Plugging wellbores

Claim 2

A process for plugging a porous earth formation which comprises contacting said formation with a shear thickening composition which comprises a water-in-oil emulsion having particles of hydratable, water-expandable clay dispersed in the continuous oily phase thereof, said oily phase having both a surfactant and an oil soluble amine dissolved therein, said composition having a greater low shear thickening time than the same composition free of the oil soluble amine dissolved in the oily phase, and wherein said contacting occurs under conditions of high shear sufficient to form a paste from said composition which plugs said porous formation.

Claim 3

The process of claim 1 wherein said oil soluble amine is liquid at room temperature.

Claim 4

The process of claim 2 wherein said clay is granular.

Claim 5

The process of claim 3 wherein said conditions of high shear comprise shear rates of at least about 2,000 sec.-1.

Claim 6

The process of claim 4 wherein said shear-thickening composition comprises, on a parts by weight basis, 100 parts of clay, from about 25 to 130 parts of oil, from about 25 to 400 parts of aqueous phase, from about between 0.1 to 25 parts of oil soluble amine, and from about 5 to about 40 parts of surfactant.

Claim 7

The process of claim 5 wherein said surfactant comprises an amine derivative surfactant.

Claim 8

The process of claim 6 wherein said clay comprises bentonite.

Claim 9

The process of claim 7 wherein said surfactant comprises a polyamine derivative surfactant.

Claim 10

The process of claim 8 wherein said oil soluble amine is a di or triamine.

Claim 11

The process of claim 9 wherein said shear rates which form said paste are at least about 10,000 sec. -1 .

Claim 12

The process of claim 10 wherein said granular clay has an average particle size below about 60 Tyler mesh.

Claim 13

The process of either of claims 10 or 11 wherein said emulsified aqueous phase contains a water soluble polymer dissolved therein which flocculates and congels the clay when same is mixed with said aqueous phase under said conditions of high shear.

Claim 14

The process of claim 12 wherein said shear forces broadly range from between about 10,000 to 1,000,000 sec. -1 .

Claim 15

The process of claim 13 wherein said surfactant comprises an alkylene polyamine derivative of a polyisobutylene succinic anhydride.

Claim 16

The process of claim 14 wherein said oil soluble amine comprises a fatty amine.

Claim 17

The process of claim 15 wherein said clay has had the fines removed.

Claim 18

A process for plugging an underground formation penetrated by a well which comprises transporting a shear thickening fluid to said formation, under conditions of relatively low shear, through a conduit extending into said well and then subjecting the shear thickening fluid to conditions of relatively high shear at that point of the formation desired to be plugged to form a paste which plugs said formation, wherein said shear thickening fluid comprises a water-in-oil emulsion having particles of hydratable, water-expendable clay dispersed in the continuous oily phase thereof, said oily phase having both a surfactant and an oil soluble amine dissolved therein, said composition having a greater low shear thickening time than the same composition free of the oil soluble amine dissolved in the oily phase.

Claim 19

A process for plugging an underground formation penetrated by a well which comprises transporting a shear thickening fluid to said formation, under conditions of relatively low shear, through a conduit extending into said well and then subjecting the shear thickening fluid to conditions of relatively high shear at that point of the formation desired to be plugged to form a paste which plugs said formation, wherein said shear thickening fluid comprises a water-in-oil emulsion having particles of hydratable, water-expendable clay dispersed in the continuous oily phase thereof, said oily phase having both a surfactant and an oil soluble amine dissolved therein, said composition having a greater low shear thickening time than the same composition free of the oil soluble amine dissolved in the oily phase.

Claim 20

The process of claim 17 wherein said low shear conditions comprise shear rates of less than about 100 sec. -1 .

Claim 21

The process of claim 18 wherein said high shear conditions comprise shear rates of at least about 2,000 sec. -1 .

Claim 22

The process of claim 19 wherein said oil soluble amine is liquid at room temperature.

Claim 23

The process of claim 20 wherein said shear thickening composition comprises, on a parts by weight basis, 100 parts of clay, from about 25 to 400 parts of water, from about 0 to 10 parts of water soluble polymer, from about 25 to 130 parts of oil, from about 5 to 40 parts of surfactant and from about 0.1 to 25 parts of oil soluble amine.

Claim 24

The process of claim 21 wherein said clay is granular.

Claim 25

The process of claim 22 wherein said oily phase comprises a hydrocarbon liquid.

Claim 26

The process of either of claims 22 or 23 wherein said aqueous phase has dissolved therein a water soluble polymer for flocculating and congealing said clay when said aqueous phase and clay are mixed under said conditions of high shear to form said paste.

Claim 27

The process of claim 24 wherein said surfactant comprises an alkylene polyamine derivative of a polyalkenyl succinic anhydride.

Claim 28

The process of claim 25 wherein said oil soluble amine is a di or triamine.

Claim 29

The process of claim 26 wherein said clay particles have an average size below about 60 Tyler mesh.

Claim 30

The process of claim 27 wherein said high shear conditions include shear stresses of between about 10,000 to 1,000,000 sec. -1 .

Claim 31

The process of claim 28 wherein said clay comprises bentonite.

Claim 32

The process of claim 29 wherein said water soluble polymer comprises a polyacrylamide.

Claim 33

A process for plugging a portion of a well bore which comprises pumping into said well, under conditions of low shear of less than about 100 sec. -1 to the vicinity of said well bore desired to be plugged, a shear-thickening composition which comprises a water-in-oil emulsion having granular particles of hydratable, water-expandable clay dispersed in the continuous oily phase thereof, said oily phase comprising a hydrocarbon liquid having dissolved therein both a surfactant and an oil soluble amine wherein said composition has a greater low shear thickening time that the same composition free of the oil soluble amine dissolved in the oily phase, and subjecting said shear thickening composition to relatively high shear conditions of at least about 2,000 sec. -1 at the desired location of said well bore to mix the clay and aqueous phase of said shear-thickening fluid to form a paste which plugs said portion of said well bore.

Claim 34

A process for plugging a portion of a well bore which comprises pumping into said well, under conditions of low shear of less than about 100 sec. -1 to the vicinity of said well bore desired to be plugged, a shear-thickening composition which comprises a water-in-oil emulsion having granular particles of hydratable, water-expandable clay dispersed in the continuous oily phase thereof, said oily phase comprising a hydrocarbon liquid having dissolved therein both a surfactant and an oil soluble amine wherein said composition has a greater low shear thickening time that the same composition free of the oil soluble amine dissolved in the oily phase, and subjecting said shear thickening composition to relatively high shear conditions of at least about 2,000 sec. -1 at the desired location of said well bore to mix the clay and aqueous phase of said shear-thickening fluid to form a paste which plugs said portion of said well bore.

Claim 35

The process of claim 31 wherein said shear thickening composition comprises, on a parts by weight basis, 100 parts of clay, from about 25 to 400 parts of water, from about 0 to 10 parts of water soluble polymer, from about 25 to 130 parts of oil, from about 5 to 40 parts of surfactant and from about 0.1 to 25 parts of oil soluble amine.

Claim 36

The process of claim 32 wherein said oil soluble amine is a di or triamine.

Claim 37

The process of claim 33 wherein said surfactant comprises a polyamine derivative of a polyalkenyl succinic anhydride.

Claim 38

The process of claim 34 wherein said aqueous phase of said emulsion comprises an aqueous solution of a polyacrylamide.

Claim 39

A process for plugging a portion of a well bore using a shear thickening composition and an emulsion spacer wherein a conduit, which contains a fluid, extends down into the well bore from the surface thereof at least to the portion of said well bore desired to be plugged and wherein said shear thickening composition comprises a water-in-oil emulsion having particles of hydratable, water expandable clay dispersed in the continuous oily phase thereof, said oily phase comprising a hydrocarbon liquid having both a surfactant and an oil soluble amine dissolved therein, said composition having a greater low shear thickening time than the same composition free of the oil soluble amine dissolved in the oily phase, and said spacer comprising a water-in-oil emulsion wherein the continuous oily phase thereof comprises a hydrocarbon liquid having a surfactant dissolved therein, said process comprising the steps of: (a) positioning the bottom of said conduit to the location of said well bore desired to be plugged; (b) pumping a first portion of said spacer emulsion into said fluid containing conduit; (c) pumping said shear thickening composition into said conduit so that said shear thickening composition contacts said spacer emulsion in said conduit; (d) pumping a second portion of said spacer emulsion into said conduit so that it contacts said shear thickening composition; (e) pumping a displacing fluid into said conduit so that it contacts said second portion of said spacer emulsion and displaces said shear thickening composition at a relatively low shear rate to the bottom of said conduit; and (f) increasing the pumping rate of said displacing fluid into said conduit to force said shear thickening composition out of said conduit under conditions of shear of at least about 2,000 sec -1 to form a paste and plug said well bore.

Claim 40

A process for plugging a portion of a well bore using a shear thickening composition and an emulsion spacer wherein a conduit, which contains a fluid, extends down into the well bore from the surface thereof at least to the portion of said well bore desired to be plugged and wherein said shear thickening composition comprises a water-in-oil emulsion having particles of hydratable, water expandable clay dispersed in the continuous oily phase thereof, said oily phase comprising a hydrocarbon liquid having both a surfactant and an oil soluble amine dissolved therein, said composition having a greater low shear thickening time than the same composition free of the oil soluble amine dissolved in the oily phase, and said spacer comprising a water-in-oil emulsion wherein the continuous oily phase thereof comprises a hydrocarbon liquid having a surfactant dissolved therein, said process comprising the steps of: (a) positioning the bottom of said conduit to the location of said well bore desired to be plugged; (b) pumping a first portion of said spacer emulsion into said fluid containing conduit; (c) pumping said shear thickening composition into said conduit so that said shear thickening composition contacts said spacer emulsion in said conduit; (d) pumping a second portion of said spacer emulsion into said conduit so that it contacts said shear thickening composition; (e) pumping a displacing fluid into said conduit so that it contacts said second portion of said spacer emulsion and displaces said shear thickening composition at a relatively low shear rate to the bottom of said conduit; and (f) increasing the pumping rate of said displacing fluid into said conduit to force said shear thickening composition out of said conduit under conditions of shear of at least about 2,000 sec -1 to form a paste and plug said well bore.

Claim 41

The process of claim 36 wherein the high shear mixing comprises passing said shear-thickening composition through orifices or nozzles appurtenant to said drill pipe.

Claim 42

The process of claim 37 wherein said nozzles or orifices are the nozzles or orifices of a drill bit at the end of said drill pipe.

Claim 43

The process of either of claims 37 or 38 wherein said paste is formed at a distance greater than about 8,000 feet down said well bore.

Claim 44

The process of claim 39 wherein said surfactant comprises an alkylene polyamine derivative of a polyalkenyl succinic anhydride.

Claim 45

The process of claim 40 wherein said oil soluble amine is a di or triamine.

Claim 46

The process of claim 41 wherein said clay comprises bentonite.

Claim 47

The process of claim 42 wherein said water soluble polymer comprises a polyacrylamide.