Dual surface porous material

Claim 3

A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (I), the rapidly reacting silane is gradually added to a liquid suspension of the porous material.

Claim 4

A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (I), the rapidly reacting silane is gradually added to a rapidly stirred solvent which is in direct contact with non-particulate porous material.

Claim 5

A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (I), the rapidly reacting silane as a vapor in a vacuum is intimately contacted with the porous material.

Claim 6

A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (I), a carrier gas is used to bring a vapor of the rapidly reacting silane into contact with the porous material.

Claim 7

A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein in step (III), the product from step (II) is contacted with a reactive silane in solution.

Claim 8

A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein in step (III), the product from step (II) is contacted with a vapor of a reactive silane.

Claim 9

A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein step (I) and step (II) are carried out at a temperature in the range of 0° C. to 400° C.

Claim 10

A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein step (I) and step (II) are carried out at a temperature in the range of 20° C. to 200° C.

Claim 11

A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein step (III) is carried out at a temperature in the range of 0° C. to 300° C.

Claim 12

A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein step (III) is carried out at a temperature in the range of 70° C. to 120° C.

Claim 13

A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein there is used an aprotic solvent in step (I).

Claim 14

A composition of matter comprising a silylated porous material having an external zone which comprises the external surfaces of the porous material and having an internal zone which comprises the internal surfaces of the porous material which has been prepared by a method comprising (I) contacting a hydroxyl-bearing porous material with less than a stoichiometric equivalent, based on the hydroxyl content of the porous material, of a rapidly reacting silane; (II) allowing the mixture from (I) to react and form covalent bonds by reaction with the exterior surface hydroxyl groups thereby treating the porous material exterior surface; (III) thereafter, contacting and mixing the treated porous material from (II) with a second reactive silane, different than the silane of steps (I) and (II), for a period of time to allow the reactive silane, or its silanol-bearing hydrolysis product to diffuse into the interior of the porous material and covalently bond by reaction with hydroxyl groups on the interior surface of the porous material, and (IV) subsequently isolating the silyated porous material from the mixture of (III).

Claim 15

A composition of matter comprising a silylated porous material having an external zone which comprises the external surfaces of the porous material and having an internal zone which comprises the internal surfaces of the porous material which has been prepared by a method comprising (I) contacting a hydroxyl-bearing porous material with less than a stoichiometric equivalent, based on the hydroxyl content of the porous material, of a rapidly reacting silane; (II) allowing the mixture from (I) to react and form covalent bonds by reaction with the exterior surface hydroxyl groups thereby treating the porous material exterior surface; (III) thereafter, contacting and mixing the treated porous material from (II) with a second reactive silane, different than the silane of steps (I) and (II), for a period of time to allow the reactive silane, or its silanol-bearing hydrolysis product to diffuse into the interior of the porous material and covalently bond by reaction with hydroxyl groups on the interior surface of the porous material, and (IV) subsequently isolating the silyated porous material from the mixture of (III).

Claim 16

A composition as claimed in claim 13 wherein the groups formed by steps (I) and (II) are derived from rapidly reacting silanes selected from a group consisting of (i) disubstituted amides wherein the amides are selected from a group consisting of (a) N,N-disubstituted amides having the general formula ##STR15## and (b) N,O-disubstituted amides having the general formula ##STR16## wherein in said formulae, R is selected from hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q wherein Q is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 2 ) 3 Cl, (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 SR iv , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 iv , (g) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R iv ) (CH 2 ) 2 N(R iv ) 2 , (h) ##STR17## (i) ##STR18## (j) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (k) ##STR19## and (l) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 wherein R" is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R'" is selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups, R' is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or hydrogen; R iv is selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; a+b has a value of 3 and neither a nor b has a value of zero; (ii) substituted amines wherein the amines are selected from a group consisting of (a) N,N,N-trisubstituted amines having the general formula (R v )(R vi ) c Si(NR vii 2 ) d and (b) heterocyclic amines, wherein the heterocyclic amines are selected from the group consisting of ##STR20## wherein in said formulae R v and R viii are selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q' wherein Q' is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 3 ) 3 SR ix , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 ix , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R ix )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R ix ) 2 , (g) ##STR21## (h) ##STR22## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (j) ##STR23## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 wherein R vi is indepentently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups, R vii is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups, R ix is independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl groups; c+d has a value of 3 and neither c nor d has a value of zero; and (iii) thioethers selected from the group consisting of (a) thioethers having general formula R x R 2 xi SiSR xii and (b) thioethers having the general formula (R x R 2 xi Si) 2 S wherein in said formulae, R x is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q" wherein Q" is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 3 ) 3 SR xiii , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 xiii , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR xiii (CH 2 ) 2 N(R xiii ) 2 , (g) ##STR24## (h) ##STR25## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 ; (j) ##STR26## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 R xi is indendently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R xii is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups, R xiii is independently selected from alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl.

Claim 17

A composition of matter consisting of silylated porous material having an external zone which comprises the external surfaces of the porous material and having an internal zone which comprises the internal surfaces of the porous material which has been prepared by a method comprising (I) contacting a hydroxyl-bearing porous material with less than or equal to two-thirds of the amount representing saturation coverage of a residue from silanes having rapidly reacting leaving groups, based on the hydroxyl content of the porous material, of a silane having rapidly leaving groups, said silane selected from a group consisting of (i) disubstituted amidosilanes wherein the amidosilanes are selected from a group cosisting of: (a) N,N-disubstituted amidosilanes having the general formula (R)(R").sub.a Si{N(R'")CR'}.sub.b and (b) N,O-disubstituted aminosilanes having the general formula ##STR27## wherein in said formulae, R is selected from hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q wherein Q is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 2 ) 3 Cl, (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 SR iv , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 iv , (g) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R iv )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R iv ) 2 , (h) ##STR28## (i) ##STR29## (j) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (k) ##STR30## and (l) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R" is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R'" is selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R' is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or hydrogen; R iv is selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; a+b has a value of 3 and b does not have a value of zero; (ii) substituted aminosilanes wherein the aminosilanes are selected from a group consisting of (a) N,N,N-trisubstituted aminosilanes having the formula (R v )(R vi ) c Si(NR vii 2 ) d and (b) heterocyclic aminosilanes, wherein the heterocyclic aminosilanes are selected from the group consisting of ##STR31## (iii) thioethersilanes selected from the group consisting of thioethersilanes having the general formula (a) R x R 2 xi SiSR xii and (b) (R x R 2 xi Si) 2 S wherein in said formulae, R x is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q" wherein Q" is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 3 ) 3 SR xiii , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 xiii , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R xiii )(CH 2 ) 2 NR xiii ) 2 , (g) ##STR32## (h) ##STR33## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (j) ##STR34## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R xi is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R xii is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups, R xiii is independently selected from alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl; (II) allowing the mixture from (I) to react and form covalent bonds by reaction with the surface hydroxyl groups thereby predominantly treating the porous exterior surface; (III) thereafter, contacting and mixing the treated porous material from (II) with a second silane, different than the silane of steps (I) and (II), for a period of time to allow the silane, or its silanol-bearing hydrolysis product, to diffuse into the interior of the porous material and covalently bond by reaction with hydroxyl groups on the interior surface of the porous material; (IV) subsequently isolating the silulated porous material from the mixture of (III), wherein silulated porous material character exists when certain conditions exist, said conditions being selected from the group consisting of ##EQU2## wherein Γ 1 (E) is the external surface density in Molecules/nM 2 as inferred by a method which selectively analyzes the external surface such as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis, and wherein Γ 1 (A) and Γ 2 (A) are like measurements of average surface density as measured by bulk analysis, and wherein subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the treated material of steps II and III, respectively.

Claim 18

A composition of matter consisting of silylated porous material having an external zone which comprises the external surfaces of the porous material and having an internal zone which comprises the internal surfaces of the porous material which has been prepared by a method comprising (I) contacting a hydroxyl-bearing porous material with less than or equal to two-thirds of the amount representing saturation coverage of a residue from silanes having rapidly reacting leaving groups, based on the hydroxyl content of the porous material, of a silane having rapidly leaving groups, said silane selected from a group consisting of (i) disubstituted amidosilanes wherein the amidosilanes are selected from a group cosisting of: (a) N,N-disubstituted amidosilanes having the general formula (R)(R").sub.a Si{N(R'")CR'}.sub.b and (b) N,O-disubstituted aminosilanes having the general formula ##STR27## wherein in said formulae, R is selected from hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q wherein Q is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 2 ) 3 Cl, (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 SR iv , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 iv , (g) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R iv )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R iv ) 2 , (h) ##STR28## (i) ##STR29## (j) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (k) ##STR30## and (l) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R" is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R'" is selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R' is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or hydrogen; R iv is selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; a+b has a value of 3 and b does not have a value of zero; (ii) substituted aminosilanes wherein the aminosilanes are selected from a group consisting of (a) N,N,N-trisubstituted aminosilanes having the formula (R v )(R vi ) c Si(NR vii 2 ) d and (b) heterocyclic aminosilanes, wherein the heterocyclic aminosilanes are selected from the group consisting of ##STR31## (iii) thioethersilanes selected from the group consisting of thioethersilanes having the general formula (a) R x R 2 xi SiSR xii and (b) (R x R 2 xi Si) 2 S wherein in said formulae, R x is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q" wherein Q" is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 3 ) 3 SR xiii , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 xiii , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R xiii )(CH 2 ) 2 NR xiii ) 2 , (g) ##STR32## (h) ##STR33## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (j) ##STR34## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R xi is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R xii is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups, R xiii is independently selected from alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl; (II) allowing the mixture from (I) to react and form covalent bonds by reaction with the surface hydroxyl groups thereby predominantly treating the porous exterior surface; (III) thereafter, contacting and mixing the treated porous material from (II) with a second silane, different than the silane of steps (I) and (II), for a period of time to allow the silane, or its silanol-bearing hydrolysis product, to diffuse into the interior of the porous material and covalently bond by reaction with hydroxyl groups on the interior surface of the porous material; (IV) subsequently isolating the silulated porous material from the mixture of (III), wherein silulated porous material character exists when certain conditions exist, said conditions being selected from the group consisting of ##EQU2## wherein Γ 1 (E) is the external surface density in Molecules/nM 2 as inferred by a method which selectively analyzes the external surface such as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis, and wherein Γ 1 (A) and Γ 2 (A) are like measurements of average surface density as measured by bulk analysis, and wherein subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the treated material of steps II and III, respectively.

Claim 19

A composition as claimed in claim 15, wherein the groups formed by steps (I) and (II) are derived from amidosilanes consisting of disubstituted amidosilanes having the general formula ##STR35## and wherein R is selected from hydrogen, allyl, vinyl, and Q wherein Q is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 2 ) 3 Cl, (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 SR iv , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 iv , (g) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R iv )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R iv ) 2 , (h) ##STR36## (i) ##STR37## (j) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (k) ##STR38## and (l) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , where n is at least 2, R' is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or hydrogen; R" and R'" are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; a+b has a value of 3 and neither a nor b has a value of zero.

Claim 20

A composition as claimed in claim 16 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR39##

Claim 21

A composition as claimed in claim 16 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR40##

Claim 22

A composition as claimed in claim 16 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR41##

Claim 23

A composition as claimed in claim 16 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR42## PG,52

Claim 24

A composition as claimed in claim 16 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR43##

Claim 25

A composition as claimed in claim 16 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR44##

Claim 26

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the groups formed by steps (I) and (II) are derived from amidosilanes consisting of disubstituted amidosilanes having the general formula ##STR45## wherein R is selected from hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q wherein Q is selected from (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 2 ) 3 Cl, (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 SR iv , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 iv , (g) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R iv )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R iv ) 2 , (h) ##STR46## (i) ##STR47## (j) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )--CH 2 , (k) ##STR48## and (l) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R' is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or hydrogen and R" and R iv are independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups.

Claim 27

A composition as claimed in claim 23 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR49##

Claim 28

A composition claimed in claim 23 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR50##

Claim 29

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the groups formed by steps (I) and (II) are derived from aminosilanes which are N,N,N trisubstituted aminosilanes having the general formula (R v )(R vi ) c Si(NR vii 2 ) d wherein R v and R vii are selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q' wherein Q' is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 3 ) 3 SR ix , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 ix , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R ix )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R ix ) 2 , (g) ##STR51## (h) ##STR52## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (j) ##STR53## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; each R vii is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups, R ix is independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl groups; c+d has a value of 3 and neither c nor d has a value of zero.

Claim 30

A composition as claimed in claim 26 wherein the trisubstituted aminosilane has the formula (CH 3 ) 3 SiN(C 2 H 5 ) 2 .

Claim 31

A composition as claimed in claim 26 wherein the trisubstituted aminosilane has the formula (CH 3 ) 3 SiN(CH 3 ) 2 .

Claim 32

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the groups formed by steps (I) and (II) are derived from aminosilanes which are heterocylic aminosilanes which are selected from a group consisting of ##STR54## wherein R viii is independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q' wherein Q' is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 3 ) 3 SR ix , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 ix , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R ix )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R ix ) 2 , (g) ##STR55## (h) ##STR56## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (j) ##STR57## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R ix is independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl groups; c+d has a value of 3 and neither c nor d has a value of zero.

Claim 33

A composition as claimed in claim 29 wherein the heterocyclic aminosilane has the formula ##STR58##

Claim 34

A composition as claimed in claim 29 wherein the heterocyclic aminosilane has the formula ##STR59##

Claim 35

A composition as claimed in claim 29 wherein the heterocyclic aminosilane has the formula ##STR60##

Claim 36

A composition as claimed in claim 29 wherein the hetrocyclic aminosilane has the formula ##STR61##

Claim 37

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the groups formed by steps (I) and (II) are derived from thioethersilanes having the general formula (R x )(R xi ) 2 SiS(R xii ) wherein R x is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q" wherein Q" is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 3 ) 3 SR xiii , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 xiii , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 xiii , (g) ##STR62## (h) ##STR63## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (j) ##STR64## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R xi and R xii are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl, and phenyl groups; R xiii is independently selected from alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl groups.

Claim 38

A composition as claimed in claim 34 wherein the thioethersilane has the formula (CH 3 ) 3 SiSCH 3 .

Claim 39

A composition as claimed in claim 34 wherein the thioethersilane has the formula (CH 3 ) 3 SiS(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 .

Claim 40

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the groups reacted to the porous interior surface in step (III) are derived from silanes having the general formula (R.sup.xvi O).sub.f (R.sup.xvii).sub.g SiQ'".sub.h wherein R xvi is an alkyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or hydrogen; R xvii is an alkyl radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or phenyl; the value of f is 1, 2 or 3; the value of g is 0, 1 or 2: the value of h is 1 or 2 wherein f+g+h equals 4; Q'" is a radical selected from a group consisting of (a) --CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OC(O)(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (b) --CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , (c) --CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHCH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , (d) ##STR65## (e) ##STR66## (f) --CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SH, (g) --CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Cl, (h) --CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NHCH 2 CH 2 NHCH 2 C 6 H 4 CH═CH 2 .HCl, (i) --CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 N.sup.⊕ (CH 3 ) 2 C 18 H 37 Cl - , (j) --CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 N.sup.⊕ CH 3 (C 12 H 25 ) 2 Cl - , (k) ##STR67## (l) alkyl groups of less than twenty carbon atoms, (m) aryl groups of less than twelve carbon atoms, (n) hydrogen, (o) vinyl, and (p) allyl.

Claim 41

A composition as claimed in claim 37 wherein Q'" is --(CH 2 ) 3 NH(CH 2 ) 2 NH 2 .

Claim 42

A composition as claimed in claim 37 wherein Q'" is --(CH 2 ) 3 NH 2 .

Claim 43

A composition as claimed in claim 37 wherein Q'" is ##STR68##

Claim 44

A composition as claimed in claim 37 wherein Q'" is --(CH 2 ) 3 N.sup.⊕ (CH 3 ) 2 C 18 H 37 Cl - .

Claim 45

A composition as claimed in claim 37 wherein Q'" is --(CH 2 ) g CH 3 .

Claim 46

A composition as claimed in claim 37 wherein Q'" is --(CH 2 ) 17 CH 3 .

Claim 47

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the groups reacted to the porous interior surface in step (III) are derived from silanes selected from a group consisting of (i) disubstituted amidosilanes wherein the amidosilanes are selected from a group consisting of (a) N,N-disubstituted amidosilanes having the general formula ##STR69## and (b) N,O-disubstituted amidosilanes having the general formula ##STR70## wherein in said formulae, R is selected from hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q wherein Q is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 2 ) 3 Cl, (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 SR iv , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 iv , (g) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R iv )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R iv ) 2 , (h) ##STR71## (i) ##STR72## (j) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (k) ##STR73## and (l) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R" is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R'" is selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R' is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or hydrogen; R iv is selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; a+b has a value of 3 and neither a nor b has a value of zero; (ii) substituted aminosilanes wherein the aminosilanes are selected from a group consisting of (a) N,N,N-trisubstituted aminosilanes having the general formula (R v )(R vi ) c Si(NR vii 2 ) d and (b) heterocyclic aminosilanes, wherein the heterocyclic aminosilanes are selected from the group consisting of ##STR74## wherein in said formulae R v and R viii are selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q' wherein Q' is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 3 ) 3 SR ix , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 ix , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R ix )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R ix ) 2 , (g) ##STR75## (h) ##STR76## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (j) ##STR77## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R vi is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R vii is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R ix is independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl groups; c+d has a value of 3 and neither c nor d has a value of zero; and (iii) thioethersilanes selected from the group consisting of (a) thioethersilanes having the general formula R x R 2 xi SiSR xii and (b) thioethersilanes having the general formula (R x R 2 xi Si) 2 S wherein in said formulae, R x is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q" wherein Q" is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 3 ) 3 SR xiii , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 xiii , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 xiii , (g) ##STR78## (h) ##STR79## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (j) ##STR80## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R xi is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R xii is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups, R xiii is independently selected from alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl.

Claim 48

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the groups reacted to the porous interior surface in step (III) are derived from silanes selected from disubstituted amidosilanes having the general formula ##STR81## wherein R is selected from hydrogen, allyl, vinyl, and Q wherein Q is selected from from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 2 ) 3 Cl, (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 SR iv , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 iv , (g) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R iv )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R iv ) 2 , (h) ##STR82## (i) ##STR83## (j) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (k) ##STR84## and (l) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R' is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or hydrogen; R" and R'" are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups: a+b has a value of 3 and neither a nor b has a value of zero.

Claim 49

A composition as claimed in claim 45 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR85##

Claim 50

A composition as claimed in claim 45 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR86##

Claim 51

A composition as claimed in claim 45 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR87##

Claim 52

A composition as claimed in claim 45 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR88##

Claim 53

A composition as claimed in claim 45 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR89##

Claim 54

A composition as claimed in claim 45 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR90##

Claim 55

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the groups reacted to the porous interior surface in step (III) are derived from amidosilanes consisting of disubstituted amidosilanes having the general formula (R)(R") 2 SiN═C{OSi(R)(R") 2 }R' wherein R is selected from hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q wherein Q is selected from (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 2 ) 3 Cl, (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 SR iv , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 iv , (g) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R iv )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R iv ) 2 , (h) ##STR91## (i) ##STR92## (j) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (k) ##STR93## and (l) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R' is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or hydrogen and R" is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups.

Claim 56

A composition as claimed in claim 52 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR94##

Claim 57

A composition as claimed in claim 52 wherein the disubstituted amidosilane has the formula ##STR95##

Claim 58

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the groups reacted to the porous interior surface in step (III) are derived from aminosilanes which are trisubstituted aminosilanes having the general formula (R v )(R vi ) c Si(NR vii 2 ) d wherein R v is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q' wherein Q' is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 3 ) 3 SR ix , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 ix , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R ix )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R ix ) 2 , (g) ##STR96## (h) ##STR97## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 ; (j) ##STR98## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2: R vi and R vii are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R viii is independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R ix is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; c+d has a value of 3 and neither c nor d has a value of zero.

Claim 59

A composition as claimed in claim 55 wherein the trisubstituted aminosilane has the formula (CH 3 ) 3 SiN(C 2 H 5 ) 2 .

Claim 60

A composition as claimed in claim 55 wherein the trisubstituted aminosilane has the formula (CH 3 ) 3 SiN(CH 3 ) 2 .

Claim 61

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the groups reacted to the porous interior surface in step (III) are derived from aminosilanes which are heterocyclic aminosilanes which are selected from a group consisting of ##STR99## wherein R viii is independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q' wherein Q' is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 3 ) 3 SR ix , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 ix , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R ix )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R ix ) 2 , (g) ##STR100## (h) ##STR101## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (j) ##STR102## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2 R ix is independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl groups.

Claim 62

A composition as claimed in claim 58 wherein the heterocyclic aminosilane has the formula ##STR103##

Claim 63

A composition as claimed in claim 58 wherein the heterocyclic aminosilane has the formula ##STR104##

Claim 64

A composition as claimed in claim 58 wherein the heterocyclic aminosilane has the formula ##STR105##

Claim 65

A composition as claimed in claim 58 wherein the heterocyclic aminosilane has the formula ##STR106##

Claim 66

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the groups reacted to the porous interior surface in step (III) are derived from thioethersilanes having the general formula (R x )(R XI ) 2 SiS(R xii ) wherein R x is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q" wherein Q" is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 3 ) 3 SR xiii , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 xiii , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 xiii , (g) ##STR107## (h) ##STR108## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (j) ##STR109## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R xi and R xii are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl, and phenyl groups; R xiii is independently selected from alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl groups.

Claim 67

A composition as claimed in claim 63 wherein the thioethersilane has the formula (CH 3 ) 3 SiSCH 3 .

Claim 68

A composition as claimed in claim 63 wherein the thioethersilane has the formula (CH 3 ) 3 SiS(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 .

Claim 69

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the groups reacted to the porous interior surface in step (III) are derived from common silanes having the general formula R xv 4-e SiX e wherein R xv is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, phenyl, vinyl and allyl; X is a hydrolyzable radical selected from chlorine, alkoxy having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, acetoxy, amine and amido radicals and e has a value of 1, 2 or 3.

Claim 70

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the porous material is a silica gel.

Claim 71

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the porous material is alumina.

Claim 72

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the porous material is titania.

Claim 73

A composition as claimed in claim 15 wherein the porous material is zirconia.

Claim 76

A method as claimed in claim 71, wherein in step (A), the rapidly reacting silane is gradually added to a rapidly mixed liquid suspension of the porous material.

Claim 77

A method as claimed in claim 71, wherein in step (A), the rapidly reacting silane is gradually added to a rapidly stirred solvent which is in direct contact with non-particulate porous material.

Claim 78

A method as claimed in claim 71, wherein in step (A), the rapidly reacting silane as a vapor in a vacuum is intimately contacted with the porous material.

Claim 79

A method as claimed in claim 71, wherein in step (A), a carrier gas is used to bring the vapor of a rapidly reacting silane into contact with the porous material.

Claim 80

A method as claimed in claim 71, wherein step (A) and step (B) are carried out a temperature in the range of 0° C. to 400° C.

Claim 81

A method as claimed in claim 71, wherein step (A) and step (B) are carried out at a temperature in the range of 20° C. to 200° C.

Claim 82

A composition of matter consisting of silylated porous material having an external zone which comprises the external surfaces of the porous material and having an internal zone which comprises the internal surfaces of the porous material which has been prepared by a method comprising (I) contacting a hydroxyl-bearing porous material with less than or equal to two-thirds of any amount representing saturation coverage of a residue from a silane having rapidly reacting leaving groups, based on the hydroxyl content of the porous material, said silane selected from (i) disubstituted amidosilanes wherein the amidosilanes are selected from a group consisting of; (a) N,N-disubstituted amidosilanes having the general formula ##STR118## and (b) N,O-disubstituted amidosilanes having the general formula ##STR119## wherein in said formulae, R is selected from hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q wherein Q is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 2 ) 3 Cl, (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 SR iv , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 iv , (g) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R iv )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R iv ) 2 , (h) ##STR120## (i) ##STR121## (j) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (k) ##STR122## and (l) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R" is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R'" is selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R' is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or hydrogen; R iv is selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; a+b has a value of 3 and b does not have a value of zero; (ii) substituted aminosilanes wherein the aminosilanes are selected from a group consisting of (a) N,N,N-trisubstituted aminosilanes having the general formula (R v )(R vi ) c Si(NR vii 2 ) d and (b) heterocyclic aminosilanes, wherein the heterocyclic aminosilanes are selected from the group consisting of ##STR123## (iii) thioethersilanes selected from the group consisting of (a) thioethersilanes having the general formula R x R c xi Si(SR xii ) d and (b) thioethersilanes having the general formula (R x R 2 xi Si) 2 S wherein in said formulae, R x is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q" wherein Q" is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 3 ) 3 SR xiii , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 xiii , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R xiii )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R xiii ) 2 ,, (g) ##STR124## (h) ##STR125## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (j) ##STR126## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R xi is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R xii is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups, R xiii is independently selected from alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl, c+d has a value of 3 and d does not have a value of zero; (II) allowing the mixture from (I) to react and form covalent bonds by reaction with the surface hydroxyl groups thereby predominantly treating the porous exterior surface. (III) subsequently isolating the silylated porous material from the mixture of (II). wherein silylated porous material exists when certain conditions exist, said conditions being selected from the group consisting of ##EQU3## wherein Γ 1 (E) is the external surface density in Molecules/nM 2 of the reaction product of step (II) as inferred by a method which selectively analyzes the external surface such as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis, and wherein Γ 1 (A) is a like measurement of average surface density as measured by bulk analysis.

Claim 83

A composition of matter consisting of silylated porous material having an external zone which comprises the external surfaces of the porous material and having an internal zone which comprises the internal surfaces of the porous material which has been prepared by a method comprising (I) contacting a hydroxyl-bearing porous material with less than or equal to two-thirds of any amount representing saturation coverage of a residue from a silane having rapidly reacting leaving groups, based on the hydroxyl content of the porous material, said silane selected from (i) disubstituted amidosilanes wherein the amidosilanes are selected from a group consisting of; (a) N,N-disubstituted amidosilanes having the general formula ##STR118## and (b) N,O-disubstituted amidosilanes having the general formula ##STR119## wherein in said formulae, R is selected from hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q wherein Q is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 2 ) 3 Cl, (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 SR iv , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 iv , (g) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R iv )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R iv ) 2 , (h) ##STR120## (i) ##STR121## (j) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (k) ##STR122## and (l) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R" is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R'" is selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R' is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or hydrogen; R iv is selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; a+b has a value of 3 and b does not have a value of zero; (ii) substituted aminosilanes wherein the aminosilanes are selected from a group consisting of (a) N,N,N-trisubstituted aminosilanes having the general formula (R v )(R vi ) c Si(NR vii 2 ) d and (b) heterocyclic aminosilanes, wherein the heterocyclic aminosilanes are selected from the group consisting of ##STR123## (iii) thioethersilanes selected from the group consisting of (a) thioethersilanes having the general formula R x R c xi Si(SR xii ) d and (b) thioethersilanes having the general formula (R x R 2 xi Si) 2 S wherein in said formulae, R x is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q" wherein Q" is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 3 ) 3 SR xiii , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 xiii , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R xiii )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R xiii ) 2 ,, (g) ##STR124## (h) ##STR125## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (j) ##STR126## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R xi is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R xii is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups, R xiii is independently selected from alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl, c+d has a value of 3 and d does not have a value of zero; (II) allowing the mixture from (I) to react and form covalent bonds by reaction with the surface hydroxyl groups thereby predominantly treating the porous exterior surface. (III) subsequently isolating the silylated porous material from the mixture of (II). wherein silylated porous material exists when certain conditions exist, said conditions being selected from the group consisting of ##EQU3## wherein Γ 1 (E) is the external surface density in Molecules/nM 2 of the reaction product of step (II) as inferred by a method which selectively analyzes the external surface such as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis, and wherein Γ 1 (A) is a like measurement of average surface density as measured by bulk analysis.

Claim 84

A composition as claimed in claim 78 wherein the groups formed by steps (I) and (II) are derived from rapidly reacting silanes selected from a group consisting of (i) disubstituted amidosilanes wherein the amidosilanes are selected from a group consisting of (a) N,N-disubstituted amidosilanes having the general formula ##STR127## and (b) N,O-disubstituted amidosilanes having the general formula ##STR128## wherein in said formulae, R is selected from hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q wherein Q is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 2 ) 3 Cl, (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 SR iv , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 iv , (g) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R iv )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R iv ) 2 , (h) ##STR129## (i) ##STR130## (j) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (k) ##STR131## and (l) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R" is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R"' is selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R' is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or hydrogen; R iv is selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl groups; a+b has a value of 3 and neither a nor b has a value of zero; (ii) substituted aminosilanes wherein the aminosilanes are selected from a group consisting of (a) N,N,N-trisubstituted amines having the general formula (R v )(R vi ) c Si(NR vii 2 ) d and (b) heterocyclic aminosilanes, wherein the heterocyclic aminosilanes are selected from the group consisting of ##STR132## wherein in said formulae R v and R viii are selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q' wherein Q' is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 3 ) 3 SR ix , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 ix , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R ix )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R ix ) 2 , (g) ##STR133## (h) ##STR134## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (j) ##STR135## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R vi is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R vii is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R ix is independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl groups; c+d has a value of 3 and neither c nor d has a value of zero; and (iii) thioethersilanes selected from the group consisting of (a) thioethersilanes having the general formula R x R 2 xi SiSR xii and (b) thioethersilanes having the general formula (R x R 2 xi Si) 2 S wherein in said formulae, R x is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, allyl, vinyl and Q" wherein Q" is selected from a group consisting of (a) alkyl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (b) aryl groups having less than twenty carbon atoms, (c) --(CH 2 ) 2 CF 3 , (d) --(CH 2 ) 3 SR ix , (e) --(CH 2 ) 3 NR 2 ix , (f) --(CH 2 ) 3 N(R ix )(CH 2 ) 2 N(R ix ) 2 , (g) ##STR136## (h) ##STR137## (i) --(CH 2 ) 3 OC(O)C(CH 3 )═CH 2 , (j) ##STR138## and (k) --C 2 H 4 C n F 2n+1 , wherein n is at least 2; R xi is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups; R xii is independently selected from methyl, ethyl and phenyl groups, R xiii is independently selected from alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and phenyl.

Claim 87

A method as claimed in claim 80, wherein in step (I), the rapidly reacting silane is gradually added to a liquid suspension of the porous material.

Claim 88

A method as claimed in claim 80, wherein in step (I), the rapidly reacting silane is gradually added to a rapidly stirred solvent which is in direct contact with non-particulate porous material.

Claim 89

A method as claimed in claim 80, wherein in step (I), the rapidly reacting silane as a vapor in a vacuum is intimately contacted with the porous material.

Claim 90

A method as claimed in claim 80,, wherein in step (I), a carrier gas is used to bring a vapor of the rapidly reacting silane into contact with the porous material.

Claim 91

A method as claimed in claim 80, wherein in step (III), the product from step (II) is contacted with a reactive silane in solution.

Claim 92

A method as claimed in claim 80, wherein in step (III), the product from step (II) is contacted with a vapor of a reactive silane.

Claim 93

A method as claimed in claim 80, wherein step (I) and step (II) are carried out at a temperature in the range of 0° C. to 400° C.

Claim 94

A method as claimed in claim 80, wherein step (I) and step (II) are carried out at a temperature in the range of 20° C. to 200° C.

Claim 95

A method as claimed in claim 80, wherein step (III) is carried out at a temperature in the range of 0° C. to 300° C.

Claim 96

A method as claimed in claim 80, wherein step (III) is carried out at a temperature in the range of 70° C. to 120° C.