Transient control aspects of circuit arrangements for altering the dynamic range of audio signals

Claim 2

A circuit for modifying the dynamic range of an input signal comprising means for modifying the dynamic range of said input signal in response to a control signal to provide an output signal, and means for generating said control signal, said control signal generating means including capacitance means for smoothing the control signal, means for deriving a first signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, the rate of change of amplitude with time of said first signal being less than the rate of change of amplitude with time of said output signal, means for charging said capacitance means with said first signal in response to steady-state conditions, means for deriving a second signal from a point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, the rate of change of amplitude with time of said second signal being substantially similar to that of said output signal, means for charging said capacitance means very rapidly with said second signal in response to transient input signal conditions, and means for deriving said control signal from the charge on said capacitance means.

Claim 3

The circuit of claim 1 wherein said means for charging the capacitance means with a first signal is in a first signal path and said means for charging the capacitance means with a second signal is in a second signal path.

Claim 4

The circuit of claim 1 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with a second signal includes means for limiting the charging of said capacitance means by said second signal, whereby overshoot suppression effects are limited.

Claim 5

The circuit of claim 1 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with a first signal has a first signal responsive variable threshold and said means for charging said capacitance means with a second signal has a second signal responsive variable threshold, higher than said first threshold, said first and second thresholds rising and falling in substantially the same way.

Claim 6

The circuit of claim 4 wherein the lowest point of said second threshold relative to said first threshold is about 10 decibels above said first threshold for extreme transient conditions.

Claim 7

The circuit of claim 1 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means very rapidly with a second signal has a charging rate which increases as the amplitude of the input signal increases, whereby overshoot suppression effects are controllably phased in.

Claim 8

The circuit of claim 1 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with a second signal has an overall circuit gain which is less than the overall circuit gain of said means for charging said capacitance means with a first signal.

Claim 9

The circuit of claims 1, 3, 4, 6, or 7 wherein said means for charging the capacitance means with a second signal charges said capacitance means to a level substantially no greater than the level to which the means for charging the capacitance means with a first signal later charges the capacitance means in response to the same portion of the output signal.

Claim 10

The circuit of claim 8 wherein said means for generating said control signal further comprises means for charging said capacitance means with a third signal, said means for charging said capacitance means with a third signal charging said capacitance means slowly in response to low frequency increases in the amplitude of said input signal.

Claim 11

The circuit of claim 9 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal includes means for amplifying, peak rectifying, and smoothing a signal applied to the input of said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal, and means for gently charging said capacitance means with said amplified, peak rectified, and smoothed signal.

Claim 12

The circuit of claim 9 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal derives its input signal from said signal point in opposition to said control signal thereby providing a negative feedback arrangement that reduces the charging signal as the control signal increases.

Claim 13

The circuit of claims 1, 3, 4, 6, or 7 wherein said first signal has a charging effect larger than the charging effect of said second signal for slowly changing input signals and the second signal has a charging effect larger than the charging effect of said first signal means for rapidly changing input signals.

Claim 14

The circuit of claim 12 wherein said means for generating said control signal further comprises means for charging said capacitance means with a third signal, said means for charging said capacitance means with a third signal charging said capacitance means slowly in response to low frequency increases in the amplitude of said input signal.

Claim 15

The circuit of claim 13 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal includes means for amplifying, peak rectifying, and smoothing a signal applied to the input of said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal, and means for gently charging said capacitance means with said amplified, peak rectified, and smoothed signal.

Claim 16

The circuit of claim 13 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal derives its input signal from said signal point in opposition to said control signal thereby providing a negative feedback arrangement that reduces the charging signal as the control signal increases.

Claim 17

The circuit of claims 1, 3, 4, 6, or 7 wherein said means for generating a control signal further comprises means for charging said capacitance means with a third signal, said means for charging said capacitance means with a third signal charging the capacitance means slowly in response to low frequency increases in the amplitude of said input signal.

Claim 18

The circuit of claim 16 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal includes means for amplifying, peak rectifying, and smoothing a signal applied to the input of said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal, and means for gently charging said capacitance means with said amplified, peak rectified, and smoothed signal.

Claim 19

The circuit of claim 17 wherein said means for gently charging said capacitance means with the smoothed signal comprises differentiating means, high value resistance means and diode means.

Claim 20

The circuit of claim 16 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal derives its input signal from said signal point in opposition to said control signal thereby providing a negative feedback arrangement that reduces the charging signal as the control signal increases.

Claim 21

The circuit of claims 1, 3, 4, 6, or 7 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with a second signal includes diode means, said means for charging said capacitance means with a second signal operating said diode means in that portion of its diode characteristic such that said diode means operates as a variable resistor in order to provide a voltage dependent charging current.

Claim 22

A circuit for modifying the dynamic range of an input signal, comprising means for modifying the dynamic range of said input signal in response to a control signal to provide an output signal, and means for generating said control signal, said control signal generating means including means for deriving a first signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, means for rectifying said first signal, means, including capacitance means, for smoothing said rectified first signal, said capacitance means being charged by said rectified first signal, means for deriving a second signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, means for rectifying said second signal, means, having a variable low impedance, for applying a charging current to said capacitance means, the amplitude of said charging current being determined by the amplitude of said rectified second signal, and increasing as the amplitude of said rectified second signal increases, whereby overshoot suppression effects are controllably phased in, and means for deriving said control signal from the charge on said capacitance means.

Claim 23

A circuit for modifying the dynamic range of an input signal, comprising means for modifying the dynamic range of said input signal in response to a control signal to provide an output signal, and means for generating said control signal, said control signal generating means including means for deriving a first signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, means for rectifying said first signal, means, including capacitance means, for smoothing said rectified first signal, said capacitance means being charged by said rectified first signal, means for deriving a second signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, means for rectifying said second signal, means, having a variable low impedance, for applying a charging current to said capacitance means, the amplitude of said charging current being determined by the amplitude of said rectified second signal, and increasing as the amplitude of said rectified second signal increases, whereby overshoot suppression effects are controllably phased in, and means for deriving said control signal from the charge on said capacitance means.

Claim 24

The circuit of claim 21 wherein said means for deriving said first signal, said means for rectifying said first signal, and said means for smoothing said rectified first signal comprise a steady-state signal path and wherein said means for deriving said second signal, said means for rectifying said second signal, and said means for applying a charging current to said capacitance means comprise an overshoot suppression signal path.

Claim 25

The circuit of claim 22 wherein said overshoot suppression signal path has a time constant for charging said capacitance means substantially shorter than the time constant of the steady-state signal path for charging said capacitance means, whereby transient input signal components are rapidly applied to said capacitance means via said overshoot suppression signal path.

Claim 26

The circuit of claim 21 wherein the gain of said overshoot suppression signal path is less than the gain of the steady-state signal path, whereby the overshoot suppression signal path charges said capacitance means to a level substantially no greater that the level to which the steady-state signal path charges the capacitance means in response to the same portion of the output signal.

Claim 27

The circuit of claim 24 wherein said means for applying a charging current to said capacitance means includes diode means, said means for applying a charging current operating said diode means in that portion of its diode characteristic such that said diode means operates as a variable resistor in order to provide a voltage dependent charging current.

Claim 28

The circuit of claims 21, 24, or 25 further comprising means for deriving a third signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, said third signal responding to low frequency increases in the amplitude of said input signal and, means for charging the capacitance means slowly with said third signal.

Claim 29

The circuit of claim 26 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal has a charging rate which increases as the amplitude of the third signal increases.

Claim 30

The circuit of claim 26 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal includes means for amplifying, peak rectifying, and smoothing a signal applied to the input of said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal, and means for gently charging said capacitance means with said amplified, peak rectified, and smoothed signal.

Claim 31

The circuit of claim 28 wherein said means for gently charging said capacitance means with the smoothed signal comprises differentiating means, high value resistance means and diode means.

Claim 32

The circuit of claim 13 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal derives its input signal from said signal point in opposition to said control signal thereby providing a negative feedback arrangement that reduces the charging signal as the control signal increases.

Claim 33

The circuit of claim 21 wherein said means for smoothing said rectified first signal includes a first smoothing stage and a second smoothing stage, said second smoothing stage including said capacitance means and said first smoothing stage including further capacitance means, said first smoothing stage having a shorter attach time constant than said second smoothing stage, said first smoothing stage and second smoothing stage being interconnected.

Claim 34

The circuit of claim 21 wherein said means for applying a charging current to said capacitance means, said charging current being dependent on the amplitude of said second signal, includes means for limiting the charging of said capacitance means by said charging current, whereby overshoot suppression effects are limited.

Claim 35

The circuit of claim 21 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with said rectified first signal has a first signal responsive variable threshold and said means for applying a charging current to said capacitance means, said charging current being dependent on the amplitude of said second signal, has a second signal responsive variable threshold, higher than said first threshold, said first and second thresholds rising and falling in substantially the same way.

Claim 36

The circuit of claim 33 wherein the lowest point of said second threshold relative to said first threshold is about 10 decibels above said first threshold for extreme transient conditions.

Claim 37

The circuit of claim 21 wherein said means for applying a charging current to said capacitance means includes diode means, said means for applying a charging current operating said diode means in that portion of its diode characteristic such that said diode means operates as a variable resistor in order to provide a voltage dependent charging current.

Claim 38

A circuit for modifying the dynamic range of an input signal, comprising frequency selective circuit means for dividing the frequency spectrum in which the input signal lies into pass-band and stop-band regions, means for modifying the dynamic range of signal components in the pass-band region in response to a control signal to provide an output signal, said control signal acting in response to signal components lying in the pass-band and stop-band regions, means for deriving at least one modulation control signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, said modulation control signal having the characteristic that when combined in opposition with said control signal, the control signal is altered, in a level dependent way, so as to make the control signal less responsive to stop-band signal components as the level of the input signal rises, and means for generating said control signal, said control signal generating means including capacitance means, means for deriving a first signal by combining said modulation control signal in opposition with a signal derived from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, means for charging said capacitance means with said first signal in response to steady-state input signal conditions, means for deriving a second signal by combining said modulation control signal in opposition with a signal derived from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, means for charging said capacitance means very rapidly with said second signal in response to transient input signal conditions, and means for deriving said control signal from the charge on said capacitance means.

Claim 39

A circuit for modifying the dynamic range of an input signal, comprising frequency selective circuit means for dividing the frequency spectrum in which the input signal lies into pass-band and stop-band regions, means for modifying the dynamic range of signal components in the pass-band region in response to a control signal to provide an output signal, said control signal acting in response to signal components lying in the pass-band and stop-band regions, means for deriving at least one modulation control signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, said modulation control signal having the characteristic that when combined in opposition with said control signal, the control signal is altered, in a level dependent way, so as to make the control signal less responsive to stop-band signal components as the level of the input signal rises, and means for generating said control signal, said control signal generating means including capacitance means, means for deriving a first signal by combining said modulation control signal in opposition with a signal derived from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, means for charging said capacitance means with said first signal in response to steady-state input signal conditions, means for deriving a second signal by combining said modulation control signal in opposition with a signal derived from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, means for charging said capacitance means very rapidly with said second signal in response to transient input signal conditions, and means for deriving said control signal from the charge on said capacitance means.

Claim 40

The circuit of claim 36 wherein the first and second signals are derived in opposition to the same modulation control signal.

Claim 41

The circuit of claim 36 wherein the modulation control signal used in deriving said first signal is connected to the input of a smoothing means, and the modulation control signal used in deriving said second signal is derived from the output of said smoothing means.

Claim 42

The circuit of claim 36 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with a first signal includes a first smoothing stage and a second smoothing stage, said second smoothing stage including said capacitance means and said first smoothing stage including further capacitance means, said first smoothing stage having a shorter attach time constant than said second smoothing stage.

Claim 43

A plurality of circuits in accordance with claim 36, arranged in series, wherein said at least one modulation control signal for use in all of said circuits is derived from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as the output of only one of the series circuits.

Claim 44

The circuit of claim 36 wherein the gain of said means for charging said capacitance means with a second signal is less than the gain of said means for charging said capacitance with a first signal, whereby the second signal charges said capacitance means to a level substantially no greater than the level to which the first signal charges the capacitance means in response to the same portion of the input signal.

Claim 45

The circuit of claim 41 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means very rapidly with a second signal has a charging rate which increases as the amplitude of the input signal increases, whereby overshoot suppression effects are controllably phased in.

Claim 46

The circuit of claim 15 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with a first signal derives said first signal by passing said signal derived from a point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal through a variable gain amplifier, the gain of said amplifier being controlled by said modulation control signal, and decreasing as the amplitude of said modulation control signal increases.

Claim 47

The circuit of claim 36 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with a second signal derives said second signal by passing said signal derived from a point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal through a variable gain amplifier, the gain of said amplifier being controlled by said modulation control signal, and decreasing as the amplitude of said modulation control signal increases.

Claim 48

The circuit of claim 36 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with a second signal includes means for limiting the charging of said capacitance means by said second signal, whereby overshoot suppression effects are limited.

Claim 49

The circuit of claim 36 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with a first signal has a first signal responsive variable threshold and said means for charging said capacitance means with a second signal has a second signal responsive variable threshold, higher than said first threshold, said first and second thresholds rising and falling in substantially the same way.

Claim 50

The circuit of claim 46 wherein the lowest point of said second threshold relative to said first threshold is about 10 decibels above said first threshold for extreme transient conditions.

Claim 51

The circuit of claim 36 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means very rapidly with a second signal has a charging rate which increases as the amplitude of the input signal increases, whereby overshoot suppression effects are controllably phased in.

Claim 52

The circuit of claim 48 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means very rapidly with a second signal includes diode means, said means charging said capacitance means very rapidly with a second signal operating said diode means in that portion of its diode characteristic such that said diode means operates as a variable resistor in order to provide a voltage dependent charging current.

Claim 53

The circuit of claims 48 or 49 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with a second signal includes means for limiting the charging of said capacitance means by said second signal, whereby overshoot suppression effects are limited.

Claim 54

The circuit of claims 36, 41, 45, 46, or 48 further comprising means for deriving a third signal by combining a signal derived from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal in opposition with a modulation control signal, and means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal in response to low frequency increases in the amplitude of said input signal.

Claim 55

The circuit of claim 51 wherein the modulation control signal used to derive said third signal cancels out high-frequency components in said third signal.

Claim 56

The circuit of claim 51 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal includes means for amplifying, peak rectifying, and smoothing a signal applied to the input of said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal, and means for gently charging said capacitance means with said amplified, peak rectified, and smoothed signal.

Claim 57

The circuit of claim 53 wherein said means for gently charging said capacitance means with the smoothed signal comprises differentiating means, high value resistance means and diode means.

Claim 58

The circuit of claim 51 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with said third signal derives its input signal from said signal point in opposition to said control signal thereby providing a negative feedback arrangement that reduces the charging signal as the control signal increases.

Claim 59

A circuit according to claims 36 and 48 wherein the circuit is a dual-path circuit comprising a main path and a further path, said main path being linear with respect to dynamic range, and consisting at least of a combining circuit, and said further path consisting at least of said means for modifying the dynamic range of said signal components in the pass band region and said means for generating said control signal, having its input coupled in a Type I circuit to the input of said main path, or in a Type II circuit to the output of said main path, having its output coupled to said combining circuit, and providing a signal, said signal boosting or bucking the main path signal by way of the combining circuit, at least in a part of the frequency band, and being so limited that, in the upper part of the input dynamic range, its boosting or bucking effect on the main path signal is negligibly small.

Claim 60

A circuit for modifying the dynamic range of an input signal, comprising first dynamic action means having a fixed band characteristic action acting in response to a first control signal to provide a first output signal, said first dynamic action means including means for generating a first control signal, said means for generating a first control signal including capacitance means, means for deriving a first signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said first output signal, means for charging said capacitance means with said first signal in response to steady-state input signal conditions, means for deriving a second signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said first output signal, means for charging said capacitance means very rapidly with said second signal in response to transient input signal conditions, and means for deriving said first control signal from the charge on said capacitance means, second dynamic action means having a sliding band characteristic action in response to a second control signal to provide a second output signal, said second dynamic action means including means for generating a second control signal, said means for generating a second control signal including further capacitance means, means for deriving a third signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said second output signal, means for charging said further capacitance means with said third signal in response to steady-state input signal conditions, means for deriving a fourth signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said second output signal, means for charging said further capacitance means very rapidly with said fourth signal in response to transient input signal conditions, and means for deriving said second control signal from the charge on said further capacitance means, and means for coupling said first dynamic action means to said second dynamic action means.

Claim 61

A circuit for modifying the dynamic range of an input signal, comprising first dynamic action means having a fixed band characteristic action acting in response to a first control signal to provide a first output signal, said first dynamic action means including means for generating a first control signal, said means for generating a first control signal including capacitance means, means for deriving a first signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said first output signal, means for charging said capacitance means with said first signal in response to steady-state input signal conditions, means for deriving a second signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said first output signal, means for charging said capacitance means very rapidly with said second signal in response to transient input signal conditions, and means for deriving said first control signal from the charge on said capacitance means, second dynamic action means having a sliding band characteristic action in response to a second control signal to provide a second output signal, said second dynamic action means including means for generating a second control signal, said means for generating a second control signal including further capacitance means, means for deriving a third signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said second output signal, means for charging said further capacitance means with said third signal in response to steady-state input signal conditions, means for deriving a fourth signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said second output signal, means for charging said further capacitance means very rapidly with said fourth signal in response to transient input signal conditions, and means for deriving said second control signal from the charge on said further capacitance means, and means for coupling said first dynamic action means to said second dynamic action means.

Claim 62

The circuit of claim 57 wherein said means for generating a first control signal further comprises means for deriving a fifth signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said first output signal, and means for charging said capacitance means slowly with said firth signal in response to low frequency increases in the amplitude of said first output signal.

Claim 63

The circuit of claim 58 wherein said means for generating a second control signal further comprises means for charging said further capacitance means with said fifth signal.

Claim 64

The circuit of claim 58 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with said fifth signal includes means for amplifying, peak rectifying, and smoothing a signal applied to the input of said means for charging said capacitance means with said fifth signal, and means for gently charging said capacitance means with said amplified, peak rectified, and smoothed signal.

Claim 65

The circuit of claim 60 wherein said means for gently charging said capacitance means with the smoothed signal comprises differentiating means, high value resistance means and diode means.

Claim 66

The circuit of claim 58 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with said fifth signal derives its input signal from said signal point in opposition to said control signal thereby providing a negative feedback arrangement that reduces the charging signal as the control signal increases.

Claim 67

The circuit of claims 57 or 58 wherein said means for generating a second control signal further comprises means for charging said further capacitance means with said second signal.

Claim 68

The circuit of claim 57 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means very rapidly with a second signal has a charging rate which increases as the amplitude of the input signal increases, whereby overshoot suppression effects in said first dynamic action means are controllably phased in, and wherein said means for charging said further capacitance means very rapidly with a fourth signal has a charging rate which increases as the amplitude of the input signal increases, whereby overshoot suppression effects in said second dynamic action means are controllably phased in.

Claim 69

The circuit of claim 64 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means very rapidly with a second signal includes diode means, said means charging said capacitance means very rapidly with a second signal operating said diode means in that portion of its diode characteristic such that said diode means operates as a variable resistor in order to provide a voltage dependent charging current and wherein said means for charging said further capacitance means very rapidly with a fourth signal includes further diode means, said means charging said capacitance means very rapidly with a fourth signal operating said further diode means in that portion of its diode characteristic such that said further diode means operates as a variable resistor in order to provide a voltage dependent charging current.

Claim 70

The circuit of claims 57 or 64 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means with a second signal includes means for limiting the charging of said capacitance means by said second signal, whereby overshoot suppression effects in said first dynamic action means limited, and wherein said means for charging said further capacitance means with a fourth signal includes means for limiting the charging of said further capacitance means by said fourth signal, whereby overshoot suppression effects in said second dynamic action means are limited.

Claim 71

A circuit according to claims 57, 58 and 64 wherein the circuit is a dual-path circuit comprising a main path and a further path, said main path being linear with respect to dynamic range, and consisting at least of a combining circuit, and said further path consisting at least of said first dynamic action means, said second dynamic action means and said means for generating said first and second control signals, having its input coupled in a Type I circuit to the input of said main path, or in a Type II circuit to the output of said main path, having its output coupled to said combining circuit, and providing a signal, said signal boosting or bucking the main path signal by way of the combining circuit, at least in a part of the frequency band, and being so limited that, in the upper part of the input dynamic range, its boosting or bucking effect on the main path signal is negligibly small.

Claim 72

A circuit for modifying the dynamic range of an input signal, comprising means for modifying the dynamic range of said input signal in response to a control signal to provide an output signal, and means for generating said control signal, said control signal generating means including capacitance means from which said control signal is derived, and said means for generating said control signal further comprising means for deriving a charging signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, and means for charging said capacitance means with said charging signal, said means for charging said capacitance means charging said capacitance means slowly in response to low frequency increases in the amplitude of said output signal.

Claim 73

A circuit for modifying the dynamic range of an input signal, comprising means for modifying the dynamic range of said input signal in response to a control signal to provide an output signal, and means for generating said control signal, said control signal generating means including capacitance means from which said control signal is derived, and said means for generating said control signal further comprising means for deriving a charging signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, and means for charging said capacitance means with said charging signal, said means for charging said capacitance means charging said capacitance means slowly in response to low frequency increases in the amplitude of said output signal.

Claim 74

The circuit of claim 68 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means includes means for amplifying, peak rectifying, and smoothing the output of said means for deriving a signal from a signal point substantially the same dynamically as said output signal, and means for gently charging said capacitance means with said amplified, peak rectified, and smoothed signal.

Claim 75

The circuit of claim 69 wherein said means for gently charging said capacitance means with the smoothed signal comprises differentiating means, high value resistance means and diode means.

Claim 76

The circuit of claims 68 or 69 wherein said means for charging said capacitance means derives its charging signal from said signal point in opposition to said control signal thereby providing a negative feedback arrangement that reduces the charging signal as the control signal increases.

Claim 77

A circuit according to claims 1, 8, or 68 wherein the circuit is a dual-path circuit comprising a main path and a further path, said main path being linear with respect to dynamic range, and consisting at least of a combining circuit, said further path consisting at least of said means for modifying the dynamic range of said input signal and said means for generating said control signal having its input coupled in a Type I circuit to the input of said main path, or in a Type II circuit to the output of said main path having its output coupled to said combining circuit, and providing a signal, said signal boosting or bucking the main path signal by way of the combining circuit, at least in a part of the frequency band, and being so limited that, in the upper part of the input dynamic range, its boosting or bucking effect on the main path signal is negligibly small.