Highly efficient hybrid process for nitrogen oxides reduction

Claim 2

A process for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel, the process comprising: a) introducing a nitrogenous treatment agent other than ammonia into the effluent at an effluent temperature of about 1500° F. to about 2100° F. to create a treated effluent having reduced nitrogen oxides concentration, wherein the conditions under which said nitrogenous treatment is introduced are such that ammonia is present in the treated effluent and further wherein said nitrogenous treatment agent is selected from the group consisting of urea, one or more of the hydrolysis products of urea, a urea hydrolysate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbamate, ammonium formate, ammonium oxalate, hexamethylenetetramine, and mixtures thereof; b) introducing a source of ammonia into the effluent under conditions designed to avoid the non-catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides such that the ratio of the total ammonia level in the effluent to the effluent nitrogen oxides level is about 1:10 to about 5:1; and c) contacting the treated effluent with a catalyst effective for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the presence of ammonia.

Claim 3

The process of claim 1, wherein said nitrogenous treatment agent comprises urea or a urea hydrolysate.

Claim 4

The process of claim 2, wherein said nitrogenous treatment agent further comprises an enhancer selected from the group consisting of an oxygenated hydrocarbon, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen, sugar, molasses and mixtures thereof.

Claim 5

The process of claim 3, wherein said nitrogenous treatment agent is introduced at an effluent temperature of about 1350° F. to about 1750° F.

Claim 6

The process of claim 2, wherein said nitrogenous treatment agent is introduced at a molar ratio of treatment agent nitrogen to effluent baseline nitrogen oxides level of about 1:10 to about 10:1.

Claim 7

The process of claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of ammonia in the treated effluent to nitrogen oxides in the treated effluent is about 1:5 to about 3:1.

Claim 8

The process of claim 6, wherein said nitrogenous treatment agent is introduced on the left side of the plateau of the nitrogen oxides reduction versus effluent temperature curve of said nitrogenous treatment agent.

Claim 9

The process of claim 1, wherein said source of ammonia comprises ammonia, ammonium water, urea, one or more of the hydrolysis products of urea, a urea hydrolysate or mixtures thereof.

Claim 10

The process of claim 8, wherein the effluent, when contacted with said catalyst, is at a temperature of about 350° F. to about 1000° F.

Claim 11

A process for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel to a predetermined level, the process comprising: a) selecting a desired maximum level of nitrogen oxides in the effluent; b) introducing a nitrogenous treatment agent other than ammonia into the effluent at an effluent temperature of about 1500° F. to about 2100° F. to at least partially reduce the nitrogen oxides level in the effluent to said maximum level, and cause ammonia to be present in the effluent, wherein said nitrogenous treatment agent is selected from the group consisting of urea, one or more of the hydrolysis products of urea, a urea hydrolysate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbamate, ammonium formate, ammonium oxalate, hexamethylenetetramine, and mixtures thereof; c) introducing a source of ammonia into the effluent under conditions designed to avoid the non-catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides such that the ratio of the total ammonia level in the effluent to the effluent nitrogen oxides level is about 1:10 to about 5:1; and d) contacting the ammonia-containing effluent with a catalyst effective for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent in the presence of ammonia to said maximum level.

Claim 12

A process for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel to a predetermined level, the process comprising: a) selecting a desired maximum level of nitrogen oxides in the effluent; b) introducing a nitrogenous treatment agent other than ammonia into the effluent at an effluent temperature of about 1500° F. to about 2100° F. to at least partially reduce the nitrogen oxides level in the effluent to said maximum level, and cause ammonia to be present in the effluent, wherein said nitrogenous treatment agent is selected from the group consisting of urea, one or more of the hydrolysis products of urea, a urea hydrolysate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbamate, ammonium formate, ammonium oxalate, hexamethylenetetramine, and mixtures thereof; c) introducing a source of ammonia into the effluent under conditions designed to avoid the non-catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides such that the ratio of the total ammonia level in the effluent to the effluent nitrogen oxides level is about 1:10 to about 5:1; and d) contacting the ammonia-containing effluent with a catalyst effective for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent in the presence of ammonia to said maximum level.

Claim 13

The process of claim 10, wherein said nitrogenous treatment agent comprises urea or a urea hydrolysate.

Claim 14

The process of claim 10, wherein said nitrogenous treatment agent further comprises an enhancer selected from the group consisting of an oxygenated hydrocarbon, a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen, sugar, molasses and mixtures thereof.

Claim 15

The process of claim 12, wherein said nitrogenous treatment agent is introduced at an effluent temperature of about 1350° F. to about 1750° F.

Claim 16

The process of claim 11, wherein said nitrogenous treatment agent is introduced at a molar ratio of treatment agent nitrogen to effluent baseline nitrogen oxides level of about 1:10 to about 10:1.

Claim 17

The process of claim 10, wherein said nitrogenous treatment agent is introduced at molar ratio and a temperature wherein the molar ratio of ammonia in the treated effluent to nitrogen oxides in the treated effluent is about 1:10 to about 10:1.

Claim 18

The process of claim 10, wherein said source of ammonia comprise..s ammonia, ammonium water, urea, one or more of the hydrolysis products of urea, a urea hydrolysate or mixtures thereof.