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US5381150A
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Partial intercept LPI (low probability of intercept) reconnaissance system
Assignee: Northrop Grumman Systems Corp
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Filing: 1993-05-07
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Granted: 1995-01-10
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Expires: 2013-05-07
Abstract
Abstract Disclosed is an apparatus and method for separately tracking, identifying and providing DF on LPI RF transmitters. Intercepter circuitry which includes an antenna and a single channel receiver is utilized to receive and down convert LPI RF signals to LPI IF signals. Digitizer circuitry is utilized for down converting the LPI IF signals to LPI baseband signals as well as utilized for converting the LPI baseband signals to digital data. A spectrum analyzer generates power spectrums utilizing the digital data and passes the power spectrums to a signal detector. The signal detector detects signal clusters in the power spectrums and associates the signal clusters from the same LPI RF signals to create pulse descriptor words for the LPI RF signals. Tracker/database circuitry tracks and identifies the LPI RF transmitters by utilizing the pulse duration, pulse frequency and pulse phase of the pulse descriptor words and a DF system provides DF information on the LPI RF transmitters by performing multiple frequency AOA calculations.
Inventors
- 👤 Christopher A. Hawkins
- 👤 Fred M. Tse
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-11-09 19:36
CPC Classifications
G; G01; G01S; G01S7/00; G01S7/02; G01S7/36; G01R; G01R23/00; G01R23/16; G01R23/165; G01S7/021
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 46
Claim 1
Independent Claim
237 words
A partial intercept LPI (low probability of intercept) reconnaissance system to separately identify, track and provide DF (direction finding) on LPI RF (radio frequency) transmitters, said partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system comprising: intercepter means for intercepting a plurality of LPI RF signals, said intercepter means operable to down convert the plurality of LPI RF signals to a plurality of LPI IF (intermediate frequency) signals; digitizer means for down converting the plurality of LPI IF signals to a plurality of LPI baseband signals and for digitizing the plurality of LPI baseband signals to digital data; spectrum analyzer means for generating a plurality of power spectrums utilizing the digital data; signal detector means for detecting a plurality of signal clusters in the plurality of power spectrums, wherein said signal detector means associates signal clusters from the same LPI RF signals to create a plurality of pulse descriptor words (PDW) from the plurality of LPI RF signals; tracker/database means for identifying and tracking the LPI RF transmitters, wherein said tracker/database means identifies the LPI RF transmitters by utilizing pulse duration and pulse frequency of the pulse descriptor words (PDW) and tracks the LPI RF transmitters by utilizing pulse phase; and DF system means for providing DF on the LPI RF transmitters by determining angle of arrival (AOA) of the plurality of LPI RF signals utilizing phase data gathered at different frequencies by a plurality of multiple frequency antenna pair measurements.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
237 words
A partial intercept LPI (low probability of intercept) reconnaissance system to separately identify, track and provide DF (direction finding) on LPI RF (radio frequency) transmitters, said partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system comprising: intercepter means for intercepting a plurality of LPI RF signals, said intercepter means operable to down convert the plurality of LPI RF signals to a plurality of LPI IF (intermediate frequency) signals; digitizer means for down converting the plurality of LPI IF signals to a plurality of LPI baseband signals and for digitizing the plurality of LPI baseband signals to digital data; spectrum analyzer means for generating a plurality of power spectrums utilizing the digital data; signal detector means for detecting a plurality of signal clusters in the plurality of power spectrums, wherein said signal detector means associates signal clusters from the same LPI RF signals to create a plurality of pulse descriptor words (PDW) from the plurality of LPI RF signals; tracker/database means for identifying and tracking the LPI RF transmitters, wherein said tracker/database means identifies the LPI RF transmitters by utilizing pulse duration and pulse frequency of the pulse descriptor words (PDW) and tracks the LPI RF transmitters by utilizing pulse phase; and DF system means for providing DF on the LPI RF transmitters by determining angle of arrival (AOA) of the plurality of LPI RF signals utilizing phase data gathered at different frequencies by a plurality of multiple frequency antenna pair measurements.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
58 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 1 wherein the intercepter means includes an antenna and a single channel receiver, said antenna operable to receive the plurality of LPI RF signals, said single channel receiver operable to tune to and down convert the plurality of LPI RF signals to the plurality of LPI IF signals.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
60 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 1 wherein the digitizer means includes a mixer and an A/D (analog to digital) converter, said mixer operable to down convert the plurality of LPI IF signals to the plurality of LPI baseband signals, said A/D converter operable to convert the plurality of LPI baseband signals to the digital data.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
61 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance systems as defined in claim 1 wherein the spectrum analyzer means includes an I/O (input/output) module and a spectrum processor, said I/O module operable to control the transfer of the digital data from the digitizer means to the spectrum processor, said spectrum processor operable to process the digital data to generate the plurality of power spectrums.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
55 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 4 wherein the I/O module includes a hardware FIFO (first in first out) buffer and a DMA (direct memory access) controller, said FIFO buffer and said DMA controller operable to control the transfer of the digital data from the digitizer means to the spectrum processor.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
73 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 5 wherein the spectrum processor includes an input circular buffer and an output circular buffer, said input circular buffer operable to gather and store the digital data in a plurality of data frames, wherein each data frame is utilized for generating each power spectrum, said output circular buffer operable to gather and store the plurality of power spectrums generated by the spectrum processor.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
71 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 6 wherein the spectrum processor further includes means for generating a power spectrum by utilizing a portion of the digital data in the data frame, converting this portion of the digital data in the data frame to IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) floating point format, applying a window function, performing a fast fourier transform, and computing the magnitude squared.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
23 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 7 wherein the spectrum analyzer means is a 6U VME i860 processor card.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
54 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 1 wherein the signal detector means computes the average noise power of each power spectrum and associates signal clusters from the same LPI RF signals by utilizing the LPI RF signal frequency, bandwidth, time of arrival (TOA), time of down (TOD) and signal strength.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
103 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 9 wherein the signal detector means includes means for determining if any of a plurality of current signal clusters match any of a plurality of previously identified active signal clusters, means for determining if any of a plurality of unassociated signal clusters not matched with the plurality of previously identified active signal clusters are real LPI RF signals or noise and means for determining if any of the plurality of previously identified active signal clusters have gone down to create the plurality of pulse descriptor words for the plurality of LPI RF signals.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
23 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 10 wherein the signal detector means is a 6U VME i860 processor card.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
46 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 1 wherein the tracker/database means includes means for identifying an LPI RF transmitter by comparing the pulse duration and pulse frequency of the pulse descriptor words (PDW) to a list of known LPI RF transmitter types.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
61 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 12 wherein the tracker/database means further includes means for determining if a PDW matches an active transmission of the same LPI RF transmitter in an official database by utilizing the pulse phase of the PDW, wherein if the PDW matches an active transmission, the official database is updated with the PDW.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
78 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 13 wherein the tracker/database means further includes means for determining if the PDW matches a candidate transmission in a candidate database by utilizing the pulse phase of the PDW, wherein if the PDW matches a candidate transmission, the candidate database is updated, wherein if the PDW doesn't match a candidate transmission, the PDW is entered into the candidate database as a candidate transmission having only one PDW detected.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
62 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 14 wherein the tracker/database means further includes means for determining the precision down time of the PDW to create an updated PDW, if the PDW matches an active transmission in the official database or a maturing candidate transmission in the candidate database by utilizing the digital data in the spectrum analyzer means.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
86 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 15 wherein the tracker/database means further includes means for determining if the updated PDW matches an active transmission in the official database or a candidate transmission in the candidate database, wherein if the updated PDW matches an active transmission or a candidate transmission, the official database or the candidate database is updated with the updated PDW, wherein if the updated PDW does not match an active transmission or a candidate transmission, the updated PDW is discarded.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
22 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 16 wherein the tracker/database means is a 6U VME i860 processor card.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
46 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 1 wherein the pulse phase of a PDW is determined by utilizing a time of down (TOD) of the PDW and an expected TOD that is based on a multiple period extrapolation of measured timing parameter.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
37 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 18 wherein the pulse phase of the PDW is determined by taking the difference between the TOD of the PDW and the expected TOD of the PDW.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
23 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 1 wherein the DF system means is a narrowband two-channel fast DF system.
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
220 words
A partial intercept LPI (low probability of intercept) reconnaissance system to separately identify, track and provide DF (direction finding) on LPI RF (radio frequency) transmitters, said partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system comprising: intercepter means for intercepting a plurality of LPI RF signals, said intercepter means operable to down convert the plurality of LPI RF signals to a plurality of LPI IF (intermediate frequency) signals; digitizer means for down converting the plurality of LPI IF signals to a plurality of LPI baseband signals and for digitizing the plurality of LPI baseband signals to digital data; spectrum analyzer means for generating a plurality of power spectrums utilizing the digital data; signal detector means for detecting a plurality of signal clusters in the plurality of power spectrums, wherein said signal detector means associates signal clusters from the same LPI RF signals to create a plurality of pulse descriptor words (PDW) from the plurality of LPI RF signals; tracker/database means for identifying and tracking the LPI RF transmitters by utilizing pulse duration, pulse frequency and pulse phase of the pulse descriptor words (PDW); and DF system means for providing DF on the LPI RF transmitters by determining angle of arrival (AOA) of the plurality of LPI RF signals utilizing phase data gathered at different frequencies by a plurality of multiple frequency antenna pair measurements.
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
220 words
A partial intercept LPI (low probability of intercept) reconnaissance system to separately identify, track and provide DF (direction finding) on LPI RF (radio frequency) transmitters, said partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system comprising: intercepter means for intercepting a plurality of LPI RF signals, said intercepter means operable to down convert the plurality of LPI RF signals to a plurality of LPI IF (intermediate frequency) signals; digitizer means for down converting the plurality of LPI IF signals to a plurality of LPI baseband signals and for digitizing the plurality of LPI baseband signals to digital data; spectrum analyzer means for generating a plurality of power spectrums utilizing the digital data; signal detector means for detecting a plurality of signal clusters in the plurality of power spectrums, wherein said signal detector means associates signal clusters from the same LPI RF signals to create a plurality of pulse descriptor words (PDW) from the plurality of LPI RF signals; tracker/database means for identifying and tracking the LPI RF transmitters by utilizing pulse duration, pulse frequency and pulse phase of the pulse descriptor words (PDW); and DF system means for providing DF on the LPI RF transmitters by determining angle of arrival (AOA) of the plurality of LPI RF signals utilizing phase data gathered at different frequencies by a plurality of multiple frequency antenna pair measurements.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
55 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 21 wherein the DF system means includes an antenna array containing sets of antenna pairs and an RF processor, said antenna array operable to receive the plurality of LPI RF signals, said RF processor operable to switch to each antenna pair in the antenna array.
Claim 25
Dependent Claim
45 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 22 wherein the DF system means further includes a dual channel receiver, said dual channel receiver operable to tune to and down convert the plurality of LPI RF signals to a plurality of IF signals.
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
102 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 23 wherein the DF system means further includes a digital processing unit, said digital processing unit including a fast DF hardware and a control processor, said fast DF hardware operable to filter and convert the plurality of IF signals to digital data and operable to integrate the digital data to determine cross correlation data, said control processor operable to convert the cross correlation data into the multiple frequency phase data and operable to provide the DF of the LPI RF transmitters by utilizing the multiple frequency phase data and a calibration table.
Claim 27
Dependent Claim
54 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 24 wherein the control processor is further operable to transfer the multiple frequency phase data to the tracker/database means for storage and operable to retrieve the multiple frequency phase data accumulated in the tracker/database means to provide the DF of the LPI RF transmitters.
Claim 28
Dependent Claim
41 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 21 wherein the DF system means provides the DF of an LPI RF transmitter by utilizing the multiple frequency phase data gathered by a plurality of multiple frequency antenna pair measurements.
Claim 29
Dependent Claim
52 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 26 wherein the DF system means determines the DF of the LPI RF transmitter by forming and minimizing an error function by utilizing the multiple frequency pulse data, the number of antenna pair measurements, and the frequency during each antenna pair measurement.
Claim 30
Dependent Claim
38 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 21 wherein the signal detector means sends an up alarm to the DF system means to request the DF system means to gather the multiple frequency phase data.
Claim 31
Dependent Claim
58 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 21 wherein the intercepter means includes an antenna and a single channel receiver, said antenna operable to receive the plurality of LPI RF signals, said single channel receiver operable to tune to and down convert the plurality of LPI RF signals to the plurality of LPI IF signals.
Claim 32
Dependent Claim
60 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 29 wherein the digitizer means includes a mixer and an A/D (analog to digital) converter, said mixer operable to down convert the plurality of LPI IF signals to the plurality of LPI baseband signals, said A/D converter operable to convert the plurality of LPI baseband signals to the digital data.
Claim 33
Dependent Claim
41 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 30 wherein the spectrum analyzer means includes a spectrum processor, said spectrum processor operable for generating a power spectrum by utilizing a portion of the digital data in a data frame.
Claim 34
Dependent Claim
53 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 31 wherein the signal detector means computes the average noise power of each power spectrum and associates signal clusters from the same LPI RF signals by utilizing the LPI RF signal frequency, bandwidth, time of arrival, time of down (TOD) and signal strength.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim
39 words
The partial intercept LPI reconnaissance system as defined in claim 32 wherein the tracker/database means determines the pulse phase of a PDW by taking the difference between the TOD of the PDW and the expected TOD of the PDW.
Claim 36
Independent Claim
236 words
A method of separately identifying, tracking and providing DF (direction finding) on LPI (low probability of intercept) RF (radio frequency) transmitters, said method comprising the steps of: providing intercepter circuitry for intercepting a plurality of LPI RF signals; down converting the plurality of LPI RF signals intercepted by the intercepter circuitry to a plurality of LPI baseband signals and digitizing the plurality of LPI baseband signals to digital data in a digitizer; generating a plurality of power spectrums in a spectrum analyzer utilizing the digital data; detecting a plurality of signal clusters in the plurality of power spectrums utilizing a signal detector; associating signal clusters from the same LPI RF signals to create a plurality of pulse descriptor words (PDW); identifying the LPI RF transmitters in a tracker/database by utilizing pulse duration and pulse frequency of the pulse descriptor words; tracking the LPI RF transmitters in the tracker/database by utilizing pulse phase of the pulse descriptor words; and providing DF on the LPI RF transmitters in a DF system by determining angle of arrival (AOA) of the plurality of LPI RF signals utilizing phase data gathered at multiple frequencies by a plurality of multiple frequency antenna pair measurements and forming and minimizing an error function which is a function of only AOA (angle of arrival) by utilizing the multiple frequency phase data, the number of antenna pair measurements, and the frequency during each antenna pair measurement.
Claim 37
Independent Claim
236 words
A method of separately identifying, tracking and providing DF (direction finding) on LPI (low probability of intercept) RF (radio frequency) transmitters, said method comprising the steps of: providing intercepter circuitry for intercepting a plurality of LPI RF signals; down converting the plurality of LPI RF signals intercepted by the intercepter circuitry to a plurality of LPI baseband signals and digitizing the plurality of LPI baseband signals to digital data in a digitizer; generating a plurality of power spectrums in a spectrum analyzer utilizing the digital data; detecting a plurality of signal clusters in the plurality of power spectrums utilizing a signal detector; associating signal clusters from the same LPI RF signals to create a plurality of pulse descriptor words (PDW); identifying the LPI RF transmitters in a tracker/database by utilizing pulse duration and pulse frequency of the pulse descriptor words; tracking the LPI RF transmitters in the tracker/database by utilizing pulse phase of the pulse descriptor words; and providing DF on the LPI RF transmitters in a DF system by determining angle of arrival (AOA) of the plurality of LPI RF signals utilizing phase data gathered at multiple frequencies by a plurality of multiple frequency antenna pair measurements and forming and minimizing an error function which is a function of only AOA (angle of arrival) by utilizing the multiple frequency phase data, the number of antenna pair measurements, and the frequency during each antenna pair measurement.
Claim 38
Dependent Claim
53 words
The method as defined in claim 34 wherein the step of providing intercepter circuitry includes the steps of providing: an antenna to receive the plurality of LPI RF signals; and a single channel receiver to tune to and down convert the plurality of LPI RF signals to a plurality of LPI IF signals.
Claim 39
Dependent Claim
72 words
The method as defined in claim 35 wherein the step of down converting the plurality of LPI RF signals and digitizing the plurality of LPI basebands signals in a digitizer includes the steps of providing: a mixer to down convert the plurality of LPI IF signals to the plurality of LPI baseband signals; and an A/D (analog to digital) converter to convert the plurality of LPI baseband signals to the digital data.
Claim 40
Dependent Claim
77 words
The method as defined in claim 34 wherein the step of generating the plurality of power spectrums in a spectrum analyzer includes the steps of providing: an I/O (input/output) module having a hardware FIFO (first in first out) buffer and a DMA (direct memory access) controller to control the transfer of the digital data from the digitizer to a spectrum processor; and the spectrum processor to process the digital data to generate the plurality of power spectrums.
Claim 41
Dependent Claim
100 words
The method as defined in claim 37 wherein the step of generating the plurality of power spectrums further includes the steps of: storing the digital data in a plurality of data frames; utilizing a portion of the digital data in the data frame; converting the portion of the digitized data in the data frame to IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) floating point format; applying a window function to the portion of the digital data; performing a fast fourier transform to the portion of the digital data; and computing the magnitude squared to the portion of the digital data.
Claim 42
Dependent Claim
109 words
The method as defined in claim 34 wherein the steps of detecting and associating signal clusters includes the steps of: computing the average noise power of each power spectrum; determining if any of a plurality of current signal clusters match any of a plurality of previously identified active signal clusters; determining if any of a plurality of unassociated signal clusters not matched with the plurality of previously identified active signal clusters are real LPI RF signals or noise; and determining if any of the plurality of previously identified active signal clusters have gone down to create the plurality of pulse descriptor words for the plurality of LPI RF signals.
Claim 43
Dependent Claim
40 words
The method as defined in claim 34 wherein the step of identifying the RF transmitters includes the step of: comparing the pulse duration and pulse frequency of the pulse descriptor words to a list of known LPI RF transmitter types.
Claim 44
Dependent Claim
111 words
The method as defined in claim 34 wherein the step of tracking the LPI RF transmitters includes the steps of: determining if the PDWs match an active transmission of the same LPI RF transmitter in an official database by utilizing the pulse phase of the PDW; updating the official database if the PDW matches an active transmission; determining if the PDW matches a candidate transmission in a candidate database by utilizing the pulse phase of the PDW; updating the candidate database if the PDW matches a candidate transmission; and updating the candidate database if the PDW does not match a candidate transmission as a candidate transmission having only one PDW detected.
Claim 45
Dependent Claim
101 words
The method as defined in claim 41 wherein the steps of tracking the RF transmitters further includes the steps of: determining the precision down time of the PDW to create an updated PDW if the PDW matches an active transmission in the official database or a maturing candidate transmission in the candidate database; determining if the updated PDW matches an active transmission in the official database or a candidate transmission in the candidate database; updating the official database or the candidate database with the updated PDW if there is a match; and discarding the PDW if there is not a match.
Claim 46
Dependent Claim
69 words
The method as defined in claim 34 wherein the step of tracking the LPI RF transmitters includes the steps of: determining the pulse phase of a PDW utilizing a time of down (TOD) of the PDW and an expected TOD that is based on a multiple period extrapolation of measured timing parameters; and taking the difference between the TOD of the PDW and the expected TOD of the PDW.
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