Polymer dispersed liquid crystal panel with diffraction grating and reflective counter electrode

Claim 2

A liquid crystal panel comprising: a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate; a second substrate including a counter electrode which is made of a reflection film for reflecting incident light, said counter electrode being formed on a surface of said second substrate confronting said surface of said first substrate; a liquid crystal layer interposed between said pixel electrodes and said counter electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite consisting of a liquid crystal component and a resin component, wherein the refractive index of said liquid crystal component is equal to that of said resin component when liquid crystal molecules of said liquid crystal component are aligned in a direction; and a grating consisting essentially of protrusions having inclined surfaces and being applied to said first or second substrate, wherein the refractive index of said protrusions is equal to the refractive index of said liquid crystal layer when said liquid crystal molecules in said liquid crystal layer are aligned in a direction; wherein a maximum inclination angle of said inclined surfaces of said protrusions of said grating is 45° relative to said surface of said first or second substrate.

Claim 3

A liquid crystal panel comprising: a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate; a second substrate including a counter electrode which is made of a reflection film for reflecting incident light, said counter electrode being formed on a surface of said second substrate confronting said surface of said first substrate; a liquid crystal layer interposed between said pixel electrodes and said counter electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite consisting of a liquid crystal component and a resin component, wherein the refractive index of said liquid crystal component is equal to that of said resin component when liquid crystal molecules of said liquid crystal component are aligned in a direction; and a grating consisting essentially of protrusions and being applied to said first or second substrate, wherein the refractive index of said protrusions is equal to the refractive index of said liquid crystal layer when said liquid crystal molecules in said liquid crystal layer are aligned in a direction; wherein the height of said protrusions is between 1 and 10 μm.

Claim 4

A liquid crystal panel comprising: a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate; a second substrate including a counter electrode which is made of a reflection film for reflecting incident light, said counter electrode being formed on a surface of said second substrate confronting said surface of said first substrate; a liquid crystal layer interposed between said pixel electrodes and said counter electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite consisting of a liquid crystal component and a resin component, wherein the refractive index of said liquid crystal component is equal to that of said resin component when liquid crystal molecules of said liquid crystal component are aligned in a direction; and a grating consisting essentially of protrusions and being applied to said first or second substrate, wherein the refractive index of said protrusions is equal to the refractive index of said liquid crystal layer when said liquid crystal molecules in said liquid crystal layer are aligned in a direction; wherein the height of said protrusions is between 1 and 10 μm.

Claim 5

A liquid crystal panel comprising: a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate; a second substrate including a counter electrode which is made of a reflection film for reflecting incident light, said counter electrode being formed on a surface of said second substrate confronting said surface of said first substrate; a liquid crystal layer interposed between said pixel electrodes and said counter electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite consisting of a liquid crystal component and a resin component, wherein the refractive index of said liquid crystal component is equal to that of said resin component when liquid crystal molecules of said liquid crystal component are aligned in a direction; and a grating consisting essentially of protrusions and being applied to said first or second substrate, wherein the refractive index of said protrusions is equal to the refractive index of said liquid crystal layer when said liquid crystal molecules in said liquid crystal layer are aligned in a direction; wherein the pitch of said protrusions is 15 μm or less.

Claim 6

A liquid crystal panel comprising: a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate; a second substrate including a counter electrode which is made of a reflection film for reflecting incident light, said counter electrode being formed on a surface of said second substrate confronting said surface of said first substrate; a liquid crystal layer interposed between said pixel electrodes and said counter electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite consisting of a liquid crystal component and a resin component, wherein the refractive index of said liquid crystal component is equal to that of said resin component when liquid crystal molecules of said liquid crystal component are aligned in a direction; and a grating consisting essentially of protrusions and being applied to said first or second substrate, wherein the refractive index of said protrusions is equal to the refractive index of said liquid crystal layer when said liquid crystal molecules in said liquid crystal layer are aligned in a direction; wherein the pitch of said protrusions is 15 μm or less.

Claim 7

A liquid crystal panel comprising: a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate; a second substrate including a counter electrode which is made of a reflection film for reflecting incident light, said counter electrode being formed on a surface of said second substrate confronting said surface of said first substrate; a liquid crystal layer interposed between said pixel electrodes and said counter electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite consisting of a liquid crystal component and a resin component, wherein the refractive index of said liquid crystal component is equal to that of said resin component when liquid crystal molecules of said liquid crystal component are aligned in a direction; and a grating consisting essentially of protrusions and being applied to said first or second substrate, wherein the refractive index of said protrusions is equal to the refractive index of said liquid crystal layer when said liquid crystal molecules in said liquid crystal layer are aligned in a direction; wherein a ratio of the height of said protrusions to the pitch of said protrusions is a third or more.

Claim 8

A liquid crystal panel comprising: a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate; a second substrate including a counter electrode which is made of a reflection film for reflecting incident light, said counter electrode being formed on a surface of said second substrate confronting said surface of said first substrate; a liquid crystal layer interposed between said pixel electrodes and said counter electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite consisting of a liquid crystal component and a resin component, wherein the refractive index of said liquid crystal component is equal to that of said resin component when liquid crystal molecules of said liquid crystal component are aligned in a direction; and a grating consisting essentially of protrusions and being applied to said first or second substrate, wherein the refractive index of said protrusions is equal to the refractive index of said liquid crystal layer when said liquid crystal molecules in said liquid crystal layer are aligned in a direction; wherein a ratio of the height of said protrusions to the pitch of said protrusions is a third or more.

Claim 9

A liquid crystal display comprising: a light source; a color separation system for separating said light generated by the light source into three optical paths respectively transmitting red, green and blue light; three liquid crystal panels each comprising (a) a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of said first substrate, (b) a second substrate including a counter electrode and a reflection film for reflecting incident light, said counter electrode and said reflection film being formed on a surface of the second substrate confronting said surface of said first substrate, and (c) a liquid crystal layer interposed between said pixel electrodes and said counter electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite consisting essentially of a liquid crystal component and a resin component, wherein the refractive index of said liquid crystal component is equal to that of said resin component when liquid crystal molecules of said liquid crystal component are aligned in a direction, and wherein said three liquid crystal panels are located respectively in said three optical paths; and a projection lens for projecting optical images modulated by said three liquid crystal panels; wherein said color separation system comprises dichroic mirrors, and wherein said dichroic mirrors separate the incident color lights as well as synthesize modulated lights.

Claim 10

A liquid crystal display comprising: a light source; a color separation system for separating said light generated by the light source into three optical paths respectively transmitting red, green and blue light; three liquid crystal panels each comprising (a) a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of said first substrate, (b) a second substrate including a counter electrode and a reflection film for reflecting incident light, said counter electrode and said reflection film being formed on a surface of the second substrate confronting said surface of said first substrate, and (c) a liquid crystal layer interposed between said pixel electrodes and said counter electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite consisting essentially of a liquid crystal component and a resin component, wherein the refractive index of said liquid crystal component is equal to that of said resin component when liquid crystal molecules of said liquid crystal component are aligned in a direction, and wherein said three liquid crystal panels are located respectively in said three optical paths; and a projection lens for projecting optical images modulated by said three liquid crystal panels; wherein said color separation system comprises dichroic mirrors, and wherein said dichroic mirrors separate the incident color lights as well as synthesize modulated lights.

Claim 11

A liquid crystal display comprising: a light source; a color separation system for separating said light generated by the light source into three optical paths respectively transmitting red, green and blue light; three liquid crystal panels each comprising (a) a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of said first substrate, (b) a second substrate including a counter electrode formed on a surface of said second substrate confronting said surface of said first substrate, said counter electrode being made of a reflection film for reflecting incident light, (c) a liquid crystal layer interposed between said pixel electrodes and said counter electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite consisting essentially of a liquid crystal component and a resin component, wherein the refractive index of said liquid crystal component is equal to that of said resin component when liquid crystal molecules of said liquid crystal component are aligned in a direction, and (d) a grating consisting essentially of protrusions applied to the first or second substrate, wherein the refractive index of said protrusions is equal to the refractive index of said liquid crystal layer when the liquid crystal molecules in said liquid crystal layer are aligned in a direction; and a projection lens for projecting optical images modulated by said three liquid crystal panels; wherein said color separation system comprises dichroic mirrors and wherein said dichroic mirrors separate incident color lights as well as synthesize modulated lights.

Claim 12

A liquid crystal display comprising: a light source; a color separation system for separating said light generated by the light source into three optical paths respectively transmitting red, green and blue light; three liquid crystal panels each comprising (a) a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of said first substrate, (b) a second substrate including a counter electrode formed on a surface of said second substrate confronting said surface of said first substrate, said counter electrode being made of a reflection film for reflecting incident light, (c) a liquid crystal layer interposed between said pixel electrodes and said counter electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite consisting essentially of a liquid crystal component and a resin component, wherein the refractive index of said liquid crystal component is equal to that of said resin component when liquid crystal molecules of said liquid crystal component are aligned in a direction, and (d) a grating consisting essentially of protrusions applied to the first or second substrate, wherein the refractive index of said protrusions is equal to the refractive index of said liquid crystal layer when the liquid crystal molecules in said liquid crystal layer are aligned in a direction; and a projection lens for projecting optical images modulated by said three liquid crystal panels; wherein said color separation system comprises dichroic mirrors and wherein said dichroic mirrors separate incident color lights as well as synthesize modulated lights.

Claim 13

A liquid crystal panel comprising: a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate; a second substrate having a smooth surface confronting said surface of said first substrate, said second substrate including a reflection electrode made of a metallic film formed on said smooth surface, said reflection electrode forming a common counter electrode opposing said pixel electrodes; and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pixel electrodes and said reflection electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite having a liquid crystal component and a resin component; wherein the liquid crystal component comprises a nematic liquid crystal, wherein a normal refractive index n o of said nematic liquid crystal is between 1.45 and 1.55 and an extraordinary refractive index n e thereof is between 1.65 and 1.80, and wherein a refractive index n p of the resin component is substantially equal to an extraordinary refractive index n o of the nematic liquid crystal.

Claim 14

A liquid crystal panel comprising: a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate; a second substrate having a smooth surface confronting said surface of said first substrate, said second substrate including a reflection electrode made of a metallic film formed on said smooth surface, said reflection electrode forming a common counter electrode opposing said pixel electrodes; and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pixel electrodes and said reflection electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite having a liquid crystal component and a resin component; wherein the liquid crystal component comprises a nematic liquid crystal, wherein a normal refractive index n o of said nematic liquid crystal is between 1.45 and 1.55 and an extraordinary refractive index n e thereof is between 1.65 and 1.80, and wherein a refractive index n p of the resin component is substantially equal to an extraordinary refractive index n o of the nematic liquid crystal.

Claim 15

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 7, further comprising a third substrate having an uneven surface, said third substrate located on another surface of said first substrate opposite to said surface on which said pixel electrodes are formed such that said uneven surface faces away from said first substrate.

Claim 16

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 7, further comprising a film having an uneven surface, said film located on another surface of said first substrate opposite to said surface on which said pixel electrodes are formed.

Claim 17

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 7, further comprising an anti-reflection film formed on another surface of said first substrate opposite said surface on which said pixel electrodes are formed.

Claim 18

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 7, further comprising a heat radiation means coupled to said second substrate.

Claim 19

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 7, said resin component comprising an ultra-violet ray setting resin, wherein a ratio of said liquid crystal component in said liquid crystal/resin composite is between 50 and 90 wt % and a thickness of said liquid crystal layer is between 3 and 15 μm.

Claim 20

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 7, said pixel electrodes comprising a transparent dielectric thin film of optical thickness of about λ/4, and a transparent conductive thin film of optical thickness of about λ/2 applied to said transparent dielectric thin film, wherein λ denotes a wavelength of incident light, said transparent dielectric thin film having an index of refraction between 1.5 and 1.8, said dielectric thin film being made of one of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), cerium fluoride (CeF 3 ), silicon monoxide (SiO), tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) and neodium fluoride (NdF 3 ).

Claim 21

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 13, further comprising a third substrate having an uneven surface, said third substrate located on another surface of said first substrate opposite to said surface on which said pixel electrodes are formed such that said uneven surface faces away from said first substrate.

Claim 22

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 13, further comprising a film having an uneven surface, said film located on another surface of said first substrate opposite to said surface on which said pixel electrodes are formed.

Claim 23

A liquid crystal panel comprising: a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate; a second substrate having a smooth surface confronting said surface of said first substrate and including a reflection electrode made of a metallic film formed on said smooth surface, said reflection electrode forming a common counter electrode opposing said pixel electrodes; and a liquid crystal layer interposed between said pixel electrodes and said reflection electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite having a liquid crystal component and a resin component, said liquid crystal component comprising a nematic liquid crystal, said resin component comprising an ultra-violet ray setting resin, wherein a ratio of said liquid crystal component in said liquid crystal/resin composite is between 50 and 90 wt % and a thickness of said liquid crystal layer is between 3 and 15 μm; wherein the liquid crystal component comprises a nematic liquid crystal, wherein a normal refractive index n o of said nematic liquid crystal is between 1.45 and 1.55 and an extraordinary refractive index n e thereof is between 1.65 and 1.80, and wherein a refractive index n p of the resin component is substantially equal to an extraordinary refractive index n o of the nematic liquid crystal.

Claim 24

A liquid crystal panel comprising: a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate; a second substrate having a smooth surface confronting said surface of said first substrate and including a reflection electrode made of a metallic film formed on said smooth surface, said reflection electrode forming a common counter electrode opposing said pixel electrodes; and a liquid crystal layer interposed between said pixel electrodes and said reflection electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite having a liquid crystal component and a resin component, said liquid crystal component comprising a nematic liquid crystal, said resin component comprising an ultra-violet ray setting resin, wherein a ratio of said liquid crystal component in said liquid crystal/resin composite is between 50 and 90 wt % and a thickness of said liquid crystal layer is between 3 and 15 μm; wherein the liquid crystal component comprises a nematic liquid crystal, wherein a normal refractive index n o of said nematic liquid crystal is between 1.45 and 1.55 and an extraordinary refractive index n e thereof is between 1.65 and 1.80, and wherein a refractive index n p of the resin component is substantially equal to an extraordinary refractive index n o of the nematic liquid crystal.

Claim 25

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 16, further comprising a third substrate having an uneven surface, said third substrate located on another surface of said first substrate opposite to said surface on which said pixel electrodes are formed such that said uneven surface faces away from said first substrate.

Claim 26

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 16, further comprising a film having an uneven surface, said film located on another surface of said first substrate opposite to said surface on which said pixel electrodes are formed.

Claim 27

A liquid crystal panel comprising: a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate; a second substrate having a smooth surface confronting said surface of said first substrate, said second substrate including a reflection electrode made of a metallic film formed on said smooth surface, said reflection electrode forming a common counter electrode opposing said pixel electrodes; and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pixel electrodes and said reflection counter electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite having a liquid crystal component and a resin component; and a grating consisting essentially of protrusions having inclined surfaces and applied to the first or second substrate on a surface thereof facing said liquid crystal layer, wherein a refractive index of the protrusions is equal to the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer when liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer are aligned in a direction.

Claim 28

A liquid crystal panel comprising: a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate; a second substrate having a smooth surface confronting said surface of said first substrate, said second substrate including a reflection electrode made of a metallic film formed on said smooth surface, said reflection electrode forming a common counter electrode opposing said pixel electrodes; and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pixel electrodes and said reflection counter electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite having a liquid crystal component and a resin component; and a grating consisting essentially of protrusions having inclined surfaces and applied to the first or second substrate on a surface thereof facing said liquid crystal layer, wherein a refractive index of the protrusions is equal to the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer when liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer are aligned in a direction.

Claim 29

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 19, said liquid crystal component comprising a nematic liquid crystal, said resin component comprising an ultra-violet ray setting resin, wherein a ratio of said liquid crystal component in said liquid crystal/resin composite is between 50 and 90 wt %, wherein a normal refractive index n o of said nematic liquid crystal is between 1.45 and 1.55 and an extraordinary refractive index n e thereof is between 1.65 and 1.80, and wherein a refractive index n p of the resin component is substantially equal to an extraordinary refractive index n e of the nematic liquid crystal.

Claim 30

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 19, wherein a maximum inclination angle of said inclined surfaces of said protrusions of said grating is 45° from said surface of said first or second substrate.

Claim 31

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 19, wherein the height of said protrusions is between 1 and 10 μm.

Claim 32

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 19, wherein the pitch of said protrusions is 15 μm or less.

Claim 33

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 19, wherein a ratio of the height of said protrusions to the pitch of said protrusions is a third or more.

Claim 34

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 19, wherein a refractive index of said grating is substantially equal to a normal index of refraction n o of said liquid crystal component while the refractive index n p of the resin component is substantially equal to an extraordinary index of refraction n e of said liquid crystal component.

Claim 35

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 25, said liquid crystal component comprising a nematic liquid crystal, said resin component comprising an ultra-violet ray setting resin, wherein a ratio of said liquid crystal component in said liquid crystal/resin composite is between 50 and 90 wt %, wherein a normal refractive index n o of said nematic liquid crystal is between 1.45 and 1.55 and an extraordinary refractive index n e thereof is between 1.65 and 1.80, and wherein a refractive index n p of the resin component is substantially equal to an extraordinary refractive index n e of the nematic liquid crystal.

Claim 36

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 25, wherein a maximum inclination angle of said inclined surfaces of said protrusions of said grating is 45° from said surface of said first or second substrate.

Claim 37

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 25, wherein the height of said protrusions is between 1 and 10 μm.

Claim 38

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 25, wherein the pitch of said protrusions is 15 μm or less.

Claim 39

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 25, wherein a ratio of the height of said protrusions to the pitch of said protrusions is a third or more.

Claim 40

A liquid crystal panel comprising: a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate, said pixel electrodes comprising a transparent dielectric thin film of optical thickness of about λ/4, and a transparent conductive thin film of optical thickness of about λ/2 applied to said transparent dielectric thin film, wherein λ denotes a wavelength of incident light, said transparent dielectric thin film having an index of refraction between 1.5 and 1.8, said dielectric thin film being made of one of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), cerium fluoride (CeF 3 ), silicon monoxide (SiO), tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) and neodium fluoride (NdF 3 ); a second substrate including a counter electrode which is made of a reflection film for reflecting incident light, said counter electrode being formed on a smooth surface of said second substrate and forming a common electrode opposing said pixel electrodes and reflecting light which transmits through said pixel electrodes; a liquid crystal layer interposed between said pixel electrodes and said counter electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite consisting essentially of a liquid crystal component and a resin component, wherein the refractive index of said liquid crystal component is equal to that of said resin component when liquid crystal molecules of said liquid crystal component are aligned in a direction; and a grating consisting essentially of protrusions and applied to the first or second substrate, wherein the refractive index of the protrusions is equal to the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer when the liquid crystal molecules in said liquid crystal layer are aligned in a direction, wherein the refractive index of said grating is substantially equal to a normal index of refraction n o and to an extraordinary index of refractive n e of the resin component of the liquid crystal layer.

Claim 41

A liquid crystal panel comprising: a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate, said pixel electrodes comprising a transparent dielectric thin film of optical thickness of about λ/4, and a transparent conductive thin film of optical thickness of about λ/2 applied to said transparent dielectric thin film, wherein λ denotes a wavelength of incident light, said transparent dielectric thin film having an index of refraction between 1.5 and 1.8, said dielectric thin film being made of one of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), cerium fluoride (CeF 3 ), silicon monoxide (SiO), tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) and neodium fluoride (NdF 3 ); a second substrate including a counter electrode which is made of a reflection film for reflecting incident light, said counter electrode being formed on a smooth surface of said second substrate and forming a common electrode opposing said pixel electrodes and reflecting light which transmits through said pixel electrodes; a liquid crystal layer interposed between said pixel electrodes and said counter electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite consisting essentially of a liquid crystal component and a resin component, wherein the refractive index of said liquid crystal component is equal to that of said resin component when liquid crystal molecules of said liquid crystal component are aligned in a direction; and a grating consisting essentially of protrusions and applied to the first or second substrate, wherein the refractive index of the protrusions is equal to the refractive index of the liquid crystal layer when the liquid crystal molecules in said liquid crystal layer are aligned in a direction, wherein the refractive index of said grating is substantially equal to a normal index of refraction n o and to an extraordinary index of refractive n e of the resin component of the liquid crystal layer.

Claim 42

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 31, said liquid crystal component comprising a nematic liquid crystal, said resin component comprising an ultra-violet ray setting resin, wherein a ratio of said liquid crystal component in said liquid crystal/resin composite is between 50 and 90 wt %, wherein a normal refractive index n o of said nematic liquid crystal is between 1.45 and 1.55 and an extraordinary refractive index n e thereof is between 1.65 and 1.80, and wherein a normal refractive index n p of the resin component is substantially equal to an extraordinary refractive index n e of the nematic liquid crystal.

Claim 43

A liquid crystal display comprising: a liquid crystal panel comprising (a) a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate, (b) a second substrate having a smooth surface, said second substrate including a reflection electrode made of metallic film formed on said smooth surface, said reflection electrode forming a common electrode opposing said pixel electrodes, and (c) a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pixel electrodes and the reflection electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite having a liquid crystal component and a resin component; a light source; a first optical element for guiding the light generated by the light source to said liquid crystal panel; and a second optical element for projecting light modulated by said liquid crystal panel; wherein the liquid crystal component comprises a nematic liquid crystal, the resin component comprises an ultra-violet ray setting resin, a ratio of the liquid crystal component in said liquid crystal/resin composite is between 50 and 90 wt %, a normal refractive index n o of the nematic liquid crystal is between 1.45 and 1.55, an extraordinary refractive index n e thereof is between 1.65 and 1.80, and a refractive index n p of the polymer component is substantially equal to an extraordinary refractive index n o of the nematic liquid crystal.

Claim 44

A liquid crystal display comprising: a liquid crystal panel comprising (a) a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate, (b) a second substrate having a smooth surface, said second substrate including a reflection electrode made of metallic film formed on said smooth surface, said reflection electrode forming a common electrode opposing said pixel electrodes, and (c) a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pixel electrodes and the reflection electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite having a liquid crystal component and a resin component; a light source; a first optical element for guiding the light generated by the light source to said liquid crystal panel; and a second optical element for projecting light modulated by said liquid crystal panel; wherein the liquid crystal component comprises a nematic liquid crystal, the resin component comprises an ultra-violet ray setting resin, a ratio of the liquid crystal component in said liquid crystal/resin composite is between 50 and 90 wt %, a normal refractive index n o of the nematic liquid crystal is between 1.45 and 1.55, an extraordinary refractive index n e thereof is between 1.65 and 1.80, and a refractive index n p of the polymer component is substantially equal to an extraordinary refractive index n o of the nematic liquid crystal.

Claim 45

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 33, further comprising a third substrate having an uneven surface, said third substrate located on another surface of said first substrate opposite to said surface on which said pixel electrodes are formed such that said uneven surface faces away from said first substrate.

Claim 46

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 33, further comprising a film having an uneven surface, said film located on another surface of said first substrate opposite to said surface on which said pixel electrodes are formed.

Claim 47

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 33, further comprising a heat radiation means coupled to said second substrate.

Claim 48

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 36, wherein said heat radiation means comprises a heat radiation plate.

Claim 49

The liquid crystal display according to claim 33, wherein said light source comprises a metal halide lamp or a xenon lamp, an arc length of said metal halide lamp or said xenon lamp being substantially 5 mm or less.

Claim 50

A liquid crystal display comprising: a liquid crystal panel comprising (a) a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate, (b) a second substrate having a smooth surface, said second substrate including a reflection electrode made of metallic film formed on said smooth surface, said reflection electrode forming a common electrode opposing said pixel electrode, and (c) a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pixel electrodes and the reflection electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite; and (d) a grating consisting essentially of protrusions and applied to the first or second substrate on a surface thereof facing said liquid crystal layer, wherein the refractive index of said protrusions is equal to the refractive index of said liquid crystal layer when liquid crystal molecules in said liquid crystal layer are aligned in a direction; a light source; a first optical element for guiding light generated by said light source to said liquid crystal panel; and a second optical element for projecting the light modulated by said liquid crystal panel.

Claim 51

A liquid crystal display comprising: a liquid crystal panel comprising (a) a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of the first substrate, (b) a second substrate having a smooth surface, said second substrate including a reflection electrode made of metallic film formed on said smooth surface, said reflection electrode forming a common electrode opposing said pixel electrode, and (c) a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pixel electrodes and the reflection electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite; and (d) a grating consisting essentially of protrusions and applied to the first or second substrate on a surface thereof facing said liquid crystal layer, wherein the refractive index of said protrusions is equal to the refractive index of said liquid crystal layer when liquid crystal molecules in said liquid crystal layer are aligned in a direction; a light source; a first optical element for guiding light generated by said light source to said liquid crystal panel; and a second optical element for projecting the light modulated by said liquid crystal panel.

Claim 52

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 39, further comprising a third substrate having an uneven surface, said third substrate located on another surface of said first substrate opposite to said surface on which said pixel electrodes are formed such that said uneven surface faces away from said first substrate.

Claim 53

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 39, further comprising a film having an uneven surface, said film located on another surface of said first substrate opposite to said surface on which said pixel electrodes are formed.

Claim 54

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 39, said liquid crystal component comprising a nematic liquid crystal, said resin component comprising an ultra-violet ray setting resin, wherein a ratio of said liquid crystal component in said liquid crystal/resin composite is between 50 and 90 wt %, wherein a normal refractive index n o of said nematic liquid crystal component is between 1.45 and 1.55 and an extraordinary refractive index n e thereof is between 1.65 and 1.80, and wherein a refractive index n p of the resin component is substantially equal to an extraordinary refractive index n e of the inclined nematic liquid crystal.

Claim 55

The liquid crystal display according to claim 39, wherein said light source comprises a metal halide lamp or a xenon lamp, an arc length of said metal halide lamp or said xenon lamp being substantially 5 mm or less.

Claim 56

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 39, wherein said pixel electrodes comprises a transparent dielectric thin film of optical thickness of about λ/4, and a transparent conductive thin film of optical thickness of about λ/2 applied to said transparent dielectric thin film, wherein λ denotes a wavelength of incident light, which transparent dielectric thin film having an index of refraction between 1.5 and 1.8, which dielectric thin film being made of one of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), cerium fluoride (CeF 3 ), silicon monoxide (SiO), tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) and neodium fluoride (NdF 3 ), and wherein said liquid crystal component comprises a nematic liquid crystal, said resin component comprising an ultra-violet ray setting resin, wherein a ratio of said liquid crystal component in said liquid crystal/resin composite is between 50 and 90 wt % and a thickness of said liquid crystal layer is between 3 and 15 μm.

Claim 57

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 39, further comprising a heat radiation means coupled to said second substrate.

Claim 58

The liquid crystal panel according to claim 45, wherein said heat radiation means comprises a heat radiation plate.

Claim 59

A liquid crystal display comprising: a light source; a color separation system for separating light generated by said light source into three optical paths respectively transmitting red, green and blue light; three liquid crystal panels each comprising (a) a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of said first substrate, (b) a second substrate including a reflection electrode made of a metallic film formed on the smooth surface of said second substrate, said reflection electrode forming a common counter electrode opposing said pixel electrodes, and (c) a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pixel electrodes and said reflection electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite; a projection means for projecting optical images modulated by said three liquid crystal panels; wherein said color separation system comprises dichroic mirrors, and wherein said dichroic mirrors separate incident color light as well as synthesize modulated lights.

Claim 60

A liquid crystal display comprising: a light source; a color separation system for separating light generated by said light source into three optical paths respectively transmitting red, green and blue light; three liquid crystal panels each comprising (a) a first transparent substrate including transparent pixel electrodes and switching elements for applying signals to said pixel electrodes, said transparent pixel electrodes and said switching elements being formed on a surface of said first substrate, (b) a second substrate including a reflection electrode made of a metallic film formed on the smooth surface of said second substrate, said reflection electrode forming a common counter electrode opposing said pixel electrodes, and (c) a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pixel electrodes and said reflection electrode, said liquid crystal layer being made of a liquid crystal/resin composite; a projection means for projecting optical images modulated by said three liquid crystal panels; wherein said color separation system comprises dichroic mirrors, and wherein said dichroic mirrors separate incident color light as well as synthesize modulated lights.

Claim 61

The liquid crystal display according to claim 47, wherein said pixel electrodes include a transparent dielectric thin film having an index of refraction between 1.5 and 1.8, said dielectric thin film being made of one of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), cerium fluoride (CeF 3 ), silicon monoxide (SiO), tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) and neodium fluoride (NdF 3 ).