Heat transfer wall

Claim 1

A heat transfer wall comprising a number of elongated voids formed in an outer layer of said heat transfer wall, upper lids forming a part of said heat transfer wall for partitioning said voids and an outer surface of said heat transfer wall, passages for communicating the respective voids and the outer surface of said heat transfer wall with each other, and restricted openings formed in said passages, said restricted openings having a cross-sectional area smaller than a maximum cross-sectional area of said voids and being independent of each other, and said heat transfer wall being made of a single kind of heat conductive material, wherein a thickness of said upper lids defined by a distance Z* (cm) between an upper end of each of said voids and the outer surface of said heat transfer wall and a length l (cm) of each of said passage extending from said voids to the outer surface of said heat transfer wall simultaneously meet the following condition in combination of the material of said heat transfer wall and a fluid flowing on said heat transfer wall: ##EQU7## where erf is the error function erf ##EQU8## is the thermal diffusivity of the heat transfer wall (cm 2 /sec); Ts is the saturation temperature of the boiling liquid (K); σ is the surface tension of the boiling liquid (dyn/cm); λ l is the thermal conductivity of the boiling liquid (W/kcm); θ v is the density of vapor of the vapor (g/cm 3 ); h fg is the evaporation latent heat of the boiling liquid (J/g); ν v is the dynamic viscosity coefficient of the vapor (cm 2 /sec); d o is the diameter of the restricted openings (cm); q w is the heat flux based on the projected area (W/cm 2 ); N A /A is the number density of bubbling points (N A /A=C b ·d o 0 .4 ·q w 0 .5 where C b =80 in case of Freon or liquefied nitrogen, and C b =95 in case of water); and C.sub.τ, C q , C f and C h are the constants determined by physical characteristics of the boiling liquid, where C.sub.τ ÷0.02, C q ÷0.0007, C f ÷0.1 and C h ÷0.06.