US4486755A — Collision avoidance system

Claim 1

Independent Claim 270 words

A collision avoidance system at an Own station, including: (a) means for receiving interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station when said Own station is within the main beam of an SSR and also when said Own station is within a side lobe of said main beam, (b) means for receiving reply messages transmitted by any transponder-equipped Other station in response to such interrogation messages during a predetermined period following reception of each interrogation message at said Own station, (c) means for identifying each said Other station according to its reply messages, (d) means for determining, from the time relationships between each said received interrogation message and each said received reply message elicited thereby, differential time of arrival data for each of said identified Other stations with respect to each said SSR, (e) means for storing as entries in a running account each successive identity obtained by means (c) and the corresponding time of arrival data obtained by means (d) for a predetermined number of interrogation repetition periods, (f) means for matching from the entries in means (e) those identities and corresponding data that are substantially duplicated a predetermined number of times, (g) means for storing the entry for each such matched identity and corresponding data for a storage period at least as long as the longest SSR beam rotation period, (h) means for selecting the largest differential time of arrival related to each said identified Other station stored in means (g), and (i) means for producing a threat alert in response to any such selected differential time of arrival below a predetermined value.

Claim 2

Dependent Claim 270 words

A collision avoidance system at an Own station, including: (a) means for receiving interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station when said Own station is within the main beam of an SSR and also when said Own station is within a side lobe of said main beam, (b) means for receiving reply messages transmitted by any transponder-equipped Other station in response to such interrogation messages during a predetermined period following reception of each interrogation message at said Own station, (c) means for identifying each said Other station according to its reply messages, (d) means for determining, from the time relationships between each said received interrogation message and each said received reply message elicited thereby, differential time of arrival data for each of said identified Other stations with respect to each said SSR, (e) means for storing as entries in a running account each successive identity obtained by means (c) and the corresponding time of arrival data obtained by means (d) for a predetermined number of interrogation repetition periods, (f) means for matching from the entries in means (e) those identities and corresponding data that are substantially duplicated a predetermined number of times, (g) means for storing the entry for each such matched identity and corresponding data for a storage period at least as long as the longest SSR beam rotation period, (h) means for selecting the largest differential time of arrival related to each said identified Other station stored in means (g), and (i) means for producing a threat alert in response to any such selected differential time of arrival below a predetermined value.

Claim 3

Dependent Claim 83 words

The system set forth in claim 1, further including an altimeter and means responsive thereto and to each said received reply message that carries Other's altitude information, to determine the differential altitude of each said identified Other station with respect to the Own station, wherein said means (e) further includes means for storing as entries said differential altitude data, and said system further includes means for discarding all stored correlated groups of identity and data containing differential altitudes greater than a predetermined value.

Claim 4

Dependent Claim 53 words

The system set forth in claim 1 or claim 2, further including sensitivity time control means responsive to each interrogation message received by said means (a) to increase the sensitivity of said means (b) from a predetermined minimum to a predetermined maximum during a predetermined interval following reception of each said interrogation message.

Claim 5

Dependent Claim 46 words

The system set forth in claim 1 or claim 2, further including overload control means responsive to the number of interrogation messages received by said means (a) during a predetermined interval to reduce the sensitivity of said means (a) whenever said number reaches a predetermined value.

Claim 6

Dependent Claim 35 words

The system set forth in claim 1 or claim 2, further including means for displaying a psuedo range value of any differential time of arrival associated with a threat alert produced by said means (i).

Claim 7

Dependent Claim 32 words

The system set forth in claim 1 or claim 2, further including means for displaying the identity of any said Other station associated with a threat alert produced by said means (i).

Claim 8

Dependent Claim 25 words

The system set forth in claim 2, further including means for displaying the differential altitude of any said Other station associated with a threat alert.

Claim 9

Independent Claim 264 words

A method of monitoring a space surrounding an Own station for the proximity of transponder-equipped Other stations, including the steps of (a) receiving interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station when said Own station is within the main beam of an SSR and also when said Own station is within a side lobe of said main beam, (b) receiving reply messages transmitted by any transponder-equipped Other station in response to such interrogation messages during a predetermined period following reception of each interrogation message at said Own station, (c) identifying each said Other station according to its reply messages, (d) determining, from the time relationships between each said received interrogation message and each said received reply message elicited thereby, differential time of arrival data for each of said identified Other stations with respect to each said SSR, (e) storing as entries in a running account each successive identify obtained during step (c) and the corresponding time of arrival data obtained by step (d) for a predetermined number of interrogation repetition periods, (f) matching from the entries of step (e) those identities and corresponding data that are substantially duplicated a predetermined number of times, (g) storing the entry for each such matched identity and corresponding data for a storage period at least as long as the longest SSR beam rotation period, (h) selecting the largest differential time of arrival related to each said identified Other station stored by step (g), and (i) producing a threat alert in response to any such selected differential time of arrival below a predetermined value.

Claim 10

Independent Claim 264 words

A method of monitoring a space surrounding an Own station for the proximity of transponder-equipped Other stations, including the steps of (a) receiving interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station when said Own station is within the main beam of an SSR and also when said Own station is within a side lobe of said main beam, (b) receiving reply messages transmitted by any transponder-equipped Other station in response to such interrogation messages during a predetermined period following reception of each interrogation message at said Own station, (c) identifying each said Other station according to its reply messages, (d) determining, from the time relationships between each said received interrogation message and each said received reply message elicited thereby, differential time of arrival data for each of said identified Other stations with respect to each said SSR, (e) storing as entries in a running account each successive identify obtained during step (c) and the corresponding time of arrival data obtained by step (d) for a predetermined number of interrogation repetition periods, (f) matching from the entries of step (e) those identities and corresponding data that are substantially duplicated a predetermined number of times, (g) storing the entry for each such matched identity and corresponding data for a storage period at least as long as the longest SSR beam rotation period, (h) selecting the largest differential time of arrival related to each said identified Other station stored by step (g), and (i) producing a threat alert in response to any such selected differential time of arrival below a predetermined value.

Claim 11

Dependent Claim 63 words

The method set forth in claim 8, further including the steps of determining the differential altitude of each said identified Other station with respect to the Own station, storing as entries said differential altitude data associatively with said identity and differential time of arrival data, and discarding all stored correlated groups of identity and data containing differential altitudes greater than a predetermined value.

Claim 12

Dependent Claim 172 words

A collision avoidance system at an Own station, comprising: (a) means for receiving interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station, (b) means for receiving reply messages transmitted by transponder-equipped Other stations in response to such interrogation messages during a predetermined period following reception of each interrogation message by said Own station, (c) means for identifying each of said Other stations according to its reply messages, (d) means for determining from said received interrogation and reply messages a differential time of arrival (T) value for each said identified Other station with respect to each said SSR, (e) means for associatively storing identities and corresponding T values for several of the most recent reply messages, (f) means for selecting the largest T value related to each said identified Other station from among those identities and corresponding T values that are substantially duplicated a predetermined number of times, and (g) means for producing a threat alert output in response to any such selected T value below a predetermined value.

Claim 13

Dependent Claim 172 words

A collision avoidance system at an Own station, comprising: (a) means for receiving interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station, (b) means for receiving reply messages transmitted by transponder-equipped Other stations in response to such interrogation messages during a predetermined period following reception of each interrogation message by said Own station, (c) means for identifying each of said Other stations according to its reply messages, (d) means for determining from said received interrogation and reply messages a differential time of arrival (T) value for each said identified Other station with respect to each said SSR, (e) means for associatively storing identities and corresponding T values for several of the most recent reply messages, (f) means for selecting the largest T value related to each said identified Other station from among those identities and corresponding T values that are substantially duplicated a predetermined number of times, and (g) means for producing a threat alert output in response to any such selected T value below a predetermined value.

Claim 14

Dependent Claim 104 words

The system set forth in claim 10, further comprising: (h) means responsive to an altimeter output at Own station and to each reply message containing altitude information received by means (b) for determining a differential altitude value for each said identified Other station with respect to the Own station, (i) means for associatively storing the differential altitude values with identity and T values stored in means (e), and (j) means for ignoring stored correlated groups of identity and values containing differential altitudes greater than a predetermined value, whereby means (g) will not produce a threat alert output in response to said ignored correlated groups.

Claim 15

Dependent Claim 53 words

The system set forth in claim 10 or claim 11, further comprising: sensitivity time control means responsive to each interrogation message received by said means (a) to increase the sensitivity of said means (b) from a predetermined minimum to a predetermined maximum during a predetermined interval following reception of each said interrogation message.

Claim 16

Dependent Claim 46 words

The system set forth in claim 10 or claim 11, further comprising overload control means responsive to the number of interrogation messages received by said means (a) during a predetermined interval to reduce the sensitivity of said means (a) whenever said number reaches a predetermined value.

Claim 17

Dependent Claim 26 words

The system set forth in claim 10 or 11 further comprising alarm device means for producing a threat alert in response to said threat alert output.

Claim 18

Dependent Claim 28 words

The system set forth in claim 14 further comprising an indicator means for displaying a psuedo range value of any T value associated with said threat alert output.

Claim 19

Dependent Claim 33 words

The system set forth in claim 15 wherein said indicator means includes a device for displaying the identity and differential altitude value of any said Other station associated with said threat alert output.

Claim 20

Dependent Claim 144 words

A collision avoidance system at an Own station, comprising: (a) means for producing from received interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station and received reply messages transmitted by transponder-equipped Other stations in response to said interrogation messages during a predetermined period following reception of each said interrogation message by Own station, a differential time of arrival value for each of said Other stations with respect to each said SSR; (b) means for selecting, from among the several most recent differential time of arrival values produced by means (a), the largest differential time of arrival value associated with each said Other station that has been substantially duplicated a predetermined number of times; and (c) means for producing a threat alert output in response to any time of arrival value selected by means (b) that is below a predetermined value.

Claim 21

Dependent Claim 144 words

A collision avoidance system at an Own station, comprising: (a) means for producing from received interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station and received reply messages transmitted by transponder-equipped Other stations in response to said interrogation messages during a predetermined period following reception of each said interrogation message by Own station, a differential time of arrival value for each of said Other stations with respect to each said SSR; (b) means for selecting, from among the several most recent differential time of arrival values produced by means (a), the largest differential time of arrival value associated with each said Other station that has been substantially duplicated a predetermined number of times; and (c) means for producing a threat alert output in response to any time of arrival value selected by means (b) that is below a predetermined value.

Claim 22

Dependent Claim 26 words

The system as set forth in claim 17 further comprising means for storing the several most recent differential time of arrival values produced by means (a).

Claim 23

Dependent Claim 83 words

The system as set forth in claim 17 further comprising: means responsive to an altimeter at Own station and to said received reply messages containing altitude information for producing a differential altitude value for each said identified Other station with respect to the Own station, and means for rendering the system unable to generate said threat alert output in response to differential time of arrival values associated with any of said Other stations whose differential altitude values are greater than a predetermined amount.

Claim 24

Independent Claim 148 words

A method for detecting at Own station the proximity of a transponder-equipped Other station, comprising the steps of: (a) producing, from received interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station and received reply messages transmitted by any transponder-equipped Other stations in response to said interrogation messages during a predetermined period following reception of each said interrogation message by Own station, a differential time of arrival value for each of said Other stations with respect to each said SSR; (b) selecting, from among the several most recent differential time of arrival values produced by step (a), the largest differential time of arrival value associated with each said Other station that has been substantially duplicated a predetermined number of times; and (c) producing a threat alert output in response to any time of arrival value selected by step (b) that is below a predetermined value.

Claim 25

Independent Claim 148 words

A method for detecting at Own station the proximity of a transponder-equipped Other station, comprising the steps of: (a) producing, from received interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station and received reply messages transmitted by any transponder-equipped Other stations in response to said interrogation messages during a predetermined period following reception of each said interrogation message by Own station, a differential time of arrival value for each of said Other stations with respect to each said SSR; (b) selecting, from among the several most recent differential time of arrival values produced by step (a), the largest differential time of arrival value associated with each said Other station that has been substantially duplicated a predetermined number of times; and (c) producing a threat alert output in response to any time of arrival value selected by step (b) that is below a predetermined value.

Claim 26

Dependent Claim 26 words

The method set forth in claim 20, further comprising the step of: storing the several most recent differential time of arrival values produced by step (a).

Claim 27

Dependent Claim 93 words

The method as set forth in claim 20 further comprising the steps of: producing, in response to the output of an altimeter at Own station and to said received reply messages containing altitude information, a differential altitude value for each said identified Other station with respect to said Own station, and ignoring differential time of arrival values associated with any Other station whose differential altitude value is greater than a predetermined amount such that step (c) will not produce a threat alert output in response to said ignored differential time of arrival values.

Claim 28

Independent Claim 167 words

A method for detecting at Own station the proximity of a transponder-equipped Other station, comprising the steps of: (a) receiving interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station, (b) receiving reply messages transmitted by transponder-equipped Other stations in response to such interrogation messages during a predetermined period following reception of each interrogation message by said Own station, (c) identifying each of said Other station according to its reply messages, (d) determining from said received interrogation and reply messages a differential time of arrival (T) value for each said identified Other station with respect to each said SSR, (e) associatively storing identities and corresponding T values for several of the most recent reply messages, (f) selecting the largest T value related to each said identified Other station from among those identities and corresponding T values that are substantially duplicated a predetermined number of times, and (g) producing a threat alert output in response to any such selected T value below a predetermined value.

Claim 29

Independent Claim 167 words

A method for detecting at Own station the proximity of a transponder-equipped Other station, comprising the steps of: (a) receiving interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station, (b) receiving reply messages transmitted by transponder-equipped Other stations in response to such interrogation messages during a predetermined period following reception of each interrogation message by said Own station, (c) identifying each of said Other station according to its reply messages, (d) determining from said received interrogation and reply messages a differential time of arrival (T) value for each said identified Other station with respect to each said SSR, (e) associatively storing identities and corresponding T values for several of the most recent reply messages, (f) selecting the largest T value related to each said identified Other station from among those identities and corresponding T values that are substantially duplicated a predetermined number of times, and (g) producing a threat alert output in response to any such selected T value below a predetermined value.

Claim 30

Dependent Claim 99 words

The method set forth in claim 23, further comprising the steps of: (h) determining, in response to an altimeter output at Own station and to each received reply message containing altitude information a differential altitude value for each said identified Other station with respect to the Own station, (i) associatively storing the differential altitude values with identity and T values stored by step (e), and (j) ignoring stored correlated groups of identity and values containing differential altitudes greater than a predetermined value, whereby step (g) will not produce a threat alert output in response to said ignored correlated groups.

Claim 31

Dependent Claim 60 words

The method set forth in claim 23 or claim 24, further comprising the step of: sensitivity time control means responsive to each interrogation message received by said means (a) increasing the sensitivity of the reception to reply messages in step (b) from a predetermined minimum to a predetermined maximum during a predetermined interval following reception of each said interrogation message.

Claim 32

Dependent Claim 39 words

The method set forth in claim 23 or claim 24, further comprising the step of: reducing the sensitivity of the reception of interrogation messages in step (a) in response the number of interrogation messages received during a predetermined interval.

Claim 33

Dependent Claim 169 words

In a collision avoidance system at an Own station, an apparatus for receiving interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station when said Own station is within the main beam of an SSR and also when said Own station is within a side lobe of said main beam, comprising: (a) an extra-sensitive 1030 MHz receiver at said Own station for receiving SSR interrogation messages when said Own station is within the main beam of an SSR and also when said Own station is within a side lobe of said main beam; and (b) means for decoding the output from said receiver to produce an interrogation received signal whenever the presence of a P1 pulse and a P3 pulse in said output is detected without regard to the presence of the side lobe suppression P2 pulse between said P1 and P3 pulses, thereby enabling said collision avoidance system to monitor interrogation messages in an azimuth sector substantially wider than the main beam of each SSR.

Claim 34

Dependent Claim 169 words

In a collision avoidance system at an Own station, an apparatus for receiving interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station when said Own station is within the main beam of an SSR and also when said Own station is within a side lobe of said main beam, comprising: (a) an extra-sensitive 1030 MHz receiver at said Own station for receiving SSR interrogation messages when said Own station is within the main beam of an SSR and also when said Own station is within a side lobe of said main beam; and (b) means for decoding the output from said receiver to produce an interrogation received signal whenever the presence of a P1 pulse and a P3 pulse in said output is detected without regard to the presence of the side lobe suppression P2 pulse between said P1 and P3 pulses, thereby enabling said collision avoidance system to monitor interrogation messages in an azimuth sector substantially wider than the main beam of each SSR.

Claim 35

Dependent Claim 29 words

The apparatus set forth in claim 27 further comprising: (c) threshold means for allowing means (b) to decode said output only if said output exceeds a predetermined threshold level.

Claim 36

Dependent Claim 49 words

The apparatus set forth in claim 28 further comprising: (d) automatic overload control means responsive to the number of interrogation messages in said widened azimuth sector received by means (a) during a predetermined interval to reduce the sensitivity of threshold means (c) whenever said number reaches a predetermined value.

Claim 37

Dependent Claim 19 words

The apparatus set forth in claim 28 wherein said 1030 MHz receiver has a sensitivity of about -92 dbm.

Claim 38

Dependent Claim 167 words

In a collision avoidance system at an Own station, a method for receiving interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station when said Own station is within the main beam of an SSR and also when said Own station is within a side lobe of said main beam, comprising: (a) receiving SSR interrogation messages at said Own station with an extra-sensitive 1030 MHz receiver when said Own station is within the main beam of an SSR and also when said Own station is within a side lobe of said main beam; and (b) decoding the output from said receiver to produce an interrogation received signal whenever the presence of a P1 pulse and a P3 pulse in said output is detected without regard to the presence of a side lobe suppression P2 pulse between said P1 and P3 pulses, thereby enabling said collision avoidance system to monitor interrogation messages in an azimuth sector substantially wider than the main beam of each SSR.

Claim 39

Dependent Claim 167 words

In a collision avoidance system at an Own station, a method for receiving interrogation messages transmitted by each SSR within operational range of said Own station when said Own station is within the main beam of an SSR and also when said Own station is within a side lobe of said main beam, comprising: (a) receiving SSR interrogation messages at said Own station with an extra-sensitive 1030 MHz receiver when said Own station is within the main beam of an SSR and also when said Own station is within a side lobe of said main beam; and (b) decoding the output from said receiver to produce an interrogation received signal whenever the presence of a P1 pulse and a P3 pulse in said output is detected without regard to the presence of a side lobe suppression P2 pulse between said P1 and P3 pulses, thereby enabling said collision avoidance system to monitor interrogation messages in an azimuth sector substantially wider than the main beam of each SSR.

Claim 40

Dependent Claim 20 words

The method set forth in claim 31 wherein said output is decoded only if it exceeds a predetermined threshold level.

Claim 41

Dependent Claim 50 words

The method set forth in claim 32 further comprising the step of: (c) reducing the sensitivity of said apparatus by automatically increasing said threshold level whenever the number of interrogation messages in said widened azimuth sector received by said 1030 MHz receiver during a predetermined interval reaches a predetermined value.

Claim 42

Dependent Claim 23 words

The method set forth in claim 32 wherein said 1030 MHz receiver employed in step (a) has a sensitivity of about -92 dbm.

Annuity Stage	Window Opens	Payment Deadline	Surcharge Period Until	Estimated Fee	Status
3.5 Years (Year 4)	1987-12-04	1988-06-04	1988-12-04	$2000.00	Window Closed / Lapsed
7.5 Years (Year 8)	1991-12-04	1992-06-04	1992-12-04	$3760.00	Window Closed / Lapsed
11.5 Years (Year 12)	1995-12-04	1996-06-04	1996-12-04	$7700.00	Window Closed / Lapsed

Collision avoidance system

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