Ionic compounds containing the cationic meriquinone of a benzidine

Claim 2

A composition of matter useful for visualization of oxidants, oxidation catalysts or peroxidative catalysts, comprising a complex of a polymeric anion and the meriquinone of a benzidine compound, the benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR4## wherein R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10, and wherein the complex can be isolated by immobilization or precipitation.

Claim 3

A composition of matter useful for visualization of oxidants, oxidation catalysts or peroxidative catalysts, comprising a solid salt of an anion and the meriquinone of a benzidine compound, the benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR5## wherein R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10, and wherein the anion is the conjugate base of an unsaturated or an aromatic organic acid.

Claim 4

A composition of matter useful for visualization of oxidants, oxidation catalysts or peroxidative catalysts, comprising a solid salt of an anion and the meriquinone of a benzidine compound, the benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR5## wherein R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10, and wherein the anion is the conjugate base of an unsaturated or an aromatic organic acid.

Claim 5

The composition of claim 1 wherein the benzidine compound is 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB).

Claim 6

A composition of matter useful for visualization of oxidants, oxidation catalysts or peroxidative catalysts, comprising a solid salt of an anion and the meriquinone of a benzidine compound, the benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR6## wherein R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --C 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10, and wherein the anion is selected from the group consisting of maleate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, glutarate, fumarate, phthalate, isophthalate, terephthalate, malate, tartarate, pyrophosphate, formate, isocitrate, ethylenedinitrilotetra-acetate, 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylate, benzoate, hemimellitate, trimellitate, trimesate, pyromellitate, mellitate and mesaconate.

Claim 7

A composition of matter useful for visualization of oxidants, oxidation catalysts or peroxidative catalysts, comprising a solid salt of an anion and the meriquinone of a benzidine compound, the benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR6## wherein R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --C 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10, and wherein the anion is selected from the group consisting of maleate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, glutarate, fumarate, phthalate, isophthalate, terephthalate, malate, tartarate, pyrophosphate, formate, isocitrate, ethylenedinitrilotetra-acetate, 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylate, benzoate, hemimellitate, trimellitate, trimesate, pyromellitate, mellitate and mesaconate.

Claim 8

A composition of matter useful for visualization of oxidants, oxidation catalysts or peroxidative catalysts, comprising a solid salt of the meriquinone of TMB and an anion selected from the group consisting of halide, nitrate, citrate, maleate, sulfate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, glutarate, fumarate, phthalate, isophthalate, terephthalate, malate, tartarate, pyrophosphate, formate, isocitrate, ethylenedinitrilotetra-acetate, 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylate, benzoate, hemimellitate, trimellitate, trimesate, pyromellitate, mellitate and mesaconate.

Claim 9

A composition of matter useful for visualization of oxidants, oxidation catalysts or peroxidative catalysts, comprising a solid salt of the meriquinone of TMB and an anion selected from the group consisting of halide, nitrate, citrate, maleate, sulfate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, glutarate, fumarate, phthalate, isophthalate, terephthalate, malate, tartarate, pyrophosphate, formate, isocitrate, ethylenedinitrilotetra-acetate, 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylate, benzoate, hemimellitate, trimellitate, trimesate, pyromellitate, mellitate and mesaconate.

Claim 10

The composition of claim 1 wherein the polymeric anion is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, carboxymethyl cellulose, sulfoethyl cellulose, polyphosphate, polyanethole sulfonate and dextran sulfate.

Claim 11

A solid phase or gel containing the composition of claim 1.

Claim 12

A polymer to which is adsorbed the composition of claim 1.

Claim 13

A process for visualizing material comprising an oxidation catalyst or a peroxidative catalyst, the process comprising contacting the material with a benzidine compound in an aqueous reaction medium at a pH of about 3 to 7 so that the benzidine compound is oxidized to a meriquinone derivative thereof, wherein said contacting is in the presence of an oxidant and an amount of an anion or polymeric anion effective to cause formation of a solid salt or immobilized or precipitated complex of the anion or polymeric anion and the meriquinone derivative, thereby forming a solid salt or immobilized or precipitated complex of said anion or polymeric anion, and visualizing any complex so formed, wherein the benzidine compound is given by the structure ##STR7## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10, and wherein the concentration of dissolved meriquinone in equilibrium with said salt or complex ion is less than about 10 -5 M.

Claim 14

A process for visualizing material comprising an oxidation catalyst or a peroxidative catalyst, the process comprising contacting the material with a benzidine compound in an aqueous reaction medium at a pH of about 3 to 7 so that the benzidine compound is oxidized to a meriquinone derivative thereof, wherein said contacting is in the presence of an oxidant and an amount of an anion or polymeric anion effective to cause formation of a solid salt or immobilized or precipitated complex of the anion or polymeric anion and the meriquinone derivative, thereby forming a solid salt or immobilized or precipitated complex of said anion or polymeric anion, and visualizing any complex so formed, wherein the benzidine compound is given by the structure ##STR7## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10, and wherein the concentration of dissolved meriquinone in equilibrium with said salt or complex ion is less than about 10 -5 M.

Claim 15

The process of claim 9 wherein the benzidine compound is TMB, the oxidant is a hydroperoxide, the pH is about 3.5-5.5, and the TMB is used at a concentration near its solubility at said pH of 3.5-5.5.

Claim 16

The process of claim 9 wherein the catalyst is a peroxidase attached to a nucleic acid or to a non-catalytic protein selected from the group consisting of an antibody, antigen, hormone-binding protein, carbohydrate, avidin, streptavidin, lectin, protease inhibitor, nucleic-acid-binding protein, and antibody-binding protein.

Claim 17

The process of claim 11 wherein said antibody-binding protein is an anti-antibody.

Claim 18

The process of claim 11 wherein the non-catalytic protein is an antibody which binds specifically to a virus, rickettsial, bacterium or eukaryotic cell.

Claim 19

The process of claim 11 wherein the non-catalytic protein is streptavidin.

Claim 20

The process of claim 11 wherein the nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to a sequence from a chromosome of an organism.

Claim 21

The process of claim 9 wherein the material comprises or is bound to a nucleic acid.

Claim 22

The process of claim 16 wherein the visualization is achieved on a Southern blot, a Northern blot, a DNA dot blot or an RNA dot blot.

Claim 23

The process of claim 17 wherein the polymeric anion is dextran sulfate.

Claim 24

The process of claim 9, used to detect as analyte a protein selected from the group consisting of antibody, antigen and hemoprotein.

Claim 25

The process of claim 19 wherein the anion is pyrophosphate or a combination of fumarate and dextran sulfate.

Claim 26

The process of claim 19 wherein the protein is an antibody or antigen, and the visualization is achieved on a Western blot, an antigen dot blot, or an antibody dot-blot, in a cell culture, or in an enzyme immunoassay in aqueous solution or suspension.

Claim 27

The process of claim 9, used to detect an analyte selected from the group consisting of antigens, antibodies, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, wherein said analyte is localized in tissue, cells or sub-cellular structures, and the visualization is achieved by histochemical or cytochemical staining.

Claim 28

The process of claim 9 wherein the oxidation catalyst or peroxidative catalyst material is localized on a solid phase or is contained in a gel or fluid.

Claim 29

The process of claim 23 wherein the solid phase comprises glass or a polymer selected from the group consisting of cellulose, nylon, fluorocarbon, polyester, agarose, acrylic ester, acrylic amide and polystyrene.

Claim 30

The process of claim 23 wherein the gel is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylamide, agarose, starch, or gelatin.

Claim 31

A process for visualizing an analyte selected from the group consisting of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, wherein the analyte contained in or on a test sample selected from the group consisting of a solid phase, a gel, a dissolved or suspended mixture containing complementary antibody and antigen, and a dissolved or suspended mixture containing single-stranded nucleic acids, which process comprises: (a) contacting the test sample with an oxidation catalyst attached to a detecting compound capable of specifically binding to the analyte; (b) incubating the test sample from step (a) under conditions whereby the detecting compound will analyte if it is present in the test sample; (c) washing the test sample from step (b) to remove unbound detecting compound; (d) adding to the washed test sample from step (c) a benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR8## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10; (e) subjecting the test sample to conditions under which the benzidine or substituted benzidine will oxidize to the meriquinone thereof in the presence of the oxidatively or peroxidatively active species, said conditions comprising a reaction temperature of 0° to 60° C. and an aqueous medium of pH 3 to 7; wherein an amount of an anion or polymeric anion effective to cause formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of the anion or polymeric anion with the meriquinone is added during one or more of steps (a)-(e), and wherein the concentration of dissolved meriquinone in equilibrium with said salt or complex ion is less than about 10 -5 M; and (f) detecting the formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of said anion or polymeric anion and said cationic meriquinone, wherein said formation indicates the presence or characteristics of the analyte.

Claim 32

A process for visualizing an analyte selected from the group consisting of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, wherein the analyte contained in or on a test sample selected from the group consisting of a solid phase, a gel, a dissolved or suspended mixture containing complementary antibody and antigen, and a dissolved or suspended mixture containing single-stranded nucleic acids, which process comprises: (a) contacting the test sample with an oxidation catalyst attached to a detecting compound capable of specifically binding to the analyte; (b) incubating the test sample from step (a) under conditions whereby the detecting compound will analyte if it is present in the test sample; (c) washing the test sample from step (b) to remove unbound detecting compound; (d) adding to the washed test sample from step (c) a benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR8## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10; (e) subjecting the test sample to conditions under which the benzidine or substituted benzidine will oxidize to the meriquinone thereof in the presence of the oxidatively or peroxidatively active species, said conditions comprising a reaction temperature of 0° to 60° C. and an aqueous medium of pH 3 to 7; wherein an amount of an anion or polymeric anion effective to cause formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of the anion or polymeric anion with the meriquinone is added during one or more of steps (a)-(e), and wherein the concentration of dissolved meriquinone in equilibrium with said salt or complex ion is less than about 10 -5 M; and (f) detecting the formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of said anion or polymeric anion and said cationic meriquinone, wherein said formation indicates the presence or characteristics of the analyte.

Claim 33

The process of claim 26 wherein step (e) is carried out at a pH of about 3.5 to 5.5, the oxidation catalyst is horseradish peroxidase, the benzidine compound is TMB present at a concentration near its solubility at said pH of 3.5-5.5, and the oxidant is a hydroperoxide.

Claim 34

A process for visualizing an analyte selected from the group consisting of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, wherein the analyte is contained in or on a test sample selected from the group consisting of a solid phase, gel and liquid, which process comprises: (a) contacting the test sample with a detecting compound capable of specifically binding to the analyte; (b) contacting the test sample from step (a) with an oxidation catalyst attached to a moiety capable of specifically binding to the detecting compound; (c) incubating the test sample from step (b) under conditions whereby the detecting compound will bind to the catalyst and to the analyte if it is present in the test sample; (d) washing the test sample from step (c) to remove free detecting compound and catalyst; (e) adding to the washed test sample from step (d) a benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR9## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10; (f) subjecting the test sample to conditions under which the benzidine compound will oxidize to the meriquinone thereof in the presence of the analyte, said conditions comprising a reaction temperature of 0° to 60° C. and an aqueous medium of pH 3 to 7; wherein an amount of an anion or polymeric anion effective to cause formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of the anion or polymeric anion with the meriquinone is added during one or more of steps (a)-(f), and wherein the concentration of dissolved meriquinone in equilibrium with said salt or complex ion is less than about 10 -5 M; and (g) detecting the formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of said anion or polymeric anion and said cationic meriquinone, wherein said formation indicates the presence or characteristics of the analyte.

Claim 35

A process for visualizing an analyte selected from the group consisting of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, wherein the analyte is contained in or on a test sample selected from the group consisting of a solid phase, gel and liquid, which process comprises: (a) contacting the test sample with a detecting compound capable of specifically binding to the analyte; (b) contacting the test sample from step (a) with an oxidation catalyst attached to a moiety capable of specifically binding to the detecting compound; (c) incubating the test sample from step (b) under conditions whereby the detecting compound will bind to the catalyst and to the analyte if it is present in the test sample; (d) washing the test sample from step (c) to remove free detecting compound and catalyst; (e) adding to the washed test sample from step (d) a benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR9## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10; (f) subjecting the test sample to conditions under which the benzidine compound will oxidize to the meriquinone thereof in the presence of the analyte, said conditions comprising a reaction temperature of 0° to 60° C. and an aqueous medium of pH 3 to 7; wherein an amount of an anion or polymeric anion effective to cause formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of the anion or polymeric anion with the meriquinone is added during one or more of steps (a)-(f), and wherein the concentration of dissolved meriquinone in equilibrium with said salt or complex ion is less than about 10 -5 M; and (g) detecting the formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of said anion or polymeric anion and said cationic meriquinone, wherein said formation indicates the presence or characteristics of the analyte.

Claim 36

The process of claim 28 wherein step (g) comprises adsorbing the meriquinone to a surface bearing fixed negative charges, or trapping a solid salt of the meriquinone on a filter membrane.

Claim 37

A process for visualizing an analyte selected from the group consisting of an antigen, an antibody or a nucleic acid, contained in or on a solid phase using a Southern blot, a Northern blot, a DNA or RNA dot blot, a Western blot, an antigen dot blot or an antibody dot blot, which process comprises: (a) contacting the solid phase with a peroxidase attached to a detecting compound selected from the group consisting of (i) an antibody capable of binding to the antigen, (ii) an antigen or anti-antibody capable of binding to the antibody, or (iii) a nucleic acid hybridization probe containing a single-stranded nucleotide sequence which is complementary to a sequence contained in the nucleic acid; (b) incubating the solid phase from step (a) under conditions whereby the detecting compound will bind to the antigen, antibody or nucleic acid if it is present in the test sample; (c) washing the solid phase from step (b) to remove unbound detecting compound; (d) adding to the washed solid phase from step (c) a benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR10## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10; (e) subjecting the solid phase to conditions under which the benzidine compound will oxidize to the meriquinone thereof if the peroxidase is present, said conditions comprising a reaction temperature of 0° to 60° C. and an aqueous medium of pH 3 to 7 containing an amount of a hydroperoxide effective to oxidize the benzidine compound; wherein an amount of an anion or polymeric anion effective to cause formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of the anion or polymeric anion with the meriquinone is added during one or more of steps (a)-(e), and wherein the concentration of dissolved meriquinone in equilibrium with said salt or complex ion is less than about 10 -5 M; and (f) detecting the formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of said anion or polymeric anion and said cationic meriquinone, wherein said formation indicates the presence of the material.

Claim 38

A process for visualizing an analyte selected from the group consisting of an antigen, an antibody or a nucleic acid, contained in or on a solid phase using a Southern blot, a Northern blot, a DNA or RNA dot blot, a Western blot, an antigen dot blot or an antibody dot blot, which process comprises: (a) contacting the solid phase with a peroxidase attached to a detecting compound selected from the group consisting of (i) an antibody capable of binding to the antigen, (ii) an antigen or anti-antibody capable of binding to the antibody, or (iii) a nucleic acid hybridization probe containing a single-stranded nucleotide sequence which is complementary to a sequence contained in the nucleic acid; (b) incubating the solid phase from step (a) under conditions whereby the detecting compound will bind to the antigen, antibody or nucleic acid if it is present in the test sample; (c) washing the solid phase from step (b) to remove unbound detecting compound; (d) adding to the washed solid phase from step (c) a benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR10## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10; (e) subjecting the solid phase to conditions under which the benzidine compound will oxidize to the meriquinone thereof if the peroxidase is present, said conditions comprising a reaction temperature of 0° to 60° C. and an aqueous medium of pH 3 to 7 containing an amount of a hydroperoxide effective to oxidize the benzidine compound; wherein an amount of an anion or polymeric anion effective to cause formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of the anion or polymeric anion with the meriquinone is added during one or more of steps (a)-(e), and wherein the concentration of dissolved meriquinone in equilibrium with said salt or complex ion is less than about 10 -5 M; and (f) detecting the formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of said anion or polymeric anion and said cationic meriquinone, wherein said formation indicates the presence of the material.

Claim 39

A process for visualizing an analyte selected from the group consisting of an antigen, an antibody and a nucleic acid, contained in or on a solid phase using a Southern blot, a Northern blot, a DNA or RNA dot blot, a Western blot, an antigen dot blot or an antibody dot blot, which process comprises: (a) contacting the solid phase with a detecting compound selected from the group consisting of (i) an antibody capable of binding to the antigen, (ii) an antigen or anti-antibody capable of binding to the antibody, or (iii) a nucleic acid hybridization probe containing a single-stranded nucleotide sequence which is complementary to a sequence contained in the nucleic acid; (b) contacting the solid phase from step (a) with a peroxidase attached to a moiety capable of binding to the detecting compound; (c) incubating the solid phase from step (b) under conditions whereby the detecting compound will bind to the peroxidase and to the antigen, antibody or nucleic acid if it is present in the solid phase; (d) washing the solid phase from step (c) to remove unbound detecting compound and peroxidase; (e) adding to the washed solid phase from step (d) a benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR11## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10, and wherein the concentration of dissolved meriquinone in equilibrium with said salt or complex ion is less than about 10 -5 M; (f) subjecting the solid phase to conditions under which the benzidine compound will oxidize to the meriquinone thereof if the peroxidase is present, said conditions comprising a reaction temperature of 0° to 60° C. and an aqueous medium of pH 3 to 7 containing an amount of a hydroperoxide effective to oxidize the benzidine compound; wherein an amount of an anion or polymeric anion effective to cause formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of the anion or polymeric anion with the meriquinone is added during one or more of steps (a)-(f); and (g) detecting the formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of said anion or polymeric anion and said cationic meriquinone, wherein said formation indicates the presence of the antigen, antibody or nucleic acid.

Claim 40

A process for visualizing an analyte selected from the group consisting of an antigen, an antibody and a nucleic acid, contained in or on a solid phase using a Southern blot, a Northern blot, a DNA or RNA dot blot, a Western blot, an antigen dot blot or an antibody dot blot, which process comprises: (a) contacting the solid phase with a detecting compound selected from the group consisting of (i) an antibody capable of binding to the antigen, (ii) an antigen or anti-antibody capable of binding to the antibody, or (iii) a nucleic acid hybridization probe containing a single-stranded nucleotide sequence which is complementary to a sequence contained in the nucleic acid; (b) contacting the solid phase from step (a) with a peroxidase attached to a moiety capable of binding to the detecting compound; (c) incubating the solid phase from step (b) under conditions whereby the detecting compound will bind to the peroxidase and to the antigen, antibody or nucleic acid if it is present in the solid phase; (d) washing the solid phase from step (c) to remove unbound detecting compound and peroxidase; (e) adding to the washed solid phase from step (d) a benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR11## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10, and wherein the concentration of dissolved meriquinone in equilibrium with said salt or complex ion is less than about 10 -5 M; (f) subjecting the solid phase to conditions under which the benzidine compound will oxidize to the meriquinone thereof if the peroxidase is present, said conditions comprising a reaction temperature of 0° to 60° C. and an aqueous medium of pH 3 to 7 containing an amount of a hydroperoxide effective to oxidize the benzidine compound; wherein an amount of an anion or polymeric anion effective to cause formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of the anion or polymeric anion with the meriquinone is added during one or more of steps (a)-(f); and (g) detecting the formation of a solid salt or immobilized complex of said anion or polymeric anion and said cationic meriquinone, wherein said formation indicates the presence of the antigen, antibody or nucleic acid.

Claim 41

The process of claim 31 wherein the substituted benzidine is 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine, the anion or polymeric anion is added to step (c), (d), or (e), and the hydroperoxide is hydrogen peroxide.

Claim 42

The process of claim 32 wherein the analyte is DNA, the detecting compound is a DNA hybridization probe labeled with biotin, the peroxidase is horseradish peroxidase conjugated to streptavidin, the anion or polymeric anion is citrate, fumarate, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate or dextran sulfate, and the process is used in a Southern blot.

Claim 43

The process of claim 33 wherein during step (c) or (d) a detergent and/or a urea is used as the incubation or washing solvent and/or during step (f) a cosolvent is employed selected from the group consisting of isopropyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol and dimethyl sulfoxide.

Claim 44

The process of claim 32 wherein the analyte is an antigen or antibody, the detecting compound is an antibody specific to the antigen to be detected or an anti-antibody or antigen specific to the antibody to be detected, the peroxidase is horseradish peroxidase conjugated to an antigen, anti-antibody or antibody capable of specifically interacting with the detecting compound and the anion or polymeric anion is citrate, fumarate, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, or dextran sulfate.

Claim 45

The process of claim 35 wherein the analyte is a ras p21 protein antigen, the detecting compound is an antibody directed to a specific mutant of said protein, and the horseradish peroxidase is conjugated to an anti-antibody specific to the detecting compound.

Claim 46

A process for detecting the presence of an analyte comprising an antigen or an antibody in a liquid test sample, which process comprises: (a) incubating the test sample or an extract thereof with a surface to capture the antigen or antibody and with a peroxidase-labeled antibody or antigen which binds to the antigen or antibody to be detected, these incubations occurring separately, in either order, or together; (b) filtering the incubation mixture of step (a); (c) washing the filter of step (b); (d) incubating the washed product of step (c) with a hydroperoxide and a benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR12## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10, and an amount of an anion or polymeric anion effective to form a solid salt or immobilized complex with the meriquinone of said benzidine or substituted benzidine, and wherein the concentration of dissolved meriquinone in equilibrium with said salt or complex ion is less than about 10 -5 M; (e) filtering and washing the incubate of step (d); and (f) detecting the formation of said solid salt or immobilized complex of said anion or polymeric anion and the meriquinone of said benzidine compound, wherein said formation indicates the presence of said antibody or antigen.

Claim 47

A process for detecting the presence of an analyte comprising an antigen or an antibody in a liquid test sample, which process comprises: (a) incubating the test sample or an extract thereof with a surface to capture the antigen or antibody and with a peroxidase-labeled antibody or antigen which binds to the antigen or antibody to be detected, these incubations occurring separately, in either order, or together; (b) filtering the incubation mixture of step (a); (c) washing the filter of step (b); (d) incubating the washed product of step (c) with a hydroperoxide and a benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR12## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10, and an amount of an anion or polymeric anion effective to form a solid salt or immobilized complex with the meriquinone of said benzidine or substituted benzidine, and wherein the concentration of dissolved meriquinone in equilibrium with said salt or complex ion is less than about 10 -5 M; (e) filtering and washing the incubate of step (d); and (f) detecting the formation of said solid salt or immobilized complex of said anion or polymeric anion and the meriquinone of said benzidine compound, wherein said formation indicates the presence of said antibody or antigen.

Claim 48

The process of claim 37 wherein the surface to capture the antibody or antigen is a filter membrane or beads suspended in the test sample above a filter membrane, the benzidine compound is TMB, steps (d) and (e) are carried out at a low ionic strength and at a pH of 3.5-5.5, and the hydroperoxide is hydrogen peroxide.

Claim 49

A kit for detecting the presence of an analyte selected from the group consisting of an antigen, an antibody, and a nucleic acid, which kit includes instructions which result in the immobilization or precipitation of the meriquinone of a benzidine, the benzidine compound having the structure ##STR13## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10, by application of a polymeric anion or a concentration of an anion sufficient to give a meriquinone solubility below 10 -5 M.

Claim 50

A kit for detecting the presence of an analyte selected from the group consisting of an antigen, an antibody, and a nucleic acid, which kit includes instructions which result in the immobilization or precipitation of the meriquinone of a benzidine, the benzidine compound having the structure ##STR13## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10, by application of a polymeric anion or a concentration of an anion sufficient to give a meriquinone solubility below 10 -5 M.

Claim 51

The kit of claim 39 further comprising an immobilizing or precipitating anion or polymeric anion.

Claim 52

The kit of claim 40 wherein the anio1 is selected from the group consisting of maleate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, glutarate, fumarate, phthalate, isophthalate, terephthalate, malate, tartarate, pyrophosphate, formate, isocitrate, ethylenedinitrilotetra-acetate, 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylate, benzoate, hemimellitate, trimellitate, trimesate, pyromellitate, mellitate and mesaconate.

Claim 53

The kit of claim 41, wherein the benzidine compound is TMB and the anion may also be a halide, nitrate, citrate, or sulfate.

Claim 54

The kit of claim 40, wherein the assay format is that of a Southern blot, Northern blot, nucleic acid dot blot, Western blot, immunodot blot, enzyme immunoassay, or solution-phase nucleic acid hybridization assay.

Claim 55

The kit of claim 43, wherein the DNA of the analyte is all or part of a gene from an HTLV III virus, all or part of an HLA gene, all or part of the gene for a normal or mutant hemoglobin, or all or part of an oncogene, and the format is that of a Southern blot, nucleic acid dot blot, or solution-phase nucleic acid hybridization assay.

Claim 56

The kit of claim 43, wherein the antigen is an oncogene product, and the assay format is that of a Western blot, immunodot blot, or enzyme immunoassay.

Claim 57

The kit of claim 43, wherein the antigen is human chorionic gonadotrophin or human lutenizing hormone, and the assay format is that of an immunodot blot or enzyme immunoassay.

Claim 58

The kit of claim 43, wherein the antigen is derived from the group of pathogenic organisms consisting of Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia, or Herpes simplex virus, and the assay format is that of an immunodot blot or enzyme immunoassay.

Claim 59

The kit of claim 39, further comprising: (a) a detecting compound selected from the group consisting of: (i) an antibody capable of specifically binding to an antigen, (ii) an antibody or anti-antibody capable of specifically binding to an antibody, and (iii) a nucleic acid hybridization probe containing a single-stranded nucleotide sequence which is complementary to a sequence contained in the nucleic acid; (b) a conjugate of a peroxidase and a moiety capable of specifically binding to the detecting compound; and (c) a benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR14## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10.

Claim 60

The kit of claim 48 wherein the benzidine compound is TMB, the analyte is a ras p21 protein antigen, the detecting compound is an antibody directed to a specific mutant of said protein, and the horseradish peroxidase is conjugated to an anti-antibody specific for the detecting compound, and the kit is used in a Western blot.

Claim 61

The kit of claim 49 further comprising one of more controls.

Claim 62

The kit of claim 48 wherein the benzidine compound is TMB, the analyte is DNA, the detecting compound is a DNA hybridization probe labeled with biotin, the peroxidase is horseradish peroxidase conjugated to streptavidin, and the process used is a Southern blot.

Claim 63

The kit of claim 39 for detecting one or more antibodies or antigens in a test sample using an enzyme immunoassay format, which kit further comprises: (a) a benzidine compound given by the structure ##STR15## in which R 1 is H and R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of --H, --F, --Cl, --Br, --CH 3 , --OCH 3 , --(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , and --O--(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , where n is an integer of from 1 to 10, with the proviso that R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are not all --H; (b) a conjugate of a peroxidase to a compound which will detect said antigen or antibody; and either (c) an incubation buffer containing an anion or polymeric anion which will precipitate the meriquinone of said benzidine compound; or (d) a filter membrane or a trapping component bearing fixed negative charges selected from the group consisting of a filter membrane, latex beads, a dipstick, or a cation-exchange resin.

Claim 64

The kit of claim 52 further comprising one or more controls, where the benzidine compound is TMB, the anion is fumarate, and the peroxidase is horseradish peroxidase.

Claim 65

A composition of matter useful for visualization of oxidants, oxidation catalysts for peroxidative catalysts, comprising a complex of a polymeric anion and a meriquinone of a benzidine compound selected from the group consisting of benzidine, TMB, o-dianisidine, o-tolidine, 3,3'-diethylbenzidine, 3,3'-difluorobenzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and 3,3'-dibromobenzidine.

Claim 66

A composition of matter useful for visualization of oxidants, oxidation catalysts for peroxidative catalysts, comprising a complex of a polymeric anion and a meriquinone of a benzidine compound selected from the group consisting of benzidine, TMB, o-dianisidine, o-tolidine, 3,3'-diethylbenzidine, 3,3'-difluorobenzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and 3,3'-dibromobenzidine.

Claim 67

A composition of matter useful for visualization of oxidants, oxidation catalysts, or peroxidative catalysts, comprising a solid salt of an anion and the meriquinone of a benzidine compound selected from the group consisting of benzidine, TMB, o-dianisidine, o-tolidine, 3,3'-diethylbenzidine, 3,3'-difluorobenzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and 3,3'-dibromobenzidine, wherein the anion is selected to give a meriquinone solubility of less than about 10 -5 M.

Claim 68

A composition of matter useful for visualization of oxidants, oxidation catalysts, or peroxidative catalysts, comprising a solid salt of an anion and the meriquinone of a benzidine compound selected from the group consisting of benzidine, TMB, o-dianisidine, o-tolidine, 3,3'-diethylbenzidine, 3,3'-difluorobenzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and 3,3'-dibromobenzidine, wherein the anion is selected to give a meriquinone solubility of less than about 10 -5 M.

Claim 69

The composition of claim 4 wherein the meriquinone is of a benzidine compound selected from the group consisting of benzidine, TMB, o-dianisidine, o-tolidine, 3,3'-diethylbenzidine, 3,3'-difluorobenzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and 3,3'-dibromobenzidine.

Claim 70

The composition of claim 5 wherein the meriquinone is of a benzidine compound selected from the group consisting of benzidine, TMB, o-dianisidine, o-tolidine, 3,3'-diethylbenzidine, 3,3'-difluorobenzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and 3,3'-dibromobenzidine.

Claim 71

The process of claim 9 wherein the benzidine compound is selected from the group consisting of benzidine, TMB, o-dianisidine, o-tolidine, 3,3'-diethylbenzidine, 3,3'-difluorobenzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and 3,3'-dibromobenzidine.

Claim 72

The process of claim 26 wherein the benzidine compound is selected from the group consisting of benzidine, TMB, o-dianisidine, o-tolidine, 3,3'-diethylbenzidine, 3,3'-difluorobenzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and 3,3'-dibromobenzidine.

Claim 73

The process of claim 28 wherein the benzidine compound is selected from the group consisting of benzidine, TMB, o-dianisidine, o-tolidine, 3,3'-diethylbenzidine, 3,3'-difluorobenzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and 3,3'-dibromobenzidine.

Claim 74

The process of claim 30 wherein the benzidine compound is selected from the group consisting of benzidine, TMB, o-dianisidine, o-tolidine, 3,3'-diethylbenzidine, 3,3'-difluorobenzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and 3,3'-dibromobenzidine.

Claim 75

The process of claim 31 wherein the benzidine compound is selected from the group consisting of benzidine, TMB, o-dianisidine, o-tolidine, 3,3'-diethylbenzidine, 3,3'-difluorobenzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and 3,3'-dibromobenzidine.

Claim 76

The process of claim 37 wherein the benzidine compound is selected from the group consisting of benzidine, TMB, o-dianisidine, o-tolidine, 3,3'-diethylbenzidine, 3,3'-difluorobenzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and 3,3'-dibromobenzidine.

Claim 77

The kit of claim 39 wherein the benzidine compound is selected from the group consisting of benzidine, TMB, o-dianisidine, o-tolidine, 3,3'-diethylbenzidine, 3,3'-difluorobenzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and 3,3'-dibromobenzidine.

Claim 78

The process of claim 23 wherein the solid phase comprises an ion exchange resin.

Claim 79

The process of claim 23 wherein said ion exchange resin comprises a material selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl Sepharose, sulfopropyl Trisacryl, diethylaminoethyl cellulose and diethylaminoethyl Sepharose.

Claim 80

The process of claim 37, wherein (1) more than one antigen or antibody are analytes and are captured in step (a) if present in the test sample; (2) the surface to capture said analytes is a filter membrane or beads suspended in an aqueous medium above a filter membrane; (3) the peroxidase-labeled antibody or antigen in step (a) binds specifically to only one of the analytes; and (4) the following additional steps are taken after step (f): (g) washing the filter of step (e) with an amount of aqueous solvent of ionic strength above about 0.1 effective to dissolve the meriquinone contained in said solid salt or immobilized complex; (h) incubating said surface-captured analytes with a peroxidase-labeled antibody or antigen which binds to a different analyte from that detected in step (a); (i) repeating steps (b)-(f); and, optionally, (j) repeating steps (g)-(i) using in each repetition a peroxidase-labeled antibody or antigen which binds to a different analyte than detected in a previous step, until all analytes have been found to be present or absent in the test sample.