US5459570A — Method and apparatus for performing optical measu…

Claim 1

Independent Claim 196 words

A system for performing selected optical measurements on a sample comprising: a short coherence length optical radiation source at a wavelength λ; a reference optical reflector; a first optical path leading to said reflector; a second optical path leading to said sample; means for applying optical radiation from said source through the first optical path to said reflector and through the second optical path to the sample; means for altering the relative lengths of said optical paths in accordance with a predetermined velocity profile, said profile providing for continuous alteration in said relative length at an instantaneous velocity V for each point on the profile in at least the region of said profile where said measurements are to be performed; means for combining reflections from the reflector received through the first optical path and reflections from the sample received through the second optical path, the resulting combined optical output having interference fringes at length matched points on the two paths and having an instantaneous modulating frequency including a Doppler shift frequency at a frequency f D= 2V/λ; means for demodulating said output; and means for processing the demodulated output to obtain information concerning said selected measurements.

Claim 2

Independent Claim 196 words

A system for performing selected optical measurements on a sample comprising: a short coherence length optical radiation source at a wavelength λ; a reference optical reflector; a first optical path leading to said reflector; a second optical path leading to said sample; means for applying optical radiation from said source through the first optical path to said reflector and through the second optical path to the sample; means for altering the relative lengths of said optical paths in accordance with a predetermined velocity profile, said profile providing for continuous alteration in said relative length at an instantaneous velocity V for each point on the profile in at least the region of said profile where said measurements are to be performed; means for combining reflections from the reflector received through the first optical path and reflections from the sample received through the second optical path, the resulting combined optical output having interference fringes at length matched points on the two paths and having an instantaneous modulating frequency including a Doppler shift frequency at a frequency f D= 2V/λ; means for demodulating said output; and means for processing the demodulated output to obtain information concerning said selected measurements.

Claim 3

Dependent Claim 94 words

A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein there is a predominant low frequency noise for the system, wherein the velocity V is not sufficient to result in a Doppler shift frequency f D which is higher than said predominant low frequency noise, wherein said means for altering includes means for causing a vibratory change at a frequency f M in the length of at least one of said optical paths, and wherein said means for demodulating demodulates for a modulating frequency which is a selected combination of f D and f M .

Claim 4

Dependent Claim 50 words

A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein there is a predominant low frequency noise for said system, wherein the velocity V is sufficiently high so that the Doppler shift frequency f D is higher than said predominant low frequency noise, and wherein said modulating frequency is f D .

Claim 5

Dependent Claim 30 words

A system as claimed in claim 3 wherein the velocity V is substantially uniform over said velocity profile, at least in the portion thereof over which measurements are being taken.

Claim 6

Dependent Claim 26 words

A system as claimed in claim 4 wherein said velocity profile is substantially a sawtooth profile having a ramp portion with a substantially uniform velocity V.

Claim 7

Dependent Claim 47 words

A system as claimed in claim 4 wherein said velocity profile is a substantially triangular velocity profile having two sides, at least one side of which is at said uniform velocity V, and wherein measurements are taken during movements along at least one side of said profile.

Claim 8

Dependent Claim 73 words

A system as claimed in claim 3 wherein said means for altering alters said first path length, wherein said velocity profile provides a velocity which is not uniform with time, resulting in variations in the instantaneous f D , wherein said means for demodulating includes means for adapting to the f D frequency variations, and including means for providing position information on alterations in said first path length to said means for processing.

Claim 9

Dependent Claim 56 words

A system as claimed in claim 7 wherein said demodulating means includes filter means for controlling the frequency band about said modulating frequency which is accepted by the means for demodulating, and wherein said means for adapting includes means for expanding the frequency band about said modulating frequency which is accepted by said means for demodulating.

Claim 10

Dependent Claim 54 words

A system as claimed in claim 7 wherein said means for adapting includes means for producing a signal having a frequency which varies substantially inversely with the variation in f D caused by velocity variations, and means for mixing said signal with said output to obtain an output having a substantially constant modulating frequency.

Claim 11

Dependent Claim 16 words

A system as claimed in claim 7 wherein said velocity profile is substantially a sinewave profile.

Claim 12

Dependent Claim 20 words

A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for demodulating includes a logrithmic amplifier for dynamic range compression.

Claim 13

Dependent Claim 48 words

A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for demodulating includes a bandpass filter centered at said modulation frequency in a pass band which is roughly two to three times the output signal bandwidth of approximately V/CL, where CL is the coherent length of the source.

Claim 14

Dependent Claim 38 words

A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein each of said optical paths include a single mode optical fiber, and means for coupling optical energy between the optical fiber and the reflector/sample at the end of the path.

Claim 15

Dependent Claim 15 words

A system as claimed in claim 13 wherein said fibers are polarization maintaining optical fibers.

Claim 16

Dependent Claim 20 words

A system as claimed in claim 1 including means for equalizing the group velocity dispersion in the two optical paths.

Claim 17

Dependent Claim 21 words

A system as claimed in claim 15 wherein said paths are formed utilizing single mode optical fibers of substantially equal length.

Claim 18

Dependent Claim 47 words

A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein measurements are to be taken for a predetermined depth extent within the sample, and wheren the numerical aperture for the means coupling the sample and the optical fiber corresponds to a depth field equal to the said depth extent.

Claim 19

Dependent Claim 52 words

A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for altering includes means for reciprocating the reflector in first and second directions substantially perpendicular to said first optical path, to, respectively, lengthen and shorten the path, measurements being taken when the reflector is moved in at least one of said directions.

Claim 20

Dependent Claim 53 words

A system as claimed in claim 18 wherein said reflector may wobble slightly as it is moved, wherein said first optical path includes an optical fiber and means for optically coupling between the fiber and the reflector, and including means for maintaining the reflector in alignment in spite of movement and wobble thereof.

Claim 21

Dependent Claim 21 words

A system as claimed in claim 19 wherein said reflector includes a corner-cube, said corner-cube functioning as said means for maintaining.

Claim 22

Dependent Claim 33 words

A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said sample is a biological sample, said measurements being indicative of optical properties of the sample along the direction of application of the optical radiation.

Claim 23

Dependent Claim 25 words

A system as claimed in claim 21 wherein the biological sample is in the eye, the measurements being of selected optical properties in the eye.

Claim 24

Dependent Claim 141 words

A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein measurements are being taken on at least one birefringent layer; and including means for polarizing the optical radiation from said source in a selected first direction, means for altering the polarization of the-radiation differently for radiation applied to said reflector and to said sample, said means for altering causing reflected radiation from the reflector to be polarized in a selected second direction and causing reflected radiation from the sample to be polarized in a direction dependent on the birefringence of said layer, the polarized reflected radiation from the reflector and sample being interferometrically combined, means for splitting and detecting the combined output as two outputs having orthogonal polarizations, means for separately processing the two outputs to obtain separate interferometric signals, and means for combining said interferometric signals to provide selected indications of birefringence.

Claim 25

Dependent Claim 87 words

A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said optical source includes means for providing radiation at at least two different wavelengths λ 1 and λ 2 , wherein said radiation at different wavelengths are absorbed and reflected differently by the sample resulting in at least a first combined optical output modulated at a frequency f 1 , and a second combined optical output modulated at a frequency f 2 , and wherein said means for demodulating includes separate demodulating means for each of said combined outputs.

Claim 26

Dependent Claim 31 words

A system as claimed in claim 24 wherein each of said means for demodulating includes means for filtering in a selected band centered at the appropriate modulated frequency f n .

Claim 27

Dependent Claim 28 words

A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said radiation source is selected from sources including light emitting diodes, superluminescent diodes, pulsed laser source, and incandescent light source.

Claim 28

Dependent Claim 18 words

A system as claimed in claim 1 including means for aligning the second optical path and said sample.

Claim 29

Dependent Claim 26 words

A system as claimed in claim 27 wherein said means for aligning includes means for angularly aligning, means for linearly aligning, and means for depth aligning.

Claim 30

Dependent Claim 48 words

A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said second optical path terminates in a probe for applying a beam of said radiation to said sample, and including means for scanning said beam in transverse direction over said sample to generate an image having a plurality of dimensions.

Claim 31

Dependent Claim 40 words

A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said optical paths are single mode fiber-optical paths, wherein said second optical path terminates in a probe, and including an endoscope in which said probe is mounted for probing internal body cavities.

Claim 32

Independent Claim 161 words

A method for performing selected optical measurements on a sample comprising the steps of: causing short coherence length optical radiation of a wavelength λ to impinge on a reference reflector and on the sample through first and second optical paths, respectively; altering the relative lengths of said paths in accordance with a predetermined velocity profile, said profile providing for continuous alteration in said relative length at an instantaneous velocity V for each point on the profile in at least the region of said profile where said measurements are to be performed; combining reflections from the reflector received through the first optical path and reflections from the sample received through the second optical path, the resulting combined optical output having interference fringes at length matched points on the two paths and having an instantaneous modulating frequency including a Doppler shift frequency at a frequency f D= 2V/λ; demodulating said output; and processing the demodulated output to obtain information concerning said selected measurements.

Claim 33

Independent Claim 161 words

A method for performing selected optical measurements on a sample comprising the steps of: causing short coherence length optical radiation of a wavelength λ to impinge on a reference reflector and on the sample through first and second optical paths, respectively; altering the relative lengths of said paths in accordance with a predetermined velocity profile, said profile providing for continuous alteration in said relative length at an instantaneous velocity V for each point on the profile in at least the region of said profile where said measurements are to be performed; combining reflections from the reflector received through the first optical path and reflections from the sample received through the second optical path, the resulting combined optical output having interference fringes at length matched points on the two paths and having an instantaneous modulating frequency including a Doppler shift frequency at a frequency f D= 2V/λ; demodulating said output; and processing the demodulated output to obtain information concerning said selected measurements.

Claim 34

Dependent Claim 33 words

A method as claimed in claim 31 wherein said sample is a biological sample, said measurements being indicative of optical properties of the sample along the direction of application of the optical radiation.

Claim 35

Independent Claim 179 words

A system for performing selected optical measurements on a sample having at least one birefringent layer comprising: a short coherence length optical radiation source at a wavelength λ, said radiation being polarized in a first state; means for defining a reference optical path and a sample optical path through which radiation from said source may bidirectionally pass; means for altering the polarization of the radiation passing through at least one of said paths in a manner such that radiation from said source in said paths have different polarization states, reflected radiation from said sample having a polarization in a state which varies as a function of the birefringence of said layer; means for interferometrically combining reflected radiation from said optical paths; means for providing a controlled variation in the relative path lengths for interferometrically combined radiation; means for splitting and detecting the interferometrically combined output as two outputs having orthogonal polarization states; means for separately processing the two outputs to obtain separate interferometric signals; and means for combining said interferometric signals to provide a selected indication of birefringence profile.

Claim 36

Independent Claim 179 words

A system for performing selected optical measurements on a sample having at least one birefringent layer comprising: a short coherence length optical radiation source at a wavelength λ, said radiation being polarized in a first state; means for defining a reference optical path and a sample optical path through which radiation from said source may bidirectionally pass; means for altering the polarization of the radiation passing through at least one of said paths in a manner such that radiation from said source in said paths have different polarization states, reflected radiation from said sample having a polarization in a state which varies as a function of the birefringence of said layer; means for interferometrically combining reflected radiation from said optical paths; means for providing a controlled variation in the relative path lengths for interferometrically combined radiation; means for splitting and detecting the interferometrically combined output as two outputs having orthogonal polarization states; means for separately processing the two outputs to obtain separate interferometric signals; and means for combining said interferometric signals to provide a selected indication of birefringence profile.

Claim 37

Dependent Claim 40 words

A system as claimed in claim 33 wherein said optical paths are formed of polarization maintaining fibers, said reference optical path terminating in a reflector, and wherein said means for providing controlled variations controls the length of the reference path.

Claim 38

Dependent Claim 51 words

A system as claimed in claim 33 wherein said two outputs are a horizontal amplitude component and a vertical amplitude component, and wherein said means for combining includes means for utilizing said amplitude components to determine at least one of birefringent retardations in the sample and the amplitude of sample reflections.

Claim 39

Dependent Claim 18 words

A system as claimed in claim 33 wherein said two outputs are combined to provide polarization insensitive measurements.

Claim 40

Independent Claim 153 words

A system for performing selected optical measurements on a sample comprising: means for providing short coherence length optical radiation at at least two different wavelengths λ 1 and λ 2 , at least one spectral characteristic of the sample being different between wavelengths λ 1 and λ 2 ; means for defining a reference optical path and a sample optical path through which said radiation at different wavelengths may bidirectionally pass; means for interferometrically combining reflected radiation from said optical paths, said means for combining having at least a first combined optical output modulated at a frequency f 1 and a second combined optical output modulated at a frequency f 2 ; means for providing a controlled variation in the relative path lengths for interferometrically combined radiation; means for separately demodulating said first and said second combined optical outputs; and means for processing the two outputs to obtain information concerning said selected measurements.

Claim 41

Independent Claim 153 words

A system for performing selected optical measurements on a sample comprising: means for providing short coherence length optical radiation at at least two different wavelengths λ 1 and λ 2 , at least one spectral characteristic of the sample being different between wavelengths λ 1 and λ 2 ; means for defining a reference optical path and a sample optical path through which said radiation at different wavelengths may bidirectionally pass; means for interferometrically combining reflected radiation from said optical paths, said means for combining having at least a first combined optical output modulated at a frequency f 1 and a second combined optical output modulated at a frequency f 2 ; means for providing a controlled variation in the relative path lengths for interferometrically combined radiation; means for separately demodulating said first and said second combined optical outputs; and means for processing the two outputs to obtain information concerning said selected measurements.

Claim 42

Dependent Claim 31 words

A system as claimed in claim 37 wherein said reference optical path terminates in a reflector, and wherein the means for providing controlled variation controls the length of the reference path.

Claim 43

Dependent Claim 33 words

A system as claimed in claim 37 wherein said means for separately demodulating includes means for filtering each of said combined optical outputs in a selected band centered at the appropriate modulated frequency.

Claim 44

Independent Claim 101 words

A method for optically measuring a microstructural feature of selected biological tissue comprising the steps of: generating a short coherence length optical signal at a selected wavelength; passing said signal through a reference optical path and through a sample optical path terminating at said biological tissue, said paths being bidirectional to also pass reflected radiation; interferometrically combining reflected optical signals from said optical paths; providing a controlled variation in the relative path lengths of the interferometrically combined beams; detecting the results of said interferometrically combining step; and processing the result of the detecting step to obtain information concerning said microstructural feature.

Claim 45

Independent Claim 101 words

A method for optically measuring a microstructural feature of selected biological tissue comprising the steps of: generating a short coherence length optical signal at a selected wavelength; passing said signal through a reference optical path and through a sample optical path terminating at said biological tissue, said paths being bidirectional to also pass reflected radiation; interferometrically combining reflected optical signals from said optical paths; providing a controlled variation in the relative path lengths of the interferometrically combined beams; detecting the results of said interferometrically combining step; and processing the result of the detecting step to obtain information concerning said microstructural feature.

Claim 46

Dependent Claim 40 words

A method as claimed in claim 40 wherein said biological tissue is occular tissue located in a patient's eye, said sample optical path terminating within the patient's eye, and the reflected radiation interferometrically combined including that from said occular tissue.

Claim 47

Dependent Claim 53 words

A method as claimed in claim 41 wherein said selected biological tissue is at least one of subretinal tissue, retinal tissue, and optic nerve tissue of a patient's eye, said sample optical path terminating within the patient's eye, and the reflected radiation interferometrically combined including that from said tissue of the patient's eye.

Claim 48

Dependent Claim 35 words

A method as claimed in claim 42 wherein said method is a method of measuring retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and wherein the reflected radiation interferometrically combined includes that from said retinal nerve fiber layer.

Claim 49

Dependent Claim 145 words

A method as claimed in claim 40 wherein said biological tissue is a birefringent tissue layer; wherein said generating step generates an optical signal which is polarized in a first state; and including the step of altering the polarization state for the radiation passing through at least one of said paths in a manner such that the signal from said generating step in said paths have different polarization states, reflected radiation from said birefringant tissue layer having a polarization in a state which varies as a function of the birefringence of such layer; said detecting step including the step of splitting the interferometrically combined output into two outputs having orthogonal polarization states; and said processing step including the steps of separately processing the two outputs to obtain separate interferometric signals, and combining the interferometric signals to provide information concerning the structure of said tissue layer.

Claim 50

Dependent Claim 40 words

A method as claimed in claim 44 wherein said biological tissue is birefringent occular tissue of a patient's eye, said sample optical path terminating at the patient's eye and the reflected radiation interferometrically combined including that from said occular tissue.

Claim 51

Dependent Claim 44 words

A method as claimed in claim 45 wherein said method is a method of measuring retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, said retinal nerve fiber layer being a birefringent layer and wherein the reflected radiation interferometrically combined including that from said retinal nerve fiber layer.

Claim 52

Dependent Claim 50 words

A method as claimed in claim 44 wherein said method is a method of measuring retinal nerve axon density, the retinal nerve fiber layer being a birefringent layer, and wherein said processing step includes the step of determining the rate of change in birefringent retardation with nerve fiber layer thickness.

Claim 53

Dependent Claim 124 words

A method as claimed in claim 40 wherein said generating step includes the step of generating short coherence length optical radiation at at least two different wavelengths λ 1 and λ 2 , at least one spectral characteristic of the biological tissue being different between the wavelengths λ 1 and λ 2 ; wherein said interferometrically combining step includes the steps of providing a first combined optical output modulated at a frequency f 1 and a second combined optical output modulated at a frequency f 2 ; wherein said detecting step includes the steps of separately demodulating said first and second combined optical outputs; and wherein said processing step includes the step of processing the two outputs to obtain information concerning said microstructural feature.

Claim 54

Dependent Claim 26 words

A method as claimed in claim 48 wherein the demodulating step includes the step of filtering in a selected band centered at the appropriate modulated frequency.

Claim 55

Dependent Claim 46 words

A method as claimed in claim 48 wherein said processing step includes the step of utilizing a detected difference in spectral characteristics of a sample at different wavelengths to determine at least one of a material of the sample and a property of a sample material.

Claim 56

Dependent Claim 68 words

A method as claimed in claim 48 wherein said sample is formed of at least two layers which are composed of material having different spectral characteristics at at least one of the wavelengths λ 1 and λ 2 , and wherein said processing step includes the step of utilizing a detected difference in spectral characteristics for a sample at different wavelengths to determine the boundary between said layers.

Annuity Stage	Window Opens	Payment Deadline	Surcharge Period Until	Estimated Fee	Status
3.5 Years (Year 4)	1998-10-16	1999-04-17	1999-10-17	$2000.00	Window Closed / Lapsed
7.5 Years (Year 8)	2002-10-16	2003-04-17	2003-10-17	$3760.00	Window Closed / Lapsed
11.5 Years (Year 12)	2006-10-16	2007-04-17	2007-10-17	$7700.00	Window Closed / Lapsed

Method and apparatus for performing optical measurements

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