Optical star coupler

Claim 2

An optical star coupler comprising at least two cascaded three-ports, each three-port being formed by branching side channel branch circuits into a mixer zone comprising a continuous, central channel comprising a tapered region at the branch point, wherein the branch angle between the side channels and the center channel is greater than or equal to 2.5° and the tapered region is reduced.

Claim 3

An optical star coupler as claimed in claim 1 wherein the side channels comprise conductor lines that are all of a single mode or substantially single mode structure and a confinement factor for the fundamental mode is chosen to exceed 0.9 for all single-mode or substantially single-mode conductor lines.

Claim 4

An optical star coupler as claimed in claim 1 or 2 herein the three-ports comprise coupling-in and coupling-out sides; the sections of the center channel between the three-ports are of a constant width; and the width of the sections of the center channel increases from the coupling-in side and coupling-out side to the center.

Claim 5

An optical star coupler which comprises: (a) a continuous center channel; (b) two channels branched into the center channel at a first three-port; (c) two channels branched into the center channel at a second three-port; (d) two conductor lines branched off the center channel at a third three-port; (e) two further conductor lines branched off of the center channel at a fourth three-port; and (f) a tapered region formed at each three-port branching point; wherein each section of the center channel between two three-ports constitutes a mixer zone; the mixer zone between each three-port is a constant width; the width of the sections increases from the coupling-in or coupling-out side to the center; the branch angle between the side channels or the conductor lines and the center channel is greater than or equal to 2.5°; and the tapered region is reduced.

Claim 6

An optical star coupler which comprises: (a) a continuous center channel; (b) two channels branched into the center channel at a first three-port; (c) two channels branched into the center channel at a second three-port; (d) two conductor lines branched off the center channel at a third three-port; (e) two further conductor lines branched off of the center channel at a fourth three-port; and (f) a tapered region formed at each three-port branching point; wherein each section of the center channel between two three-ports constitutes a mixer zone; the mixer zone between each three-port is a constant width; the width of the sections increases from the coupling-in or coupling-out side to the center; the branch angle between the side channels or the conductor lines and the center channel is greater than or equal to 2.5°; and the tapered region is reduced.

Claim 7

An optical star coupler as claimed in claim 4 wherein the width of the mixer zone between the second and third three-ports is greater than the width of the mixer zones between (a) the first and second three-ports and (b) the third and fourth three-ports.

Claim 8

An optical star coupler as claimed in claim 5 wherein the width of the center channel sections is dimensioned so that i modes can be acquired wherein i is an odd number.

Claim 9

An optical star coupler as claimed in claim 6 wherein i is 5 in the mixer zone between the second and third three-ports.

Claim 10

An optical star coupler as claimed in claim 7 wherein a predetermined distribution of energy at the coupling-out side is available.

Claim 11

An optical star coupler as claimed in claim 5 wherein the conductor lines and channels are of single-mode or substantially single-mode structure.

Claim 12

An optical star coupler as claimed in claim 9 wherein the confinement factor for the fundamental mode exceeds 0.9 for all single-mode or substantially single-mode channels and conductor lines.