US4666252A
Expired / Lapsed
US
⏱️ 0.0 years remaining
High yield liquid crystal display and method of making same
Assignee: Energy Conversion Devices Inc
•
Filing: 1984-06-29
•
Granted: 1987-05-19
•
Expires: 2004-06-29
Abstract
Abstract A quick testable subassembly with redundant isolation devices usable in a liquid crystal display has a pair of coplanar spaced apart electrode segments connected to one or more-isolation devices. Address lines are connected to the isolation devices or the electrodes. The isolation devices and electrical connections to the electrode segments can be quickly tested prior to assembly of a complete display. Redundant isolation devices are formed on the subassembly and inoperative isolation devices can be replaced by associated redundant isolation devices. A method of quickly testing the subassembly and of replacing inoperative isolation devices, and several alternate quickly testable subassembly geometries are also disclosed. A self-selecting redundant geometry and method are also disclosed.
Inventors
- 👤 Zvi Yaniv
- 👤 Vincent D. Cannella
- 👤 Gregory L. Hansell
- 👤 Robert R. Johnson
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-10-27 22:57
CPC Classifications
G; G09; G09G; G09G3/00; G09G3/006; G02; G02F; G02F1/00; G02F1/01; G02F1/13; G02F1/133; G02F1/136; G02F1/1362; G02F1/13624; G06; G06F; G06F11/00; G06F11/07; G06F11/16; G06F11/20; G09G3/20; G09G3/34; G09G3/36; H; H10; H10W; H10W20/00; H10W20/40; H10W20/49; H10W20/493; H10W20/494; Y; Y10; Y10S; Y10S359/00; Y10S359/90
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 287
Claim 1
Independent Claim
83 words
A subassembly for use in making a display of a type incorporating a light influencing material, the subassembly comprising: a substrate; a plurality of electrodes formed on said substrate in spaced apart relation; at least one first isolation device formed on said substrate and coupled to a respective electrode of said plurality of electrodes; and addressing means formed on said substrate for enabling the selective application of electrical potentials to each said isolation device to enable the selective testing of said isolation devices.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
83 words
A subassembly for use in making a display of a type incorporating a light influencing material, the subassembly comprising: a substrate; a plurality of electrodes formed on said substrate in spaced apart relation; at least one first isolation device formed on said substrate and coupled to a respective electrode of said plurality of electrodes; and addressing means formed on said substrate for enabling the selective application of electrical potentials to each said isolation device to enable the selective testing of said isolation devices.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
45 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 1 wherein said addressing means include first and second sets of address lines and wherein each said first isolation device is coupled between a respective different pair of address lines of said first and second sets of address lines.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
29 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 2 wherein each said first isolation device, each said respective electrode and said respective pair of address lines are coupled in series relation.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
13 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 1 wherein said isolation devices comprise diodes.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
15 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 4 wherein said diodes are formed from semiconductor materials.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
15 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 5 wherein said semiconductor materials are deposited semiconductor materials.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
16 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 6 wherein said deposited semiconductor materials are amorphous semiconductor alloys.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
32 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 7 wherein said diodes include a first doped region, an intrinsic region overlying said first doped region, and a second doped region overlying said intrinsic region.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
18 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 8 wherein said first and second doped regions are opposite in conductivity.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
15 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 1 wherein said isolation devices comprise field effect transistors.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
21 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 10 wherein said field effect transistors are thin film field effect transistors including semiconductor materials.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
15 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 11 wherein said semiconductor materials are deposited semiconductor materials.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
16 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 12 wherein said deposited semiconductor materials are amorphous semiconductor alloys.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
40 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 1 further including at least one redundant isolation device associated with at least one of said first isolation devices, each of said redundant isolation devices being arranged to replace its associated first isolation device.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
24 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 14 wherein each of said first isolation devices is coupled between said respective electrode and said addressing means.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
51 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 15 wherein each of said redundant isolation devices is arranged to be coupled between its respective electrode and said addressing means and wherein each of said first isolation devices is arranged to be uncoupled from electrical connection between its associated electrode and said addressing means.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
20 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 16 further including switching means coupled in series relation with each said redundant device.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
29 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 17 wherein said switching means are arranged for coupling selected ones of said redundant devices between their associated electrodes and said addressing means.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
32 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 18 wherein each said switching means is arranged to be short circuited for coupling its associated redundant device between its respective electrode and said addressing means.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
24 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 19 wherein selected ones of said switching means each include a diode arranged to be electrically short circuited.
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
26 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 19 wherein selected ones of said switching means each include a diode arranged to be short circuited with radiant energy.
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
14 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 21 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
24 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 19 wherein selected ones of said switching means include a settable material arranged to be electrically short circuited.
Claim 25
Dependent Claim
25 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 19 wherein selected of said switching means include a settable material arranged to be short circuited with radiant energy.
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
34 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 16 wherein said first isolation devices are arranged to be uncoupled from electrical connection between their associated electrodes and said addressing means by the application of radiant energy.
Claim 27
Dependent Claim
14 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 25 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 28
Dependent Claim
18 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 17 wherein said first and redundant devices are formed from semiconductor materials.
Claim 29
Dependent Claim
14 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 27 wherein said switching means include semiconductor materials.
Claim 30
Dependent Claim
15 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 28 wherein said semiconductor materials are deposited semiconductor materials.
Claim 31
Dependent Claim
16 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 29 wherein said deposited semiconductor materials are amorphous semiconductor alloys.
Claim 32
Dependent Claim
16 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 16 wherein said first and redundant isolation devices comprise diodes.
Claim 33
Dependent Claim
20 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 16 wherein said first and redundant isolation devices comprise thin film field effect transistors.
Claim 34
Dependent Claim
52 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 1 including at least one second isolation device coupled to said respective electrode from said plurality of electrodes; and addressing means for enabling the selective application of electrical potentials to each respective pair of said isolation devices to enable the selective testing of said isolation devices.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim
46 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 33 wherein said addressing means include first and second sets of address lines and wherein each said pair of isolation devices is coupled between a respective different pair of address lines of said first and second sets of address lines.
Claim 36
Dependent Claim
41 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 34 wherein said first isolation devices of each said pair of isolation devices are coupled in series relation between said respective different pairs of address lines of said first and second sets of address lines.
Claim 37
Dependent Claim
41 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 35 wherein the isolation devices of each said pair of isolation devices are coupled together at a common node and wherein said common node of said isolation devices is coupled to the electrode associated therewith.
Claim 38
Dependent Claim
21 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 36 wherein each said pair of isolation devices is series coupled to said associated electrode.
Claim 39
Dependent Claim
42 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 34 wherein said first and second isolation devices of each said pair are series coupled to said respective electrode and series coupled between a respective one of said different pairs of first and second address lines.
Claim 40
Dependent Claim
13 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 33 wherein said isolation devices comprise diodes.
Claim 41
Dependent Claim
15 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 39 wherein said diodes are formed from semiconductor materials.
Claim 42
Dependent Claim
15 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 40 wherein said semiconductor materials are deposited semiconductor materials.
Claim 43
Dependent Claim
16 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 41 wherein said deposited semiconductor materials are amorphous semiconductor alloys.
Claim 44
Dependent Claim
14 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 42 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloys include silicon.
Claim 45
Dependent Claim
14 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 42 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloys include hydrogen.
Claim 46
Dependent Claim
14 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 42 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloys include fluorine.
Claim 47
Dependent Claim
32 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 40 wherein said diodes include a first doped region, an intrinsic region overlying said first doped region, and a second doped region overlying said intrinsic region.
Claim 48
Dependent Claim
18 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 46 wherein said first and second doped regions are opposite in conductivity.
Claim 49
Dependent Claim
51 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 33 further including a pair of redundant isolation devices associated with each said pair of isolation devices, each said redundant isolation device corresponding to a corresponding one of said isolation devices, each of said redundant isolation devices being arranged to replace its corresponding isolation device.
Claim 50
Dependent Claim
24 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 48 wherein each of said first isolation devices is coupled between its respective electrode and said addressing means.
Claim 51
Dependent Claim
51 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 49 wherein each of said redundant isolation devices is arranged to be coupled between its respective electrode and said addressing means and wherein each of said first isolation devices is arranged to be uncoupled from electrical connection between its associated electrode and said addressing means.
Claim 52
Dependent Claim
32 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 50 wherein said first isolation devices are arranged to be optically uncoupled with radiant energy from electrical connection between their associated electrodes and said addressing means.
Claim 53
Dependent Claim
14 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 51 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 54
Dependent Claim
16 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 48 wherein said first and redundant isolation devices comprise diodes.
Claim 55
Dependent Claim
25 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 53 further including a plurality of switching devices, each switching device being coupled to a respective said redundant diode.
Claim 56
Dependent Claim
32 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 54 wherein each said switch device is arranged to be short circuited for coupling its associated redundant diode between its respective electrode and said addressing means.
Claim 57
Dependent Claim
22 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 55 wherein said first and redundant diodes and said switching devices are formed from semiconductor materials.
Claim 58
Dependent Claim
15 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 56 wherein said semiconductor materials are deposited semiconductor materials.
Claim 59
Dependent Claim
16 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 57 wherein said deposited semiconductor materials are amorphous semiconductor alloys.
Claim 60
Dependent Claim
18 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 58 wherein said switching devices are arranged to be electrically short circuited.
Claim 61
Dependent Claim
20 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 58 wherein said switching diodes are arranged to be short circuited with radiant energy.
Claim 62
Dependent Claim
14 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 58 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 63
Dependent Claim
53 words
A subassembly for use in making a display of a type incorporating a light influencing material, the subassembly comprising: first and second means for addressing; means for isolation coupled to said first means for addressing; and a first electrode connected to said second means for addressing and directly to said means for isolation.
Claim 64
Dependent Claim
53 words
A subassembly for use in making a display of a type incorporating a light influencing material, the subassembly comprising: first and second means for addressing; means for isolation coupled to said first means for addressing; and a first electrode connected to said second means for addressing and directly to said means for isolation.
Claim 65
Dependent Claim
28 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 62 further including a substrate with said first and second means for addressing, said means for isolation and said electrode formed thereon.
Claim 66
Dependent Claim
15 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 63 wherein said means for isolation iclude a diode.
Claim 67
Dependent Claim
23 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 64 including second means for isolation coupled between said pixel electrode and said second means for addressing.
Claim 68
Dependent Claim
16 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 65 wherein said second means for isolation include a diode.
Claim 69
Dependent Claim
21 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 65 including second redundant means for isolation arranged to replace said second means for isolation.
Claim 70
Dependent Claim
36 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 63 including a second electrode spaced apart and coplanar to said first electrode, said first and second electrodes forming electrode segments, and means for coupling to said second electrode segment.
Claim 71
Dependent Claim
26 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 68 wherein said means for coulping include third and fourth means for addressing with said second electrode segment coupled therebetween.
Claim 72
Dependent Claim
24 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 69 wherein said third means for addressing include second means for isolation coupled to said second electrode segment.
Claim 73
Dependent Claim
16 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 70 wherein said second means for isolation include a diode.
Claim 74
Dependent Claim
34 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 71 including first redundant means for isolation arranged to replace said means for isolation and second redundant means for isolation arranged to replace said second means for isolation.
Claim 75
Dependent Claim
22 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 72 wherein said means for isolation and said second means for isolation each include a diode.
Claim 76
Dependent Claim
19 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 62 including redundant means for isolation arranged to replace said means for isolation.
Claim 77
Dependent Claim
30 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 74 wherein said means for isolation include a diode and said redundant means for isolation include a diode series coupled with a switching means.
Claim 78
Dependent Claim
21 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 75 wherein said switching means include first and second diodes series coupled in reverse relation.
Claim 79
Dependent Claim
25 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 75 wherein said switching means include an anti-fuse settable from a comparatively non-conducting state to a highly conducting state.
Claim 80
Dependent Claim
18 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 77 wherein said anti-fuse includes a diode arranged to be short circuited.
Claim 81
Dependent Claim
23 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 77 wherein said anti-fuse is settable to a comparatively highly conductive state by means of radiant energy.
Claim 82
Dependent Claim
14 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 79 wherein said anti-fuse includes deposited semiconductor material.
Claim 83
Dependent Claim
19 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 77 wherein said switching means include two diodes series coupled in reverse relation.
Claim 84
Dependent Claim
26 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 77 wherein said switching means include a selected material settable from a comparatively non-conducting state to a highly conducting state.
Claim 85
Dependent Claim
25 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 82 wherein said settable material may be selectively set to said highly conducting state by means of radiant energy.
Claim 86
Dependent Claim
26 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 81 wherein one of said diodes may be fused so as to be highly conductive by means of radiant energy.
Claim 87
Dependent Claim
19 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 74 wherein said means for isolation include a thin film field effect transistor.
Claim 88
Dependent Claim
20 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 85 including first switching means series coupled with said thin film field effect transistor.
Claim 89
Dependent Claim
21 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 86 wherein said redundant means for isolation include a redundant thin film field effect transistor.
Claim 90
Dependent Claim
21 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 87 including second switching means series coupled with said redundant thin film field effect transistor.
Claim 91
Dependent Claim
40 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 88 wherein said first and second switching means are each selectively settable to a highly conducting state for electrically coupling said field effect transistor or said redundant field effect transistor to said pixel electrode.
Claim 92
Dependent Claim
19 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 74 wherein said means for isolation include first and second diodes series coupled.
Claim 93
Dependent Claim
22 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 74 wherein said means for isolation include a thin film fuse series coupled to a diode.
Claim 94
Independent Claim
70 words
A method of making a subassembly for use in a display of a type incorporating a light influencing material, the method comprising: providing a substrate; forming a plurality of electrodes on said substrate in spaced apart relation; forming at least one first isolation device coupled to a respective electrode of the plurality of electrodes; and applying electrical potentials to each said isolation device individually to selectively test said isolation devices.
Claim 95
Independent Claim
70 words
A method of making a subassembly for use in a display of a type incorporating a light influencing material, the method comprising: providing a substrate; forming a plurality of electrodes on said substrate in spaced apart relation; forming at least one first isolation device coupled to a respective electrode of the plurality of electrodes; and applying electrical potentials to each said isolation device individually to selectively test said isolation devices.
Claim 96
Dependent Claim
45 words
A method as defined in claim 92 including the further step of forming first and second sets of address lines with each said first isolation device being coupled between a respective different pair of address lines of said first and second sets of address lines.
Claim 97
Dependent Claim
29 words
A method as defined in claim 93 wherein said electrical potentials are applied between respective different pairs of address lines of said first and second sets of address lines.
Claim 98
Dependent Claim
23 words
A method as defined in claim 92 wherein the step of forming at least one isolation device includes forming one or more diodes.
Claim 99
Dependent Claim
15 words
A method as defined in claim 95 wherein said diodes are formed from semiconductor materials.
Claim 100
Dependent Claim
15 words
A method as defined in claim 96 including the step of depositing the semiconductor materials.
Claim 101
Dependent Claim
16 words
A method as defined in claim 97 wherein said deposited semiconductor materials are amorphous semiconductor alloys.
Claim 102
Dependent Claim
36 words
A method as defined in claim 96 wherein forming said diodes includes forming a first doped region, forming an intrinsic region overlying said first doped region, and forming a second doped region overlying said intrinsic region.
Claim 103
Dependent Claim
19 words
A method as defined in claim 99 wherein said first and second doped regions are formed opposite in conductivity.
Claim 104
Dependent Claim
23 words
A method as defined in claim 92 wherein said step of forming said isolation device includes forming one or more field effect transistors.
Claim 105
Dependent Claim
17 words
A method as defined in claim 101 wherein said field effect transistors are formed from semiconductor materials.
Claim 106
Dependent Claim
12 words
A method as defined in claim 102 including depositing the semiconductor materials.
Claim 107
Dependent Claim
16 words
A method as defined in claim 103 wherein said deposited semiconductor materials include amorphous semiconductor alloys.
Claim 108
Dependent Claim
45 words
A method as defined in claim 92 further including the step of forming at least one redundant isolation device associated with each said first isolation device with each of said redundant isolation devices being arranged to replace a given one of said first isolation devices.
Claim 109
Dependent Claim
37 words
A method as defined in claim 105 including the further step of replacing selected ones of said first isolation devices with their corresponding redundant isolation devices as a result of said testing of said first isolation devices.
Claim 110
Dependent Claim
21 words
A method as defined in claim 105 wherein said step of forming said first and redundant isolation devices includes forming diodes.
Claim 111
Dependent Claim
24 words
A method as defined in claim 106 further including the step of forming a switching device in series relation with each said redundant device.
Claim 112
Dependent Claim
39 words
A method as defined in claim 108 wherein said switching devices are normally substantially nonconductive and are settable to be comparatively highly conductive and wherein said replacing step includes setting each insulating device associated with said selected redundant devices.
Claim 113
Dependent Claim
24 words
A method as defined in claim 109 wherein said setting step includes short circuiting each switching device associated with each said selected redundant device.
Claim 114
Dependent Claim
19 words
A method as defined in claim 110 wherein said first, redundant, and switching devices are formed of semiconductor materials.
Claim 115
Dependent Claim
15 words
A method as defined in claim 111 including depositing the semiconductor materials on the substrate.
Claim 116
Dependent Claim
16 words
A method as defined in claim 112 wherein said deposited semiconductor materials are amorphous semiconductor alloys.
Claim 117
Dependent Claim
22 words
A method as defined in claim 110 wherein said step of short circuiting said switching devices includes electrically short circuiting said devices.
Claim 118
Dependent Claim
24 words
A method as defined in claim 110 wherein said step of short circuiting said switching devices includes short circuiting said devices with radiant energy.
Claim 119
Dependent Claim
14 words
A method as defined in claim 115 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 120
Dependent Claim
22 words
A method as defined in claim 106 wherein said replacing step includes uncoupling said selected first isolation devices from their associated electrodes.
Claim 121
Dependent Claim
21 words
A method as defined in claim 117 wherein said uncoupling step includes uncoupling said selected first isolation devices with radiant energy.
Claim 122
Dependent Claim
14 words
A method as defined in claim 118 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 123
Dependent Claim
25 words
A method as defined in claim 105 wherein said step of forming said first and redundant isolation devices includes forming thin film field effect transistors.
Claim 124
Dependent Claim
18 words
A method as defined in claim 108 wherein said step of forming said switching devices includes forming diodes.
Claim 125
Dependent Claim
42 words
A method as defined in claim 92 including forming at least one second isolation device coupled to the respective electrode of the plurality of electrodes and applying electrical potentials to each respective pair of said isolation devices to test said isolation devices.
Claim 126
Dependent Claim
52 words
A method as defined in claim 122 including the further step of forming first and second sets of address lines with each said pair of isolation devices being coupled between a respective different pair of address lines of said first and second sets of address lines prior to applying said electrical potentials.
Claim 127
Dependent Claim
29 words
A method as defined in claim 123 wherein said electrical potentials are applied between respective different pairs of address lines of said first and second sets of address lines.
Claim 128
Dependent Claim
18 words
A method as defined in claim 124 wherein said step of forming said isolation devices includes forming diodes.
Claim 129
Dependent Claim
15 words
A method as defined in claim 125 wherein said diodes are formed from semiconductor materials.
Claim 130
Dependent Claim
15 words
A method as defined in claim 126 wherein said semiconductor materials are deposited semiconductor materials.
Claim 131
Dependent Claim
16 words
A method as defined in claim 127 wherein said deposited semiconductor materials are amorphous semiconductor alloys.
Claim 132
Dependent Claim
14 words
A method as defined in claim 128 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloys include silicon.
Claim 133
Dependent Claim
14 words
A method as defined in claim 128 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloys include hydrogen.
Claim 134
Dependent Claim
14 words
A method as defined in claim 128 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloys include fluorine.
Claim 135
Dependent Claim
39 words
A method as defined in claim 126 wherein said step of forming said diodes includes forming a first doped region, forming an intrinsic region overlying said first doped region, and forming a second doped region overlying said intrinsic region.
Claim 136
Dependent Claim
18 words
A method as defined in claim 132 wherein said first and second doped regions are opposite in conductivity.
Claim 137
Dependent Claim
47 words
A method as defined in claim 122 further including the step of forming a pair of redundant isolation devices associated with each said pair of isolation devices with each of said redundant isolation devices being arranged to replace a given member of said pair of isolation devices.
Claim 138
Dependent Claim
35 words
A method as defined in claim 134 including the further step of replacing selected ones of said isolation devices with their corresponding redundant isolation devices as a result of said testing of said isolation devices.
Claim 139
Dependent Claim
22 words
A method as defined in claim 135 wherein said replacing step includes uncoupling said selected first isolation diodes from their associated electrodes.
Claim 140
Dependent Claim
21 words
A method as defined in claim 136 wherein said uncoupling step includes uncoupling said selected first isolation devices with radiant energy.
Claim 141
Dependent Claim
14 words
A method as defined in claim 137 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 142
Dependent Claim
21 words
A method as defined in claim 135 wherein said step of forming said isolation and redundant isolation devices includes forming diodes.
Claim 143
Dependent Claim
24 words
A method as defined in claim 139 further including the step of forming a switching element in series relation with each said redundant diode.
Claim 144
Dependent Claim
23 words
A method as defined in claim 140 wherein said replacing step includes short circuiting each switching element associated with said selected redundant diode.
Claim 145
Dependent Claim
23 words
A method as defined in claim 141 wherein said step of short circuiting said switching elements includes electrically short circuiting said switching elements.
Claim 146
Dependent Claim
25 words
A method as defined in claim 141 wherein said step of short circuiting said switching elements includes short circuiting said switching elements with radiant energy.
Claim 147
Dependent Claim
14 words
A method as defined in claim 143 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 148
Dependent Claim
22 words
A method as defined in claim 141 wherein said first and redundant diodes, and said switching elements are formed from semiconductor materials.
Claim 149
Dependent Claim
15 words
A method as defined in claim 145 wherein said semiconductor materials are deposited semiconductor materials.
Claim 150
Dependent Claim
16 words
A method as defined in claim 146 wherein said deposited semiconductor materials are amorphous semiconductor alloys.
Claim 151
Dependent Claim
103 words
An assembly for use in making a display of the type having a plurality of pixels including a selected light influencing material, said assembly comprising: a substrate; a plurality of electrodes formed on said substrate; a plurality of isolation devices formed on said substrate with each said isolation device coupled to a respective electrode of said plurality of electrodes; and addressing means formed on said substrate for enabling the selective application of electrical potentials to each said isolation device for testing each said isolation device and also being arranged to enable selective addressing of said electrodes when the display is being normally operated.
Claim 152
Dependent Claim
103 words
An assembly for use in making a display of the type having a plurality of pixels including a selected light influencing material, said assembly comprising: a substrate; a plurality of electrodes formed on said substrate; a plurality of isolation devices formed on said substrate with each said isolation device coupled to a respective electrode of said plurality of electrodes; and addressing means formed on said substrate for enabling the selective application of electrical potentials to each said isolation device for testing each said isolation device and also being arranged to enable selective addressing of said electrodes when the display is being normally operated.
Claim 153
Dependent Claim
25 words
An assembly as defined in claim 148 wherein each said isolation device, each said respective electrode and said addressing means are connected in series relation.
Claim 154
Dependent Claim
36 words
An assembly as defined in claim 149 including further a second plurality of electrodes with each electrode of said second plurality associated with and spaced apart from a respective electrode of said first plurality of electrodes.
Claim 155
Dependent Claim
24 words
An assembly as defined in claim 150 including a second substrate spaced apart from said substrate with said second plurality of electrodes formed thereon.
Claim 156
Dependent Claim
23 words
An assembly as defined in claim 151 wherein said respective first and second electrodes are pixel electrodes with light influencing material positionable therebetween.
Claim 157
Dependent Claim
20 words
An assembly as defined in claim 152 including second means for addressing coupled to said second plurality of pixel electrodes.
Claim 158
Dependent Claim
45 words
An assembly as defined in claim 150 wherein said second plurality of electrodes is formed on said substrate spaced apart from and substantially coplanar with said plurality of electrodes, said plurality of electrodes and said second plurality of electrodes forming respective pairs of electrode segments.
Claim 159
Dependent Claim
49 words
An assembly as defined in claim 154 including further a second substrate spaced apart from said substrate with a third plurality of electrodes formed thereon, each electrode of said third plurality being spaced apart from and associated with a respective pair of said electrode segments as a common electrode.
Claim 160
Dependent Claim
94 words
A display of a type incorporating a light influencing material comprising: a plurality of pixels, each said pixel including at least a pair of spaced apart electrodes, light influencing material between said electrodes, and at least one first isolation device coupled to one of said electrodes; and addressing means coupled to said first isolation devices and arranged to enable the selective application of electrical potentials to each of said isolation devices to test said isolation devices and arranged to enable the selective application of driving potentials across said electrode pairs for operating said display.
Claim 161
Dependent Claim
94 words
A display of a type incorporating a light influencing material comprising: a plurality of pixels, each said pixel including at least a pair of spaced apart electrodes, light influencing material between said electrodes, and at least one first isolation device coupled to one of said electrodes; and addressing means coupled to said first isolation devices and arranged to enable the selective application of electrical potentials to each of said isolation devices to test said isolation devices and arranged to enable the selective application of driving potentials across said electrode pairs for operating said display.
Claim 162
Dependent Claim
49 words
A display as defined in claim 156 with each said pixel further including a redundant isolation device corresponding to each respective first isolation device, each said redundant isolation device being arranged to be coupled between its associated electrode and said addressing means to replace its respective first isolation device.
Claim 163
Dependent Claim
34 words
A display as defined in claim 157 wherein at least some of said redundant isolation devices are disposed in replacement of their corresponding first isolation devices between their respective electrodes and said addressing means.
Claim 164
Dependent Claim
16 words
A display as defined in claim 157 wherein said first and redundant isolation devices comprise diodes.
Claim 165
Dependent Claim
21 words
A display as defined in claim 159 further including a switching device coupled in series relation with each said redundant diode.
Claim 166
Dependent Claim
31 words
A display as defined in claim 160 wherein each switching device is arranged to be short circuited for coupling its associated redundant diode between its respective electrode and said addressing means.
Claim 167
Dependent Claim
22 words
A display as defined in claim 161 wherein said first and redundant diodes and said switching devices are formed from semiconductor materials.
Claim 168
Dependent Claim
15 words
A display as defined in claim 162 wherein said semiconductor materials are deposited semiconductor materials.
Claim 169
Dependent Claim
16 words
A display as defined in claim 162 wherein said deposited semiconductor materials are amorphous semiconductor alloys.
Claim 170
Dependent Claim
18 words
A display as defined in claim 164 wherein said switching devices are arranged to be electrically short circuited.
Claim 171
Dependent Claim
20 words
A display as defined in claim 164 wherein said switching devices are arranged to be short circuited with radiant energy.
Claim 172
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 166 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 173
Dependent Claim
31 words
A display as defined in claim 157 wherein said first isolation devices are arranged to be uncoupled with radiant energy from electrical connection between their associated electrodes and said addressing means.
Claim 174
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 168 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 175
Dependent Claim
20 words
A display as defined in claim 157 wherein said first and redundant isolation devices comprise thin film field effect transistors.
Claim 176
Dependent Claim
25 words
A display as defined in claim 170 further including a switching device coupled in series relation with each said redundant thin film field effect transistor.
Claim 177
Dependent Claim
41 words
A display as defined in claim 171 wherein said switching devices are normally substantially nonconductive and are settable to be comparatively highly conductive for coupling said redundant isolating thin film field effect transistors between their associated electrodes and said addressing means.
Claim 178
Dependent Claim
16 words
A display as defined in claim 172 wherein said switchig devices are settable with radiant energy.
Claim 179
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 190 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 180
Dependent Claim
19 words
A display as defined in claim 156 wherein said addressing means include first and second sets of address lines.
Claim 181
Dependent Claim
13 words
A display as defined in claim 175 wherein said isolation devices comprise diodes.
Claim 182
Dependent Claim
15 words
A display as defined in claim 176 wherein said diodes are formed from semiconductor materials.
Claim 183
Dependent Claim
15 words
A display as defined in claim 177 wherein said semiconductor materials are deposited semiconductor materials.
Claim 184
Dependent Claim
16 words
A display as defined in claim 178 wherein said deposited semiconductor materials are amorphous semiconductor alloys.
Claim 185
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 179 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloys include silicon.
Claim 186
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 179 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloys include hydrogen.
Claim 187
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 179 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloys include fluorine.
Claim 188
Dependent Claim
32 words
A display as defined in claim 177 wherein said diodes include a first doped region, an intrinsic region overlying said first doped region, and a second doped region overlying said intrinsic region.
Claim 189
Dependent Claim
18 words
A display as defined in claim 183 wherein said first and second doped regions are opposite in conductivity.
Claim 190
Dependent Claim
16 words
A display as defined in claim 156 wherein said first isolation devices comprise field effect transistors.
Claim 191
Dependent Claim
21 words
A display as defined in claim 185 wherein said field effect transistors are thin film field effect transistors including semiconductor materials.
Claim 192
Dependent Claim
15 words
A display as defined in claim 186 wherein said semiconductor materials are deposited semiconductor materials.
Claim 193
Dependent Claim
16 words
A display as defined in claim 187 wherein said deposited semiconductor materials are amorphous semiconductor alloys.
Claim 194
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 188 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloys include silicon.
Claim 195
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 188 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloys include hydrogen.
Claim 196
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 188 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloys include fluorine.
Claim 197
Dependent Claim
58 words
A display as defined in claim 156 wherein each said pixel includes, at least one second isolation device coupled to the other of said electrodes, and said addressing means coupled to said second isolation devices and arranged to enable the selective application of electrical potentials to each of said second isolation devices to test said second isolation devices.
Claim 198
Dependent Claim
29 words
A display as defined in claim 192 wherein said addressing means include means for testing each said coupling between each said second isolation device and said respective other electrode.
Claim 199
Dependent Claim
39 words
A display as defined in claim 193 including a first substrate with said pairs of spaced apart electrodes formed thereon as electrode segments, the members of each said pair being coplanar and laterally spaced apart on said first substrate.
Claim 200
Dependent Claim
47 words
A display as defined in claim 194 including a second substrate in spaced apart relation to said first substrate and wherein each said pixel includes a third electrode formed on said second substrate as a common electrode overlying and spaced apart from said pair of electrode segments.
Claim 201
Dependent Claim
17 words
A display as defined in claim 195 with a selected liquid crystal material between said two substrates.
Claim 202
Dependent Claim
16 words
A display as defined in claim 196 wherein said liquid crystal material is a transmissive material.
Claim 203
Dependent Claim
16 words
A display as defined in claim 196 wherein said liquid crystal material is a reflective material.
Claim 204
Dependent Claim
20 words
A display as defined in claim 196 wherein said liquid crystal display material is a nematic liquid crystal display material.
Claim 205
Dependent Claim
39 words
A display as defined in claim 193 including first and second spaced apart substrates with said respective members of each said pair of electrodes formed thereon in spaced apart relationship as pixel electrodes with light influencing material positionable therebetween.
Claim 206
Dependent Claim
28 words
A display as defined in claim 156 wherein said addressing means includes means for testing each said coupling between each said first isolation device and said respective electrode.
Claim 207
Dependent Claim
20 words
A display as defined in claim 156 including at least one redundant isolation device series coupled with a switching element.
Claim 208
Dependent Claim
22 words
A display as defined in claim 202 wherein each said switching element includes: first and second diodes series connected in reverse relation.
Claim 209
Dependent Claim
15 words
A display as defined in claim 203 wherein said diodes are formed from semiconductor materials.
Claim 210
Dependent Claim
15 words
A display as defined in claim 204 wherein said semiconductor materials are deposited semiconductor materials.
Claim 211
Dependent Claim
16 words
A display as defined in claim 205 wherein said deposited semiconductor materials are amorphous semiconductor alloys.
Claim 212
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 206 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloys include silicon.
Claim 213
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 206 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloys include hydrogen.
Claim 214
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 206 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloys include fluorine.
Claim 215
Dependent Claim
32 words
A display as defined in claim 203 wherein said diodes include a first doped region, an intrinsic region overlying said first doped region, and a second doped region overlying said intrinsic region.
Claim 216
Dependent Claim
18 words
A display as defined in claim 210 wherein said first and second doped regions are opposite in conductivity.
Claim 217
Dependent Claim
50 words
A display as defined in claim 203 wherein said switching element can be set from a relatively low conductivity state to a relatively high conductivity state by directing selected amounts of radiant energy at one of said diodes therein causing said diode to fuse and assume said high conductivity state.
Claim 218
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 212 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 219
Dependent Claim
26 words
A display as defined in claim 202 wherein each said switching element includes: a material settable from a substantially non-conducting state to a highly conducting state.
Claim 220
Dependent Claim
13 words
A display as defined in claim 214 wherein: said material is a chalcogenide.
Claim 221
Dependent Claim
46 words
A display as defined in claim 214 wherein said switching element can be set from a relatively low conductivity state to a relatively high conductivity state by directing selected amounts of radiant energy at said settable material causing said material to assume said highly conducting state.
Claim 222
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 216 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 223
Dependent Claim
22 words
A display as defined in claim 202 wherein each said swtiching element includes: at least a layer of a selected semiconductor material.
Claim 224
Dependent Claim
17 words
A display as defined in claim 218 wherein: said layer of semiconductor material is a deposited layer.
Claim 225
Dependent Claim
17 words
A display as defined in claim 219 wherein said deposited semiconductor material is an amorphous semiconductor alloy.
Claim 226
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 220 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloy includes silicon.
Claim 227
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 220 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloy includes hydrogen.
Claim 228
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 220 wherein said amorphous semiconductor alloy includes fluorine.
Claim 229
Dependent Claim
42 words
A display as defined in claim 223 wherein said deposited layer of semiconductor material is a layer of a diode including a first doped region, an intrinsic region overlying said first doped region, and a second doped region overlying said intrinsic region.
Claim 230
Dependent Claim
18 words
A display as defined in claim 224 wherein said first and second doped regions are opposite in conductivity.
Claim 231
Dependent Claim
47 words
A display as defined in claim 224 wherein said switching element can be set from a relatively low conductivity state to a relatively high conductivity state by directing selected amounts of radiant energy at said diode causing said diode to fuse and assume said high conductivity state.
Claim 232
Dependent Claim
14 words
A display as defined in claim 226 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 233
Dependent Claim
52 words
A display as defined in claim 218 wherein said switching element can be set from a relatively low conductivity state to a relatively high conductivity state by directing selected amounts of radiant energy at said layer of selected semiconductor material causing said layer to fuse and to assume said high conductivity state.
Claim 234
Independent Claim
92 words
A method of forming and testing a subassembly for a display including a light influencing material comprising the steps of: providing a substrate; forming a first electrode on the substrate; forming a selected isolation device electrically coupled to the electrode; forming a first address line on said substrate electrically coupled to the isolation device; forming a second address line on said substrate electrically coupled to the electrode; and applying selected electric potentials between the first and second address lines to test the electrical connectivity therebetween and the operation of the isolation device.
Claim 235
Independent Claim
92 words
A method of forming and testing a subassembly for a display including a light influencing material comprising the steps of: providing a substrate; forming a first electrode on the substrate; forming a selected isolation device electrically coupled to the electrode; forming a first address line on said substrate electrically coupled to the isolation device; forming a second address line on said substrate electrically coupled to the electrode; and applying selected electric potentials between the first and second address lines to test the electrical connectivity therebetween and the operation of the isolation device.
Claim 236
Dependent Claim
19 words
A method as defined in claim 229 including testing the electrical connectivity between the electrode and the isolation device.
Claim 237
Dependent Claim
29 words
A method as defined in claim 230 including further forming a redundant isolation device and replacing any tested and inoperative selected isolation device with the associated redundant isolation device.
Claim 238
Dependent Claim
29 words
A method as defined in claim 231 wherein replacing includes uncoupling any inoperative isolation device and coupling the redundant isolation device between the first address line and the electrode.
Claim 239
Dependent Claim
24 words
A method as defined in claim 232 wherein said uncoupling includes applying radiant energy to selectively remove a connection to the inoperative isolation device.
Claim 240
Dependent Claim
23 words
A method as defined in claim 233 wherein applying radiant energy includes selectively directing a laser beam at the connection to be removed.
Claim 241
Dependent Claim
25 words
A method as defined in claim 232 wherein forming the redundant isolation device includes forming a switching element series coupled to the redundant isolation device.
Claim 242
Dependent Claim
31 words
A method as defined in claim 235 wherein coupling the redundant isolation device includes providing electrical energy to convert the switching element from a low conductivity to a high conductivity state.
Claim 243
Dependent Claim
31 words
A method as defined in claim 235 wherein coupling the redundant isolation device includes providing radiant energy to convert the switching element from a low conductivity to a high conductivity state.
Claim 244
Dependent Claim
14 words
A method as defined in claim 237 wherein the radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 245
Dependent Claim
16 words
A method as defined in claim 230 including: forming a redundant isolation device on the substrate.
Claim 246
Dependent Claim
29 words
A method as defined in claim 239 including: uncoupling the selected isolation device if inoperative; and coupling the redundant isolation device between the first address line and the electrode.
Claim 247
Dependent Claim
24 words
A method as defined in claim 240 wherein the step of uncoupling includes directing radiant energy at the substrate to disconnect the inoperative device.
Claim 248
Dependent Claim
23 words
A method as defined in claim 241 wherein directing radiant energy includes directing a laser beam at a selected region of the substrate.
Claim 249
Dependent Claim
51 words
A method as defined in claim 241 wherein forming the redundant isolation device includes: forming a selected switching element on the substrate in series with the redundant isolation device, the first address line, and the electrode to enable the redundant isolation device to be a potential replacement for the isolation device.
Claim 250
Dependent Claim
38 words
A method as defined in claim 243 including: forming a second selected isolation device coupled between the first electrode and the second address line; and forming a second redundant isolation device and second switching element on the substrate.
Claim 251
Dependent Claim
56 words
A method as defined in claim 244 including: applying selected electric potentials between the first and second address lines; determining if either of the selected isolation devices are inoperative; uncoupling the selected isolation devices if inoperative; and coupling the redundant isolation devices between the first and second address lines as replacements for the selected isolation devices.
Claim 252
Dependent Claim
42 words
A method as defined in claim 245 wherein coupling the redundant isolation devices includes; setting the first and second switching elements to a highly conducting state thereby coupling the redundant isolation devices to the address lines as replacements for the isolation devices.
Claim 253
Dependent Claim
32 words
A method as defined in claim 246 wherein the step of setting includes: directing radiant energy at the switching elements causing said elements to assume a high conductivity state in response thereto.
Claim 254
Dependent Claim
51 words
A subassembly for use in a display incorporating a light influencing material, the subassembly comprising: a substrate; a first electrode formed thereon; and isolation means and redundant isolation means coupled to said electrode including means for selecting said redundant isolation means in the event of a failure of said isolation means.
Claim 255
Dependent Claim
51 words
A subassembly for use in a display incorporating a light influencing material, the subassembly comprising: a substrate; a first electrode formed thereon; and isolation means and redundant isolation means coupled to said electrode including means for selecting said redundant isolation means in the event of a failure of said isolation means.
Claim 256
Dependent Claim
19 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 248 wherein said isolation means and said redundant isolation means are parallel coupled.
Claim 257
Dependent Claim
19 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 249 wherein: said isolation means and said redundant means each include a diode.
Claim 258
Dependent Claim
28 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 250 wherein: said isolation means and said redundant isolation means each include a second diode coupled in series relation with said diode.
Claim 259
Dependent Claim
29 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 250 wherein: said isolation means and said redundant isolation means each include a thin film fuse coupled in series relation with said diode.
Claim 260
Dependent Claim
18 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 252 wherein: said thin film fuses are formed of a nickel-chromium alloy.
Claim 261
Dependent Claim
17 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 253 wherein said nickel-chromium alloy is deposited as a thin film.
Claim 262
Dependent Claim
33 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 250 including: a second electrode formed on said substrate coplanar with said first electrode and spaced apart therefrom, said first and second electrodes formed as electrode segments.
Claim 263
Dependent Claim
22 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 255 including: second isolation means and second redundant isolation means coupled to said second electrode segment.
Claim 264
Dependent Claim
22 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 256 wherein: said second isolation means and said second redundant isolation means each include a diode.
Claim 265
Dependent Claim
30 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 257 wherein: said second isolation means and said second redundant isolation means each include a second diode coupled in series relation with said diode.
Claim 266
Dependent Claim
31 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 257 wherein: said second isolation means and said second redundant isolation means each include a thin film fuse coupled in series relation with said diode.
Claim 267
Dependent Claim
17 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 250 including: a switching element series coupled with said redundant means.
Claim 268
Dependent Claim
26 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 260 wherein said switching element includes: semiconductor material settable from a substantially non-conducting state to a substantially highly conducting state.
Claim 269
Dependent Claim
14 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 261 wherein: said semiconductor material is a chalcogenide.
Claim 270
Dependent Claim
21 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 258 wherein said chalcogenide material is settable to a highly conducting state by radiant energy.
Claim 271
Dependent Claim
14 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 263 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 272
Dependent Claim
15 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 261 wherein said semiconductor material is deposited semiconductor material.
Claim 273
Dependent Claim
17 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 265 wherein said deposited semiconductor material is an amorphous semiconductor alloy.
Claim 274
Dependent Claim
12 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 265 wherein said alloy includes silicon.
Claim 275
Dependent Claim
12 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 265 wherein said alloy includes hydrogen.
Claim 276
Dependent Claim
12 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 265 wherein said alloy includes fluorine.
Claim 277
Dependent Claim
35 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 261 wherein: said semiconductor material is formed with a first doped region, an intrinsic region overlying said first doped region and a second doped region overlying said intrinsic region.
Claim 278
Dependent Claim
18 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 270 wherein: said semiconductor material includes first and second series coupled diodes.
Claim 279
Dependent Claim
21 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 270 wherein said semiconductor material is settable to a high conductivity state by radiant energy.
Claim 280
Dependent Claim
14 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 272 wherein said radiant energy is laser energy.
Claim 281
Dependent Claim
35 words
A subassembly as defined in claim 273 wherein said switching element is set to a high conductivity state by said laser energy heating and fusing said semiconductor material between first and second spaced apart conductors.
Claim 282
Independent Claim
53 words
A method of forming a self-selecting redundant subassembly for use in a display comprising the steps of: providing a substrate; forming a electrode thereon; and forming isolation means and redundant isolation means on the substrate including means for selecting the redundant isolation means in the event of a failure of the isolation means.
Claim 283
Independent Claim
53 words
A method of forming a self-selecting redundant subassembly for use in a display comprising the steps of: providing a substrate; forming a electrode thereon; and forming isolation means and redundant isolation means on the substrate including means for selecting the redundant isolation means in the event of a failure of the isolation means.
Claim 284
Dependent Claim
43 words
A method as defined in claim 275 wherein the steps of forming the isolation means and redundant isolation means include: forming first and second parallel branches coupled to the electrode wherein each branch includes at least a first diode formed of semiconductor material.
Claim 285
Dependent Claim
23 words
A method as defined in claim 276 including: forming in each parallel branch a second semiconductor diode, series coupled to the first diode.
Claim 286
Dependent Claim
22 words
A method as defined in claim 276 including: forming in each branch a thin film fuse series coupled to the first diode.
Claim 287
Dependent Claim
31 words
A method as defined in claim 276 including: applying operating potentials to each branch thereby selecting an operable branch; and applying the operating potentials to the electrode through the selected branch.
References Cited (Backward Citations)
US3654606A
Cited
US4413883A
Cited
US4413883B1
Cited
US4470060A
Cited
US4523811A
Cited
US4422161A
Cited
US4572615A
Cited
USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 Years (Year 4) | 1990-05-18 | 1990-11-17 | 1991-05-19 | $2000.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 1994-05-18 | 1994-11-17 | 1995-05-19 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 1998-05-18 | 1998-11-17 | 1999-05-19 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |