US6061793A
Expired / Lapsed
US
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Method and apparatus for embedding data, including watermarks, in human perceptible sounds
Assignee: Digimarc Corp
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Filing: 1997-08-27
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Granted: 2000-05-09
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Expires: 2017-08-27
Abstract
Abstract A technique for hiding of data, including watermarks, in human-perceptible sounds, that is, audio host data, is disclosed. In one embodiment a method comprises three steps. In the first step, data to be embedded is inputted. In the case of a watermark, this data is a unique signature, and may be a pseudo-noise (PN) code. In the case of hidden data to be embedded in the host data, this data is the hidden data itself, or the hidden data as spread against the frequency spectrum by a pseudo-noise (PN) code. In the second step, the inputted data is embedded within the host data, in accordance with a perceptual mask of the host data. The perceptual mask determines the optimal locations within the host data to insert the inputted data. In the case of sounds, these optimal locations are determined by reference to the human auditory system. In the third step, the host data, with the embedded data, is further masked by a non-frequency mask. In the case of audio data, the non-frequency mask is a temporal mask.
Inventors
- 👤 Ahmed H. Tewfik
- 👤 Mitchell D. Swanson
- 👤 Bin Zhu
- 👤 Laurence Boney
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-11-09 10:42
CPC Classifications
H; H04; H04N; H04N21/00; H04N21/80; H04N21/83; H04N21/835; H04N21/8358; G; G10; G10L; G10L19/00; G10L19/02; H04N1/00; H04N1/32; H04N1/32101; H04N1/32144; H04N1/32149; H04N1/32154; H04N1/32165; H04N1/3217; H04N1/32187; H04N1/32192; H04N19/00; H04N19/10; H04N19/134; H04N19/154; H04N21/20; H04N21/23; H04N21/238; H04N21/2389; H04N21/23892; H04N2201/00; H04N2201/32; H04N2201/3201; H04N2201/3225; H04N2201/3233; H04N2201/3269; H04N2201/327
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 36
Claim 1
Independent Claim
53 words
A computerized method for embedding data into host data representing human-perceptible sounds comprising: inputting the data; embedding the data into the host data in accordance with a perceptual mask conducted in the frequency domain; and, further wherein the embedded data is embedded in accordance with a perceptual mask conducted in the temporal domain.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
53 words
A computerized method for embedding data into host data representing human-perceptible sounds comprising: inputting the data; embedding the data into the host data in accordance with a perceptual mask conducted in the frequency domain; and, further wherein the embedded data is embedded in accordance with a perceptual mask conducted in the temporal domain.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
28 words
The computerized method of claim 1, wherein the data embedded into the host data comprises data representing a watermark acting as a unique identifier for the host data.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
14 words
The computerized method of claim 2, wherein the watermark comprises a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
27 words
The computerized method of claim 1, wherein the data embedded into the host data comprises data spread against data representing a signature according to a spread-spectrum technique.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
14 words
The computerized method of claim 4, wherein the signature comprises a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
110 words
A computerized system for hiding hidden data having a plurality of bits within a host data representing human-perceptible sounds comprising: a processor; a computer-readable medium; computer-executable instructions executed by the processor from the computer-readable medium comprising: segmenting the host data into a plurality of blocks; applying a discrete cosine transform (DCT) to each block of the host data to generate a frequency block corresponding to the block of host data; applying a perceptual mask to each frequency block; embedding each bit of the hidden data into a corresponding frequency block; and, applying an inverse DCT to each frequency block to generate the host data having the hidden data embedded therein.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
110 words
A computerized system for hiding hidden data having a plurality of bits within a host data representing human-perceptible sounds comprising: a processor; a computer-readable medium; computer-executable instructions executed by the processor from the computer-readable medium comprising: segmenting the host data into a plurality of blocks; applying a discrete cosine transform (DCT) to each block of the host data to generate a frequency block corresponding to the block of host data; applying a perceptual mask to each frequency block; embedding each bit of the hidden data into a corresponding frequency block; and, applying an inverse DCT to each frequency block to generate the host data having the hidden data embedded therein.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
31 words
The computerized system of claim 6, wherein the instructions further comprise spreading each bit of the hidden data by a signature after selecting a plurality of blocks of the host data.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
25 words
The computerized system of claim 6, wherein the instructions further comprise applying a temporal mask to the host data having the hidden data embedded therein.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
128 words
A computer-readable medium having a computer program stored thereon to cause a suitably equipped computer to perform the method comprising: segmenting host data representing human-perceptible sounds into a plurality of blocks; spreading each of a plurality of bits of hidden data by a signature; applying a discrete cosine transform (DCT) to each block of the host data to generate a frequency block corresponding to the block of host data; applying a perceptual mask to each frequency block; embedding each bit of the hidden data, as spread by the signature, into a corresponding frequency block; applying an inverse DCT to each frequency block to generate the host data having the hidden data embedded therein; and, applying a temporal mask to the host data having the hidden data embedded therein.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
128 words
A computer-readable medium having a computer program stored thereon to cause a suitably equipped computer to perform the method comprising: segmenting host data representing human-perceptible sounds into a plurality of blocks; spreading each of a plurality of bits of hidden data by a signature; applying a discrete cosine transform (DCT) to each block of the host data to generate a frequency block corresponding to the block of host data; applying a perceptual mask to each frequency block; embedding each bit of the hidden data, as spread by the signature, into a corresponding frequency block; applying an inverse DCT to each frequency block to generate the host data having the hidden data embedded therein; and, applying a temporal mask to the host data having the hidden data embedded therein.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
13 words
The computer-readable medium of claim 9, wherein the medium is a floppy disk.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
47 words
A computerized method for generating a watermark to embed into host data representing human-perceptible sounds comprising: generating a watermark sequence; calculating a masking threshold; frequency-domain shaping the watermark sequence utilizing the masking threshold; and, time-domain weighting the watermark sequence after the watermark sequence has been frequency-domain shaped.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
47 words
A computerized method for generating a watermark to embed into host data representing human-perceptible sounds comprising: generating a watermark sequence; calculating a masking threshold; frequency-domain shaping the watermark sequence utilizing the masking threshold; and, time-domain weighting the watermark sequence after the watermark sequence has been frequency-domain shaped.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
13 words
The computerized method of claim 11, wherein the watermark sequence comprises a PN-sequence.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
21 words
The computerized method of claim 11, wherein the masking threshold is calculated using the MPEG Audio Psychoacoustic Model 1 or 2.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
112 words
A computerized system for embedding a watermark into host data representing human-perceptible sounds comprising: a processor; a computer-readable medium; a computer-executable instructions executed by the processor from the computer-readable medium comprising: low-bit rate coding and decoding the host data; generating a first interim watermark on the signal comprising of the host signal minus the low-bit rate coded and decoded host signal; generating a second interim watermark comprising of the difference between the low-bit rate coded and decoded host signal minus the watermarked and low-bit rate coded and decoded host signal; adding the first interim watermark to the second interim watermark to obtain the watermark; and adding the watermark to the host data.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
112 words
A computerized system for embedding a watermark into host data representing human-perceptible sounds comprising: a processor; a computer-readable medium; a computer-executable instructions executed by the processor from the computer-readable medium comprising: low-bit rate coding and decoding the host data; generating a first interim watermark on the signal comprising of the host signal minus the low-bit rate coded and decoded host signal; generating a second interim watermark comprising of the difference between the low-bit rate coded and decoded host signal minus the watermarked and low-bit rate coded and decoded host signal; adding the first interim watermark to the second interim watermark to obtain the watermark; and adding the watermark to the host data.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
58 words
The computerized system of claim 14, wherein at least one of the first interim watermark and the second interim watermark is generated by performing a method comprising: generating a watermark sequence; calculating a masking threshold; frequency-domain shaping the watermark sequence utilizing the masking threshold; and, time-domain weighting the watermark sequence after the watermark sequence has been frequency-domain shaped.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
104 words
A computer-readable medium having a computer program stored thereon to cause a suitably equipped computer to perform the method comprising: low-bit rate coding and decoding host data representing a human-perceptible sound; generating a first interim watermark on the signal comprising of the host signal minus the low-bit rate coded and decoded host signal; generating a second interim watermark comprising of the difference between the low-bit rate coded and decoded host signal minus the watermarked and low-bit rate coded and decoded host signal; adding the first interim watermark to the second interim watermark to obtain the watermark; and adding the watermark to the host data.
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
104 words
A computer-readable medium having a computer program stored thereon to cause a suitably equipped computer to perform the method comprising: low-bit rate coding and decoding host data representing a human-perceptible sound; generating a first interim watermark on the signal comprising of the host signal minus the low-bit rate coded and decoded host signal; generating a second interim watermark comprising of the difference between the low-bit rate coded and decoded host signal minus the watermarked and low-bit rate coded and decoded host signal; adding the first interim watermark to the second interim watermark to obtain the watermark; and adding the watermark to the host data.
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
14 words
The computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the computer-readable medium is a floppy disk.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
26 words
The method according to claim 1 wherein the perceptual mask conducted in the temporal domain occurs prior to the perceptual mask conducted in the frequency domain.
Claim 25
Dependent Claim
26 words
The method according to claim 1 wherein the data to be embedded is adjusted according to the frequency masking thresholds and not the temporal masking thresholds.
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
26 words
The method according to claim 1 wherein the data to be embedded is adjusted according to the temporal masking thresholds and not the frequency masking thresholds.
Claim 27
Dependent Claim
26 words
The method according to claim 1 wherein the perceptual mask in the frequency domain is computed based on perceptual charactertistics of the host data frequency content.
Claim 28
Dependent Claim
26 words
The method according to claim 1 wherein the perceptual mask in the temporal domain is computed based on perceptual characteristics of the host data temporal content.
Claim 29
Dependent Claim
67 words
The method according to claim 1 wherein the embedding function consists of a nonlinear rounding operation which adjusts frequency and/or temporal samples of the host audio data by rounding the audio data according to a quantization threshold based on the corresponding frequency and/or temporal mask; setting rounded value to a preset value to represent the embedded data bit; and reconstructing the audio by reversing the quantization operation.
Claim 30
Dependent Claim
23 words
The method according to claim 6 where the discrete cosine transform (DCT), a specific frequency transform, is replaced by a general frequency transform.
Claim 31
Dependent Claim
26 words
The method according to claim 16 wherein the perceptual mask conducted in the temporal domain occurs prior to the perceptual mask conducted in the frequency domain.
Claim 32
Dependent Claim
26 words
The method according to claim 16 wherein the data to be embedded is adjusted according to the frequency masking thresholds and not the temporal masking thresholds.
Claim 33
Dependent Claim
26 words
The method according to claim 16 wherein the data to be embedded is adjusted according to the temporal masking thresholds and not the frequency masking thresholds.
Claim 34
Dependent Claim
26 words
The method according to claim 16 wherein the perceptual mask in the frequency domain is computed based on perceptual charactertistics of the host data frequency content.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim
26 words
The method according to claim 16 wherein the perceptual mask in the temporal domain is computed based on perceptual characteristics of the host data temporal content.
Claim 36
Dependent Claim
67 words
The method according to claim 16 wherein the embedding function consists of a nonlinear rounding operation which adjusts frequency and/or temporal samples of the host audio data by rounding the audio data according to a quantization threshold based on the corresponding frequency and/or temporal mask; setting rounded value to a preset value to represent the embedded data bit; and reconstructing the audio by reversing the quantization operation.
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USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 Years (Year 4) | 2003-05-09 | 2003-11-08 | 2004-05-09 | $2000.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 2007-05-09 | 2007-11-08 | 2008-05-09 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 2011-05-09 | 2011-11-08 | 2012-05-09 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |