Patent US5120466A successfully refreshed from Google Patents.
US5120466A
Expired / Lapsed
US
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Fluid crystal device
Assignee: Canon Inc
•
Filing: 1988-09-26
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Granted: 1992-06-09
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Expires: 2008-09-26
Abstract
Abstract A liquid crystal device having a pair of base plates and a liquid crystal composition interposed between the pair of base plates. The liquid crystal composition contains a liquid crystal showing at least a chiral smectic phase and a liquid crystal showing at least a cholesteric phase. At least one of the pair of base plates has a face which has been provided with a function of preferentially orienting the axes of the liquid crystal molecules contacting the face in one direction.
Inventors
- 👤 Kazuharu Katagiri
- 👤 Kazuo Yoshinaga
- 👤 Shinjiro Okada
- 👤 Junichiro Kanbe
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-11-01 20:19
CPC Classifications
C; C09; C09K; C09K19/00; C09K19/04; C09K19/42; C09K19/50; C09K19/02; C09K19/0225; C09K19/06; C09K19/08; C09K19/10; C09K19/20; C09K19/2007; C09K19/2021; G; G02; G02F; G02F1/00; G02F1/01; G02F1/13; G02F1/133; G02F1/1333; G02F1/1337; G02F1/137; G02F1/139; G02F1/141; G02F1/133765; G02F1/1341
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 74
Claim 1
Independent Claim
195 words
A liquid crystal device comprising a pair of base plates and a ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition interposed between the pair of base plates; said ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition exhibiting a phase transition through cholesteric phase and smectic A phase upon temperature decrease and comprising a first liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase, smectic A phase and chiral smectic phase on temperature decrease, and a second liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase and chiral smectic phase on temperature decrease in a proportion of 0.05 to 20 wt. parts of the total first liquid crystal content per 1 wt. part of the total second liquid crystal content; said liquid crystal composition forming a grandjean texture in the cholesteric phase and being disposed in a layer thin enough to release the helical structure inherent to the chiral smectic phase in the absence of an electric field; a face of each of said base plates being provided with an inorganic or organic insulating film having a rubbing or oblique vapor deposition uniaxial orientation treatment defining orientation axes, said orientation axes being parallel to each other.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
195 words
A liquid crystal device comprising a pair of base plates and a ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition interposed between the pair of base plates; said ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition exhibiting a phase transition through cholesteric phase and smectic A phase upon temperature decrease and comprising a first liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase, smectic A phase and chiral smectic phase on temperature decrease, and a second liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase and chiral smectic phase on temperature decrease in a proportion of 0.05 to 20 wt. parts of the total first liquid crystal content per 1 wt. part of the total second liquid crystal content; said liquid crystal composition forming a grandjean texture in the cholesteric phase and being disposed in a layer thin enough to release the helical structure inherent to the chiral smectic phase in the absence of an electric field; a face of each of said base plates being provided with an inorganic or organic insulating film having a rubbing or oblique vapor deposition uniaxial orientation treatment defining orientation axes, said orientation axes being parallel to each other.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
40 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein said liquid crystal composition further contains 0.1-40 wt. % of a third liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, smectic A phase and chiral smectic phase on temperature decrease.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
29 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein said chiral smectic phase is C phase, H phase, F phase, I phase, K phase, J phase or G phase.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
22 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein only one of the base plates is provided with the uniaxial orientation treatment.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
23 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein the uniaxial orientation treatment is provided by rubbing the face of a base plate.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
30 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein a film of an organic insulating material or an inorganic insulating material is formed on said face of a base plate.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
51 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 6, wherein said organic insulating material is at least one resin selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyamide-imide, polyester-imide, polyparaxylylene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyamide, polystyrene, cellulose resin, melamine resin, urea resin, acrylic resin and photoresist resins.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
22 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 6, wherein said inorganic insulating material is SiO, SiO 2 , or TiO 2 .
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
32 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein the uniaxial orientation treatment is provided by forming a film on the base plate by oblique vapor deposition of an inorganic insulating material.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
19 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein said inorganic insulating material is SiO or SiO 2 .
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
25 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 1, wherein the uniaxial orientation treatment is provided by oblique etching of the face of a base plate.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
33 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 11, wherein a film of an organic or inorganic insulating material is formed on the face of the base plate and is subjected to oblique etching.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
51 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 12, wherein said organic insulating material is at least one resin selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyamide, polyamide-imide, polyester-imide, polyparaxylylene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyamide, polystyrene, cellulose resin, melamine resin, urea resin, acrylic resin and photoresist resins.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
22 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 12, wherein said inorganic insulating material is glass, SiO, SiO 2 or TiO 2 .
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
171 words
A liquid crystal device comprising a pair of base plates and a ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition interposed between the pair of base plates; said ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition exhibiting a phase transition through cholesteric phase and smectic A phase upon temperature decrease and comprising a first liquid crystal showing at least chiral smectic phase and not cholesteric phase, and a second liquid crystal showing at least cholesteric phase and not chiral smectic phase in a proportion of 0.5 to 50 wt. parts of the total second liquid crystal content per 100 wt. parts of the total first liquid crystal content; said liquid crystal composition being disposed in a layer thin enough to release the helical structure inherent to the chiral smectic phase in the absence of an electric field; a face of each of said base plates being provided with an organic of inorganic insulating film having a rubbing or oblique vapor deposition uniaxial orientation treatment defining orientation axes, said orientation axes being parallel to each other.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
171 words
A liquid crystal device comprising a pair of base plates and a ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition interposed between the pair of base plates; said ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition exhibiting a phase transition through cholesteric phase and smectic A phase upon temperature decrease and comprising a first liquid crystal showing at least chiral smectic phase and not cholesteric phase, and a second liquid crystal showing at least cholesteric phase and not chiral smectic phase in a proportion of 0.5 to 50 wt. parts of the total second liquid crystal content per 100 wt. parts of the total first liquid crystal content; said liquid crystal composition being disposed in a layer thin enough to release the helical structure inherent to the chiral smectic phase in the absence of an electric field; a face of each of said base plates being provided with an organic of inorganic insulating film having a rubbing or oblique vapor deposition uniaxial orientation treatment defining orientation axes, said orientation axes being parallel to each other.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
22 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 15, wherein only one of the base plates is provided with the uniaxial orientation treatment.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
23 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 15, wherein the uniaxial orientation treatment is provided by rubbing the face of a base plate.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
33 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 15, wherein the uniaxial orientation treatment is provided by forming a film on the base plate by the oblique vapor deposition of an inorganic insulating material.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
26 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 15, wherein the uniaxial orientation treatment is provided by the oblique etching of the face of a base plate.
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
33 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 19, wherein a film of an organic or inorganic insulating material is formed on the face of the base plate and is subjected to oblique etching.
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
30 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 17, wherein a film of an organic insulating material or an inorganic insulating material is formed on said face of a base plate.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
51 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 21, wherein said organic insulating material is at least one resin selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyamide-imide, polyester-imide, polyparaxylylene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyamide, polystyrene, cellulose resin, melamine resin, urea resin, acrylic resin and photoresist resins.
Claim 25
Dependent Claim
21 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 21, wherein said inorganic insulating material is SiO, SiO 2 or TiO 2 .
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
19 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 18, wherein said inorganic insulating material is SiO or SiO 2 .
Claim 27
Dependent Claim
51 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 20, wherein said organic insulating material is at least one resin selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyamide-imide, polyester-imide, polyparaxylylene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyamide, polystyrene, cellulose resin, melamine resin, urea resin, acrylic resin and photoresist resins.
Claim 28
Dependent Claim
22 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 20, wherein said inorganic insulating material is glass, SiO, SiO 2 or TiO 2 .
Claim 29
Dependent Claim
43 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 16, wherein said the other base plate is provided with a spacer member which has been provided by first forming a film of an insulating material and then etching the film except a selected portion thereof.
Claim 30
Dependent Claim
21 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 27, wherein said spacer member is a member in the form of a stripe.
Claim 31
Dependent Claim
16 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 28, wherein said spacer member is provided in plurality.
Claim 32
Dependent Claim
29 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 15, wherein said chiral smectic phase is C phase, H phase, F phase, I phase, K phase, J phase or G phase.
Claim 33
Dependent Claim
187 words
A liquid crystal device comprising a pair of base plates and a ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition interposed between the pair of base plates; said ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition exhibiting a phase transition through cholesteric phase and smectic A phase upon temperature decrease and comprising a first liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase, smectic A phase and chiral smectic phase on temperature decrease, and a second liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, smectic A phase and chiral smectic phase on temperature decrease in a proportion of 0.1 to 50 wt. parts of the total first liquid crystal content per 1 wt. part of the total second liquid crystal content; said liquid crystal composition being disposed in a layer thin enough to release the helical structure inherent to the chiral smectic phase in the absence of an electric field; a face of each of said base plates being provided with an organic or inorganic insulating film having a rubbing or oblique vapor deposition uniaxial orientation treatment defining orientation axes, said orientation axes being parallel to each other.
Claim 34
Dependent Claim
187 words
A liquid crystal device comprising a pair of base plates and a ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition interposed between the pair of base plates; said ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition exhibiting a phase transition through cholesteric phase and smectic A phase upon temperature decrease and comprising a first liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase, smectic A phase and chiral smectic phase on temperature decrease, and a second liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, smectic A phase and chiral smectic phase on temperature decrease in a proportion of 0.1 to 50 wt. parts of the total first liquid crystal content per 1 wt. part of the total second liquid crystal content; said liquid crystal composition being disposed in a layer thin enough to release the helical structure inherent to the chiral smectic phase in the absence of an electric field; a face of each of said base plates being provided with an organic or inorganic insulating film having a rubbing or oblique vapor deposition uniaxial orientation treatment defining orientation axes, said orientation axes being parallel to each other.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim
29 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 31, wherein said chiral smectic phase is C phase, H phase, F phase, I phase, K phase, J phase or G phase.
Claim 36
Dependent Claim
22 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 31, wherein only one of the base plates is provided with the uniaxial orientation treatment.
Claim 37
Dependent Claim
23 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 31, wherein the uniaxial orientation treatment is provided by rubbing the face of a base plate.
Claim 38
Dependent Claim
30 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 34, wherein a film of an organic insulating material or an inorganic insulating material is formed on said face of a base plate.
Claim 39
Dependent Claim
51 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 35, wherein said organic insulating material is at least one resin selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyamide-imide, polyester-imide, polyparaxylylene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyamide, polystyrene, cellulose resin, melamine resin, urea resin, acrylic resin and photoresist resins.
Claim 40
Dependent Claim
21 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 35, wherein said inorganic insulating material is SiO, SiO 2 or TiO 2 .
Claim 41
Dependent Claim
40 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 31, wherein the uniaxial orientation treatment is provided to the face of a base plate by forming a film on the base plate by the oblique vapor deposition of an inorganic insulating material.
Claim 42
Dependent Claim
19 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 31, wherein said inorganic insulating material is SiO or SiO 2 .
Claim 43
Dependent Claim
25 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 31, wherein the uniaxial orientation treatment is provided by oblique etching of the face of a base plate.
Claim 44
Dependent Claim
33 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 40, wherein a film of an organic or inorganic insulating material is formed on the face of the base material and is subjected to oblique etching.
Claim 45
Dependent Claim
51 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 41, wherein said organic insulating material is at least one resin selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyamide-imide, polyester-imide, polyparaxylylene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyamide, polystyrene, cellulose resin, melamine resin, urea resin, acrylic resin and photoresist resins.
Claim 46
Dependent Claim
22 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 41, wherein said inorganic insulating material is glass, SiO, SiO 2 or TiO 2 .
Claim 47
Dependent Claim
197 words
A liquid crystal device comprising a pair of base plates and a ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition interposed between the pair of base plates; said ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition exhibiting a phase transition through cholesteric phase and smectic A phase upon temperature decrease and comprising a first liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase, smectic A phase and chiral smectic phase on temperature decrease, and a second liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase and crystalline phase, or of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase, smectic A phase and crystalline phase on temperature decrease in a proportion of 0.01 to 50 wt. parts of the total second liquid crystal content per 100 wt. parts of the total first liquid crystal content; said liquid crystal composition being disposed in a layer thin enough to release the helical structure inherent to the chiral smectic phase in the absence of an electric field; a face of each of said base plates being provided with an organic or inorganic insulating film having a rubbing or oblique vapor deposition uniaxial orientation treatment defining orientation axes, said orientation axes being parallel to each other.
Claim 48
Dependent Claim
197 words
A liquid crystal device comprising a pair of base plates and a ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition interposed between the pair of base plates; said ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition exhibiting a phase transition through cholesteric phase and smectic A phase upon temperature decrease and comprising a first liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase, smectic A phase and chiral smectic phase on temperature decrease, and a second liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase and crystalline phase, or of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase, smectic A phase and crystalline phase on temperature decrease in a proportion of 0.01 to 50 wt. parts of the total second liquid crystal content per 100 wt. parts of the total first liquid crystal content; said liquid crystal composition being disposed in a layer thin enough to release the helical structure inherent to the chiral smectic phase in the absence of an electric field; a face of each of said base plates being provided with an organic or inorganic insulating film having a rubbing or oblique vapor deposition uniaxial orientation treatment defining orientation axes, said orientation axes being parallel to each other.
Claim 49
Dependent Claim
29 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 44, wherein said chiral smectic phase is C phase, H phase, F phase, I phase, K phase, J phase or G phase.
Claim 50
Dependent Claim
22 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 44, wherein only one of the base plates is provided with the uniaxial orientation treatment.
Claim 51
Dependent Claim
23 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 44, wherein the uniaxial orientation treatment is provided by rubbing the face of a base plate.
Claim 52
Dependent Claim
30 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 47, wherein a film of an organic insulating material or an inorganic insulating material is formed on said face of a base plate.
Claim 53
Dependent Claim
51 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 48, wherein said organic insulating material is at least one resin selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyamide-imide, polyester-imide, polyparaxylylene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyamide, polystyrene, cellulose resin, melamine resin, urea resin, acrylic resin and photoresist resins.
Claim 54
Dependent Claim
22 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 48, wherein said inorganic insulating material is glass, SiO, SiO 2 or TiO 2 .
Claim 55
Dependent Claim
32 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 44, wherein the uniaxial orientation treatment is provided by forming a film on the base plate by oblique vapor deposition of an inorganic insulating material.
Claim 56
Dependent Claim
19 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 44, wherein said inorganic insulating material is SiO or SiO 2 .
Claim 57
Dependent Claim
25 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 44, wherein the uniaxial orientation treatment is provided by oblique etching of the face of a base plate.
Claim 58
Dependent Claim
33 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 53, wherein a film of an organic or inorganic insulating material is formed on the face of the base plate and is subjected to oblique etching.
Claim 59
Dependent Claim
51 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 54, wherein said organic insulating material is at least one resin selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyamide-imide, polyester-imide, polyparaxylylene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyamide, polystyrene, cellulose resin, melamine resin, urea resin, acrylic resin and photoresist resins.
Claim 60
Dependent Claim
22 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 54, wherein said inorganic insulating material is glass, SiO, SiO 2 or TiO 2 .
Claim 61
Dependent Claim
185 words
A liquid crystal device comprising a pair of base plates and a ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition interposed between the pair of base plates; said ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition exhibiting a phase transition through cholesteric phase and smectic A phase upon temperature decrease and comprising a first liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase and chiral smectic phase on temperature decrease, and a second liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase, smectic A phase and crystalline phase on temperature decrease in a proportion of 0.1 to 50 wt. parts of the total second liquid crystal content per 100 wt. parts of the total first liquid crystal content; said liquid crystal composition being disposed in a layer thin enough to release the helical structure inherent to the chiral smectic phase in the absence of an electric field; a face of each of said base plates being provided with an organic or inorganic insulating film having a rubbing or oblique vapor deposition uniaxial orientation treatment defining orientation axes, said orientation axes being parallel to each other.
Claim 62
Dependent Claim
185 words
A liquid crystal device comprising a pair of base plates and a ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition interposed between the pair of base plates; said ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal composition exhibiting a phase transition through cholesteric phase and smectic A phase upon temperature decrease and comprising a first liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase and chiral smectic phase on temperature decrease, and a second liquid crystal causing successive phase transition of isotropic phase, cholesteric phase, smectic A phase and crystalline phase on temperature decrease in a proportion of 0.1 to 50 wt. parts of the total second liquid crystal content per 100 wt. parts of the total first liquid crystal content; said liquid crystal composition being disposed in a layer thin enough to release the helical structure inherent to the chiral smectic phase in the absence of an electric field; a face of each of said base plates being provided with an organic or inorganic insulating film having a rubbing or oblique vapor deposition uniaxial orientation treatment defining orientation axes, said orientation axes being parallel to each other.
Claim 63
Dependent Claim
29 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 57, wherein said chiral smectic phase is C phase, H phase, F phase, I phase, K phase, J phase or G phase.
Claim 64
Dependent Claim
22 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 57, wherein only one of the base plates is provided with the uniaxial orientation treatment.
Claim 65
Dependent Claim
23 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 57, wherein the uniaxial orientation treatment is provided by rubbing the face of a base plate.
Claim 66
Dependent Claim
30 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 60, wherein a film of an organic insulating material or an inorganic insulating material is formed on said face of a base plate.
Claim 67
Dependent Claim
51 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 61, wherein said organic insulating material is at least one resin selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyamide-imide, polyester-imide, polyparaxylylene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyamide, polystyrene, cellulose resin, melamine resin, urea resin, acrylic resin and photoresist resins.
Claim 68
Dependent Claim
21 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 61, wherein said inorganic insulating material is SiO, SiO 2 or TiO 2 .
Claim 69
Dependent Claim
33 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 57, wherein the uniaxial orientation treatment is provided by forming a film on the base plate by the oblique vapor deposition of an inorganic insulating material.
Claim 70
Dependent Claim
19 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 57, wherein said inorganic insulating material is SiO or SiO 2 .
Claim 71
Dependent Claim
25 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 57, wherein the uniaxial orientation treatment is provided by oblique etching of the face of a base plate.
Claim 72
Dependent Claim
33 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 66, wherein a film of an organic or inorganic insulating material is formed on the face of the base material and is subjected to oblique etching.
Claim 73
Dependent Claim
51 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 67, wherein said organic insulating material is at least one resin selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyamide-imide, polyester-imide, polyparaxylylene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyamide, polystyrene, cellulose resin, melamine resin, urea resin, acrylic resin and photoresist resins.
Claim 74
Dependent Claim
21 words
The liquid crystal device according to claim 67, wherein said inorganic insulating material is SiO, SiO 2 or TiO 2 .
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