are each constructed of the same material.
Claim 87
Dependent Claim 24 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 69, wherein said first substrate of (a) and second substrate of (b) are each constructed of different materials.
Claim 88
Dependent Claim 228 words
An electrochemichromic device comprising: (a) a first glass substrate coated with a conductive coating on its interior face; (b) a second glass substrate coated with a conductive coating on its interior face, said second glass substrate positioned in substantially parallel spaced-apart relationship with said first glass substrate; (c) a sealing means positioned toward, but inward from, the peripheral edge of each of said first substrate and said second substrate and sealingly forming a cell cavity therebetween; (d) an electrochemichromic solution capable of color change when an applied potential is introduced thereto, said electrochemichromic solution comprising: (1) an electrochemichromic compound selected from the group consisting of methylene violet (Bernthsen), 2-methyl-phenothiazin-3-one, phenothiazin-3-one and phenoxazin-3-one, wherein said compound has previously been reduced; (2) a viologen salt; and (3) a solvent, wherein said solvent is a member selected from the group consisting of the combination of 3-hydroxypropionitrile, glutraronitrile and acetic acid, the combination of propylene carbonate and acetic acid, the combination of 3-ethoxypropionitrile and 2-acetylbutyrolactone, the combination of 3-ethoxypropionitrile, glutaronitrile and acetic acid, the combination of 3-hydroxypropionitrile, 3,3'-oxydipropionitrile and acetic acid, and the combination of propylene carbonate, cyanoethyl sucrose and acetic acid, wherein said solution has been dispensed into and confined within said cell cavity; and (e) a means for introducing an applied potential to said electrochemichromic solution to controllably cause a variation in the amount of light transmitted through said solution.
Claim 89
Dependent Claim 228 words
An electrochemichromic device comprising: (a) a first glass substrate coated with a conductive coating on its interior face; (b) a second glass substrate coated with a conductive coating on its interior face, said second glass substrate positioned in substantially parallel spaced-apart relationship with said first glass substrate; (c) a sealing means positioned toward, but inward from, the peripheral edge of each of said first substrate and said second substrate and sealingly forming a cell cavity therebetween; (d) an electrochemichromic solution capable of color change when an applied potential is introduced thereto, said electrochemichromic solution comprising: (1) an electrochemichromic compound selected from the group consisting of methylene violet (Bernthsen), 2-methyl-phenothiazin-3-one, phenothiazin-3-one and phenoxazin-3-one, wherein said compound has previously been reduced; (2) a viologen salt; and (3) a solvent, wherein said solvent is a member selected from the group consisting of the combination of 3-hydroxypropionitrile, glutraronitrile and acetic acid, the combination of propylene carbonate and acetic acid, the combination of 3-ethoxypropionitrile and 2-acetylbutyrolactone, the combination of 3-ethoxypropionitrile, glutaronitrile and acetic acid, the combination of 3-hydroxypropionitrile, 3,3'-oxydipropionitrile and acetic acid, and the combination of propylene carbonate, cyanoethyl sucrose and acetic acid, wherein said solution has been dispensed into and confined within said cell cavity; and (e) a means for introducing an applied potential to said electrochemichromic solution to controllably cause a variation in the amount of light transmitted through said solution.
Claim 90
Dependent Claim 20 words
The electrochemichromic device of claim 86, further comprising after (d)(1): (i) said previously reduced electrochemichromic compound having thereafter been isolated.
Claim 91
Dependent Claim 24 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 86, wherein said device is selected from the group consisting of mirrors, glazings, partitions, filters, displays and lenses.
Claim 92
Dependent Claim 26 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 88, wherein said device is a mirror further comprising a reflective coating on a face of said second glass substrate.
Claim 93
Dependent Claim 28 words
The electrochemichromic device according to claim 86, wherein said electrochemichromic compound is methylene violet (Bernthsen) and wherein the methylene violet (Bernthsen) has previously been reduced and thereafter isolated.

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USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows

Annuity Stage Window Opens Payment Deadline Surcharge Period Until Estimated Fee Status
3.5 Years (Year 4) 1999-03-19 1999-09-18 2000-03-19 $2000.00 Window Closed / Lapsed
7.5 Years (Year 8) 2003-03-19 2003-09-18 2004-03-19 $3760.00 Window Closed / Lapsed
11.5 Years (Year 12) 2007-03-19 2007-09-18 2008-03-19 $7700.00 Window Closed / Lapsed

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