US5798753A
Expired / Lapsed
US
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Color format conversion in a parallel processor
Assignee: Sun Microsystems Inc
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Filing: 1995-03-03
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Granted: 1998-08-25
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Expires: 2015-03-03
Abstract
Abstract A pixel of a color video image is converted from one color format having luminance and chrominance signals, e.g., YUV format, to a destination format, e.g., RGB or CMY formats, by forming luminance and chrominance component words which include partitioned words representing various color components of the luminance and chrominance signals. The luminance and chrominance component words are summed using a partitioned addition operation to thereby accumulate the various color components of the luminance and chrominance signals simultaneously and in parallel. Formation of the luminance and chrominance component words is, in some instances, done by a load and store unit of a central processing unit while a graphics execution unit simultaneously sums the luminance and chrominance components using the partitioned addition operation. By using this technique, conversion of pixels of a color motion image from YUV format to a different format, e.g., RGB format, is reduced from approximately 20 instruction cycles per pixel to generally less than 2.5 instruction cycles per pixel. Such a reduction in processing requirements has enabled full real-time rendering, e.g., thirty frames per second, of full-sized, digital NTSC, MPEG-compressed, motion video images using only a central processing unit and appropriately configured computer software. No additional, special-purpose hardware components were needed.
Inventors
- 👤 Chang-Guo Zhou
- 👤 Daniel S. Rice
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-11-02 15:06
CPC Classifications
H; H04; H04N; H04N9/00; H04N9/64; H04N9/641
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 48
Claim 1
Independent Claim
219 words
A method for rendering a pixel of a color image using a computer system which includes, a signal receiver, a memory, and a processing unit which in turn includes a plurality of processing sub-units, the method comprising: (A) receiving through the receiver a luminance signal; (B) receiving through the receiver a chrominance signal; (C) generating a luminance component word comprising first and second color components of the luminance signal and storing the luminance component word in the memory; (D) generating a chrominance component word comprising first and second color components of the chrominance signal and storing the chrominance component word in the memory; (E) generating a color component word having a first color component and a second color component, the step of generating a color component word comprising the following steps performed substantially simultaneously using first and second ones, respectively, of the processing sub-units: (i) storing as the first color component of the color component word the sum of the first color components of the luminance and chrominance component words; (ii) storing as the second color component of the color component word the sum of the second color components of the luminance and chrominance component words; and (F) producing first and second color component signals representative of the first and second color component portions of the color component word.
Claim 2
Independent Claim
219 words
A method for rendering a pixel of a color image using a computer system which includes, a signal receiver, a memory, and a processing unit which in turn includes a plurality of processing sub-units, the method comprising: (A) receiving through the receiver a luminance signal; (B) receiving through the receiver a chrominance signal; (C) generating a luminance component word comprising first and second color components of the luminance signal and storing the luminance component word in the memory; (D) generating a chrominance component word comprising first and second color components of the chrominance signal and storing the chrominance component word in the memory; (E) generating a color component word having a first color component and a second color component, the step of generating a color component word comprising the following steps performed substantially simultaneously using first and second ones, respectively, of the processing sub-units: (i) storing as the first color component of the color component word the sum of the first color components of the luminance and chrominance component words; (ii) storing as the second color component of the color component word the sum of the second color components of the luminance and chrominance component words; and (F) producing first and second color component signals representative of the first and second color component portions of the color component word.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
30 words
The method of claim 1 wherein the color component word is stored in a location of the memory previously occupied by any one of the luminance and chrominance component words.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
60 words
The method of claim 1 wherein the first and second color components of the luminance component word are calculated from the luminance signal, using the first and second processing sub-units, respectively; and further wherein the first and second color components of the chrominance component word are calculated from the first chrominance signal, using the first and second processing sub-units, respectively.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
53 words
The method of claim 1 wherein the first and second color components of the luminance component word are determined by reference to a luminance table in the memory; and further wherein the first and second color components of the chrominance component word are determined by reference to a chrominance table in the memory.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
25 words
The method of claim 4 wherein reference to the luminance and chrominance tables is performed by a load and store unit in the processing unit.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
56 words
The method of claim 5 wherein the load and store unit references the luminance and chrominance tables in converting a first pixel from a first color format to a second color format while the processing sub-units perform steps (E)(i) and (E)(ii) in converting a second pixel from the first color format to the second color format.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
40 words
The method of claim 1 wherein the step of producing first and second color component signals comprises: packing the first and second color components of the color component word into respective first and second components of a pixel data word.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
60 words
The method of claim 7 wherein the step of packing comprises: scaling each of the first and second color component portions of the color component word; and clipping each of the first and second color component portions of the color component word after scaling to represent a value of at least a minimum value and at most a maximum value.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
16 words
The method of claim 8 wherein the minimum and maximum values are zero and 255, respectively.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
38 words
The method of claim 8 wherein the step of packing the first and second color component portions is completed in a single instruction cycle of the processing unit by first and second ones, respectively, of the processing sub-units.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
18 words
The method of claim 7 wherein the first and second components of the pixel data word are integers.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
19 words
The method of claim 7 wherein the first and second components of the pixel data word are 8-bit integers.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
19 words
The method of claim 7 wherein the first and second components of the pixel data word are unsigned integers.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
370 words
A color conversion apparatus for converting a pixel of a color image from a source format including a luminance signal and a chrominance signal to a destination format using a computer system including: (i) a processing unit which in turn includes a plurality of processing sub-units, each capable of operating in an addition mode, and (ii) a memory, operatively coupled to the processing sub-units, the apparatus comprising: means, responsive to the luminance signal and operatively coupled to the memory, for generating and storing in the memory a luminance component word which includes a first luminance component color portion operatively coupled to a first of the processing sub-units and representative of a first component of the luminance signal corresponding to a first component color and a second luminance component color portion operatively coupled to a second of the processing sub-units and representative of a second component of the luminance signal corresponding to a second component color; means, responsive to the chrominance signal and operatively coupled to the processing unit, for generating and storing in the memory a chrominance component word which includes a first chrominance component color portion operatively coupled to the first processing sub-unit and representative of a first component of the chrominance signal corresponding to the first component color and a second chrominance component color portion operatively coupled to the second processing sub-unit and representative of a second component of the chrominance signal corresponding to the second component color; storage means for storing in the memory a color component word comprising a first component color portion operatively coupled to the first processing sub-unit and a second component color portion operatively coupled to the second processing sub-unit; wherein operation of the processing sub-units in the addition mode (i) accumulates, in the first processing sub-unit, the first luminance component color portion of the luminance component word and the first chrominance component color portion of the chrominance component word into the first component color portion of the color component word and (ii) accumulates, in the second processing sub-unit, the second luminance component color portion of the luminance component word and the second chrominance component color portion of the chrominance component word into the second component color portion of the color component word.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
370 words
A color conversion apparatus for converting a pixel of a color image from a source format including a luminance signal and a chrominance signal to a destination format using a computer system including: (i) a processing unit which in turn includes a plurality of processing sub-units, each capable of operating in an addition mode, and (ii) a memory, operatively coupled to the processing sub-units, the apparatus comprising: means, responsive to the luminance signal and operatively coupled to the memory, for generating and storing in the memory a luminance component word which includes a first luminance component color portion operatively coupled to a first of the processing sub-units and representative of a first component of the luminance signal corresponding to a first component color and a second luminance component color portion operatively coupled to a second of the processing sub-units and representative of a second component of the luminance signal corresponding to a second component color; means, responsive to the chrominance signal and operatively coupled to the processing unit, for generating and storing in the memory a chrominance component word which includes a first chrominance component color portion operatively coupled to the first processing sub-unit and representative of a first component of the chrominance signal corresponding to the first component color and a second chrominance component color portion operatively coupled to the second processing sub-unit and representative of a second component of the chrominance signal corresponding to the second component color; storage means for storing in the memory a color component word comprising a first component color portion operatively coupled to the first processing sub-unit and a second component color portion operatively coupled to the second processing sub-unit; wherein operation of the processing sub-units in the addition mode (i) accumulates, in the first processing sub-unit, the first luminance component color portion of the luminance component word and the first chrominance component color portion of the chrominance component word into the first component color portion of the color component word and (ii) accumulates, in the second processing sub-unit, the second luminance component color portion of the luminance component word and the second chrominance component color portion of the chrominance component word into the second component color portion of the color component word.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
30 words
The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the color component word is stored in a location of the memory previously occupied by any one of the luminance and chrominance component words.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
80 words
The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the processing sub-units are operable in a multiplication mode; further wherein the first and second component color portions of the luminance component word are calculated from the luminance signal, using the first and second processing sub-units, respectively, in the multiplication mode; and further wherein the first and second component color portions of the chrominance signal are calculated from the first chrominance signal, using the first and second processing sub-units, respectively, in the multiplication mode.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
64 words
The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising a luminance table in the memory and a chrominance table in the memory; wherein the first and second component color portions of the luminance component word are determined by reference to the luminance table; and further wherein the first and second component color portions of the chrominance component word are determined by reference to the chrominance table.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
38 words
The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the computer system further comprises a load and store unit capable of retrieving the luminance component word from the luminance table and of retrieving the chrominance component word from the chrominance table.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
70 words
The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the load and store unit can reference either the luminance table or the chrominance table in converting a first pixel from a first color format to a second color format while the processing sub-units accumulate a luminance component word and a chrominance component word corresponding to a second pixel in converting the second pixel from the first color format to the second color format.
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
70 words
The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising: pixel data production means, responsive to the color component word, for producing a pixel data word, which comprises first and second component color portions; wherein the first and second processing sub-units operate in a packing mode to pack the first and second component color portions of the color component word into the first and second component color portions of the pixel data word.
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
21 words
The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the first and second component color portions of the pixel data word are each integers.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
22 words
The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the first and second component color portions of the pixel data word are each 8-bit integers.
Claim 25
Dependent Claim
22 words
The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the first and second component color portions of the pixel data word are each unsigned integers.
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
63 words
The apparatus of claim 20 wherein, in the packing mode, the first and second processing sub-units (i) scale the first and second component color portions, respectively, of the color component word and (ii) clip the first and second component color portions, respectively, of the color component word to represent a value of at least a minimum value and at most a maximum value.
Claim 27
Dependent Claim
16 words
The apparatus of claim 24 wherein the minimum and maximum values are zero and 255, respectively.
Claim 28
Dependent Claim
24 words
The apparatus of claim 24 wherein the first and second processing sub-units scale and clip in a single instruction cycle of the processing unit.
Claim 29
Dependent Claim
106 words
The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising: a video signal receiver, operatively coupled to the means for generating the luminance component word and the means for generating the chrominance component word; and an output device, operatively coupled to the first and second processing sub-units; wherein the video signal receiver is capable of receiving the luminance and chrominance signals and capable of supplying the luminance and chrominance signals to the means for generating the luminance component word and the means for generating the chrominance component word, respectively; and further wherein the output device is capable of displaying a video image pixel represented by the color component word.
Claim 30
Dependent Claim
347 words
A color conversion apparatus for converting a pixel of a color image from a source format including a luminance signal and a chrominance signal to a destination format using a computer system including a plurality of processing sub-units, each capable of operating in an addition mode, and a memory, operatively coupled to the processing sub-units, the apparatus comprising: (a) a luminance and chrominance component word builder, responsive to the luminance signal and the chrominance signal and operatively coupled to the memory, for generating and storing in the memory (i) a luminance component word which includes a first luminance component color portion representative of a first component of the luminance signal corresponding to a first component color and a second luminance component color portion representative of a second component of the luminance signal corresponding to a second component color; and (ii) a chrominance component word which includes a first chrominance component color portion representative of a first component of the chrominance signal corresponding to the first component color and a second chrominance component color portion representative of a second component of the chrominance signal corresponding to the second component color; (b) a color component word builder, which is operatively coupled to the luminance and chrominance word builder and which generates a color component word comprising a first component color portion operatively coupled to the first processing sub-unit and a second component color portion, the color component word builder comprising: (i) the first processing sub-unit configured to generate the first component color portion of the color component word by summing the first luminance component color portion of the luminance component word and the first chrominance component color portion of the chrominance component word into the first component color portion of the color component word; and (ii) the second processing sub-unit configured to generate the second component color portion of the color component word by summing the second luminance component color portion of the luminance component word and the second chrominance component color portion of the chrominance component word into the second component color portion of the color component word.
Claim 31
Dependent Claim
347 words
A color conversion apparatus for converting a pixel of a color image from a source format including a luminance signal and a chrominance signal to a destination format using a computer system including a plurality of processing sub-units, each capable of operating in an addition mode, and a memory, operatively coupled to the processing sub-units, the apparatus comprising: (a) a luminance and chrominance component word builder, responsive to the luminance signal and the chrominance signal and operatively coupled to the memory, for generating and storing in the memory (i) a luminance component word which includes a first luminance component color portion representative of a first component of the luminance signal corresponding to a first component color and a second luminance component color portion representative of a second component of the luminance signal corresponding to a second component color; and (ii) a chrominance component word which includes a first chrominance component color portion representative of a first component of the chrominance signal corresponding to the first component color and a second chrominance component color portion representative of a second component of the chrominance signal corresponding to the second component color; (b) a color component word builder, which is operatively coupled to the luminance and chrominance word builder and which generates a color component word comprising a first component color portion operatively coupled to the first processing sub-unit and a second component color portion, the color component word builder comprising: (i) the first processing sub-unit configured to generate the first component color portion of the color component word by summing the first luminance component color portion of the luminance component word and the first chrominance component color portion of the chrominance component word into the first component color portion of the color component word; and (ii) the second processing sub-unit configured to generate the second component color portion of the color component word by summing the second luminance component color portion of the luminance component word and the second chrominance component color portion of the chrominance component word into the second component color portion of the color component word.
Claim 32
Dependent Claim
82 words
The apparatus of claim 28 further comprising: a video signal receiver, operatively coupled to the luminance and chrominance component word builder; and an output device, operatively coupled to the color component word builder; wherein the video signal receiver is capable of receiving the luminance and chrominance signals and supplying the luminance and chrominance signals to the luminance and chrominance component word builder; and further wherein the output device is capable of displaying a video image pixel represented by the color component word.
Claim 33
Dependent Claim
48 words
The apparatus of claim 28 further comprising: a pixel builder which is operatively coupled to the color component word builder and which packs the first and second component color portions of the color component word into first and second component color portions, respectively, of a pixel data word.
Claim 34
Dependent Claim
21 words
The apparatus of claim 30 wherein the first and second component color portions of the pixel data word are each integers.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim
22 words
The apparatus of claim 30 wherein the first and second component color portions of the pixel data word are each 8-bit integers.
Claim 36
Dependent Claim
22 words
The apparatus of claim 30 wherein the first and second component color portions of the pixel data word are each unsigned integers.
Claim 37
Dependent Claim
63 words
The apparatus of claim 30 wherein, in the packing mode, the first and second processing sub-units (i) scale the first and second component color portions, respectively, of the color component word and (ii) clip the first and second component color portions, respectively, of the color component word to represent a value of at least a minimum value and at most a maximum value.
Claim 38
Dependent Claim
16 words
The apparatus of claim 34 wherein the minimum and maximum values are zero and 255, respectively.
Claim 39
Independent Claim
421 words
A method for converting a pixel of a color image stored in YUV format in a memory of a computer to a pixel in a component color format in the memory, the method comprising: (A) storing a U 1 value corresponding to a first component color of the U chrominance of the pixel in a first portion of a first data word; (B) storing a U 2 value corresponding to a second component color of the U chrominance of the pixel in a second portion of the first data word; (C) storing a U 3 value corresponding to a third component color of the U chrominance of the pixel in a third portion of the first data word; (D) storing a V 1 value corresponding to a first component color of the V chrominance of the pixel in a first portion of a second data word; (E) storing a V 2 value corresponding to a second component color of the V chrominance of the pixel in a second portion of the second data word; (F) storing a V 3 value corresponding to a third component color of the V chrominance of the pixel in a third portion of the second data word; (G) storing a Y 1 value corresponding to a first component color of the luminance of the pixel in a first portion of a third data word; (H) storing a Y 2 value corresponding to a second component color of the luminance of the pixel in a second portion of the third data word; (i) storing a Y 3 value corresponding to a third component color of the luminance of the pixel in a third portion of the third data word; and (J) accumulating into a fourth data word, parallel sums of the first, second, and third portions of each of the first, second, and third data words such that: (i) a first portion of the fourth data word contains data having a value equal to the sum of the values of the data in the first portions of the first, second, and third data words; (ii) a second portion of the fourth data word contains data having a value equal to the sum of the values of the data in the second portions of the first, second, and third data words; and (iii) a third portion of the fourth data word contains data having a value equal to the sum of the values of the data in the third portions of the first, second, and third data words.
Claim 40
Independent Claim
421 words
A method for converting a pixel of a color image stored in YUV format in a memory of a computer to a pixel in a component color format in the memory, the method comprising: (A) storing a U 1 value corresponding to a first component color of the U chrominance of the pixel in a first portion of a first data word; (B) storing a U 2 value corresponding to a second component color of the U chrominance of the pixel in a second portion of the first data word; (C) storing a U 3 value corresponding to a third component color of the U chrominance of the pixel in a third portion of the first data word; (D) storing a V 1 value corresponding to a first component color of the V chrominance of the pixel in a first portion of a second data word; (E) storing a V 2 value corresponding to a second component color of the V chrominance of the pixel in a second portion of the second data word; (F) storing a V 3 value corresponding to a third component color of the V chrominance of the pixel in a third portion of the second data word; (G) storing a Y 1 value corresponding to a first component color of the luminance of the pixel in a first portion of a third data word; (H) storing a Y 2 value corresponding to a second component color of the luminance of the pixel in a second portion of the third data word; (i) storing a Y 3 value corresponding to a third component color of the luminance of the pixel in a third portion of the third data word; and (J) accumulating into a fourth data word, parallel sums of the first, second, and third portions of each of the first, second, and third data words such that: (i) a first portion of the fourth data word contains data having a value equal to the sum of the values of the data in the first portions of the first, second, and third data words; (ii) a second portion of the fourth data word contains data having a value equal to the sum of the values of the data in the second portions of the first, second, and third data words; and (iii) a third portion of the fourth data word contains data having a value equal to the sum of the values of the data in the third portions of the first, second, and third data words.
Claim 41
Dependent Claim
21 words
The method of claim 36 wherein the fourth data word is any one of the first, second, and third data words.
Claim 42
Independent Claim
272 words
A method for rendering a pixel of a color image using a computer system which includes a signal receiver, a memory, and a processing unit which in turn includes a plurality of processing sub-units, the method comprising: (A) receiving through the receiver a luminance signal; (B) receiving through the receiver a chrominance signal; (C) generating a luminance component word comprising first and second color components of the luminance signal and storing the luminance component word in the memory; (D) generating a chrominance component word comprising first and second color components of the chrominance signal and storing the chrominance component word in the memory; (E) receiving a second chrominance signal, which is different from the first-mentioned chrominance signal; (F) generating a second chrominance component word, which is different from the first-mentioned chrominance component word and which comprises first and second color components of the second chrominance signal; (G) generating a color component word having a first color component and a second color component, the step of generating a color component word comprising the following steps performed substantially simultaneously using first and second ones, respectively, of the processing sub-units: (i) storing as first color component of the color component word the sum of the first color components of the luminance, the chrominance, and the second color chrominance component words; and (ii) storing as the second color component of the color component word the sum of the second color components of the luminance, the first chrominance, and the second chrominance component words; and (H) producing first and second color component signals representative of the first and second color component portions of the color component word.
Claim 43
Independent Claim
272 words
A method for rendering a pixel of a color image using a computer system which includes a signal receiver, a memory, and a processing unit which in turn includes a plurality of processing sub-units, the method comprising: (A) receiving through the receiver a luminance signal; (B) receiving through the receiver a chrominance signal; (C) generating a luminance component word comprising first and second color components of the luminance signal and storing the luminance component word in the memory; (D) generating a chrominance component word comprising first and second color components of the chrominance signal and storing the chrominance component word in the memory; (E) receiving a second chrominance signal, which is different from the first-mentioned chrominance signal; (F) generating a second chrominance component word, which is different from the first-mentioned chrominance component word and which comprises first and second color components of the second chrominance signal; (G) generating a color component word having a first color component and a second color component, the step of generating a color component word comprising the following steps performed substantially simultaneously using first and second ones, respectively, of the processing sub-units: (i) storing as first color component of the color component word the sum of the first color components of the luminance, the chrominance, and the second color chrominance component words; and (ii) storing as the second color component of the color component word the sum of the second color components of the luminance, the first chrominance, and the second chrominance component words; and (H) producing first and second color component signals representative of the first and second color component portions of the color component word.
Claim 44
Dependent Claim
99 words
The method of claim 38 wherein step (G) further comprises: generating a composite chrominance component word, the step of generating a composite chrominance component word comprising the following steps performed in parallel using the first and second processing sub-units, respectively: (i) storing in a first color component of the composite chrominance component word the sum of the first color components of the first chrominance and second chrominance component words; and (ii) storing in a second color component of the composite chrominance component word the sum of the second color components of the first chrominance and second chrominance component words.
Claim 45
Independent Claim
246 words
A method for rendering a pixel of a color image using a computer system which includes a signal receiver, a memory, and a processing unit which in turn includes a plurality of processing sub-units, the method comprising: (A) receiving through the receiver a luminance signal; (B) receiving through the receiver a chrominance signal; (C) generating a luminance component word comprising first, second, and third color components of the luminance signal and storing the luminance component word in the memory; (D) generating a chrominance component word comprising first, second, and third color components of the chrominance signal and storing the chrominance component word in the memory; (E) generating a color component word having first, second, and third color components, the step of generating a color component word comprising the following steps performed substantially simultaneously using first, second, and third ones, respectively, of the processing sub-units: (i) storing as the first color component of the color component word the sum of the first color components of the luminance and chrominance (ii) storing as the second color component of the color component word the sum of the second color components of the luminance and chrominance component words; and (iii) storing as the third color component of the color component word the sum of the third color components of the luminance and chrominance component words; and (F) producing first, second, and third color component signals representative of the first, second, and third color component portions of the color component word.
Claim 46
Independent Claim
246 words
A method for rendering a pixel of a color image using a computer system which includes a signal receiver, a memory, and a processing unit which in turn includes a plurality of processing sub-units, the method comprising: (A) receiving through the receiver a luminance signal; (B) receiving through the receiver a chrominance signal; (C) generating a luminance component word comprising first, second, and third color components of the luminance signal and storing the luminance component word in the memory; (D) generating a chrominance component word comprising first, second, and third color components of the chrominance signal and storing the chrominance component word in the memory; (E) generating a color component word having first, second, and third color components, the step of generating a color component word comprising the following steps performed substantially simultaneously using first, second, and third ones, respectively, of the processing sub-units: (i) storing as the first color component of the color component word the sum of the first color components of the luminance and chrominance (ii) storing as the second color component of the color component word the sum of the second color components of the luminance and chrominance component words; and (iii) storing as the third color component of the color component word the sum of the third color components of the luminance and chrominance component words; and (F) producing first, second, and third color component signals representative of the first, second, and third color component portions of the color component word.
Claim 47
Dependent Claim
25 words
The method of claim 40 wherein the first, second, and third color components of the color component word are red, green, and blue components, respectively.
Claim 48
Dependent Claim
25 words
The method of claim 40 wherein the first, second, and third color components of the color component word are cyan, yellow, and magenta components, respectively.
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USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
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| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 2005-08-24 | 2006-02-23 | 2006-08-25 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 2009-08-24 | 2010-02-23 | 2010-08-25 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |