Photographic lighting apparatus

Claim 2

An artificial lighting assembly comprising: an elongated cylindrical light source of given diameter and length; a concave, open-ended reflector, bilaterally symmetric about a plane, said reflector being of given width and having a constant nonconic, aspheric cross-sectional shape, said aspheric shape having a radius of curvature, and hence optical power, which progressively changes in a gradual manner without discontinuities with distance along said curve, said curve being shaped so that the radius of curvature thereof increases with increasing distance from th apex thereof so as to reduce the optical power of said reflector in a predetermined manner with increasing distance along said curve; and means for positioning said source within said reflector in a predetermined manner to project a beam of illumination of predetermined angular divergence as measured in said reflector plane of symmetry and a plane orthogonal thereto to illuminate points on any plane normal to said reflector plane of symmetry, spaced ahead of said assembly and within said beam angle of divergence and effective range, with a predetermined distribution of illumination, said reflector shape being structured to reflect light from said source in a manner whereby the illumination of said points due to said reflected light, above and below a central axis in any said normal plane defined by the intersection of said reflector plane of symmetry and any said normal plane, progressively increases in a gradual manner without discontinuities in accordance with increasing angular divergence of said beam measured away from said reflector plane of symmetry to compensate for natural losses in illumination which would otherwise be present at those same points absent said reflector; to abruptly cause a reduction in the intensity of illumination of points on any said normal plane, above and below that normal plane central axis, which points correspond to an angular divergence beyond a predetermined value.

Claim 3

The lighting assembly of claim 1 further including a cylindrical lens of predetermined power positioned to receive light emerging from said reflector open end and having an axis of curvature arranged perpendicular to said reflector plane of symmetry, said cylindrical lens operating to narrow the angular divergence of said beam of illumination as measured in planes parallel to said reflector plane of symmetry to increase the intensity of said beam of illumination so that points on any said normal plane on either side of an axis perpendicular to that normal plane central axis and through the center of that normal plane are more intensely illuminated than they otherwise would be absent said cylindrical lens.

Claim 4

The assembly of claim 2 wherein said cylindrical lens is in the form of a Fresnel lens.

Claim 5

The lighting assembly of claim 1 wherein said polynomial equation is a 6th order polynomial of the form: ##EQU3## where y and x are, respectively, the dependent and independent variables in a Cartesian coordinate system and the terms, A n , represent the coefficients of said polynomial.

Claim 6

The lighting assembly of claim 4 wherein the coefficients of said 6th order polynomial equation are given by: A 0 =0.000999 A 1 =-0.90182248 A 2 =4.8411086 A 3 =-14.130211 A 4 =29.164005 A 5 =-30.30235 A 6 =12.00036 when said polynomial equation is specified in a Cartesian coordinate system that has been rotated by 45°.

Claim 7

An artificial lighting assembly comprising: an elongated cylindrical light source of given diameter and length; a concave, open-ended reflector, bilaterally symmetric about a plane, said reflector being of given width and having a constant nonconic, aspheric cross-sectional shape, said aspheric shape having a radius of curvature, and hence optical power, which progressively changes in a gradual manner without discontinuities with distance along said curve, said curve being shaped so that the radius of curvature thereof increases with increasing distance from the apex thereof so as to reduce the optical power of said reflector in a predetermined manner with increasing distance along said curve; and means for positioning said source within said reflector in a predetermined manner to project a beam of illumination of predetermined angular divergence as measured in said reflector plane of symmetry and a plane orthogonal thereto to illuminate points on any plane normal to said reflector plane of symmetry, spaced ahead of said assembly and within said beam angle of divergence and effective range, with a predetermined distribution of illumination, said reflector shape being structured to reflect light from said source in a manner whereby the illumination of said points due to said reflected light, above and below a central axis in any said normal plane defined by the intersection of said reflector plane of symmetry and any said normal plane, progressively increases in a gradual manner without discontinuities in accordance with increasing angular divergence of said beam measured away from said reflector plane of symmetry to compensate for natural losses in illumination which would otherwise be present at those same points absent said reflector; to abruptly cause a reduction in the intensity of illumination of points on any said normal plane, above and below that normal plane central axis, which points correspond to an angular divergence beyond a predetermined value; said light source having its central axis offset with respect to said reflector plane of symmetry such that light reflected generally from apical regions of said reflector operates to cause an asymmetry in the intensity of the illumination falling on any said normal plane, about that normal plane central axis, without substantially changing said angular divergence of said projected beam of light above and below said reflector plane of symmetry, said asymmetry operating to more intensely illuminate points on one side of any said normal plane central axis than correspondingly located points on the opposite side thereof.

Claim 8

An artificial lighting assembly comprising: an elongated cylindrical light source of given diameter and length; a concave, open-ended reflector, bilaterally symmetric about a plane, said reflector being of given width and having a constant nonconic, aspheric cross-sectional shape, said aspheric shape having a radius of curvature, and hence optical power, which progressively changes in a gradual manner without discontinuities with distance along said curve, said curve being shaped so that the radius of curvature thereof increases with increasing distance from the apex thereof so as to reduce the optical power of said reflector in a predetermined manner with increasing distance along said curve; and means for positioning said source within said reflector in a predetermined manner to project a beam of illumination of predetermined angular divergence as measured in said reflector plane of symmetry and a plane orthogonal thereto to illuminate points on any plane normal to said reflector plane of symmetry, spaced ahead of said assembly and within said beam angle of divergence and effective range, with a predetermined distribution of illumination, said reflector shape being structured to reflect light from said source in a manner whereby the illumination of said points due to said reflected light, above and below a central axis in any said normal plane defined by the intersection of said reflector plane of symmetry and any said normal plane, progressively increases in a gradual manner without discontinuities in accordance with increasing angular divergence of said beam measured away from said reflector plane of symmetry to compensate for natural losses in illumination which would otherwise be present at those same points absent said reflector; to abruptly cause a reduction in the intensity of illumination of points on any said normal plane, above and below that normal plane central axis, which points correspond to an angular divergence beyond a predetermined value; said light source having its central axis offset with respect to said reflector plane of symmetry such that light reflected generally from apical regions of said reflector operates to cause an asymmetry in the intensity of the illumination falling on any said normal plane, about that normal plane central axis, without substantially changing said angular divergence of said projected beam of light above and below said reflector plane of symmetry, said asymmetry operating to more intensely illuminate points on one side of any said normal plane central axis than correspondingly located points on the opposite side thereof.

Claim 9

The lighting assembly of claim 6 further including a cylindrical lens of predetermined power positioned to receive light emerging from said reflector open end and having an axis of curvature arranged perpendicular to said reflector plane of symmetry, said cylindrical lens operating to narrow the angular divergence of said beam of illumination as measured in planes parallel to said reflector plane of symmetry to increase the intensity of said beam of illumination so that points on any said normal plane on either side of an axis perpendicular to that normal plane central axis and through the center of that normal plane are more intensely illuminated than they otherwise would be absent said cylindrical lens.

Claim 10

The assembly of claim 7 wherein said cylindrical lens is in the form of a Fresnel lens.

Claim 11

The lighting assembly of claim 1 wherein said polynomial equation is a 6th order polynomial of the form: ##EQU4## where y and x are, respectively, the dependent and independent variables in a Cartesian coordinate system and the terms, A n , represent the coefficients of said polynomial.

Claim 12

The lighting assembly of claim 9 wherein the coefficients of said 6th order polynomial equation are given by: A 0 =0.000999 A 1 =-0.90182248 A 2 =4.8411086 A 3 =-14.130211 A 4 =29.164005 A 5 =-30.30235 A 6 =12.00036 when said polynomial equation is specified in a Cartesian coordinate system that has been rotated by 45°.

Claim 13

A reflector for directing illumination from an elongated artificial light source in a predetermined manner, said reflector being of given width, bilaterally symmetric about a plane and having a constant, non-conic aspheric cross-sectional shape mathematically described by a 6th order polynomial equation, said polynomial equation having a radius of curvature, and hence optical power, which progressively changes in a gradual manner without discontinuities with distance along said curve, said equation describing a curve having a shape the radius of curvature of which increases with increasing distance from the apex thereof so as to reduce the optical power of said reflector in a predetermined manner with increasing distance along said curve, said 6th order polynomial equation being of the form: ##EQU5## where y and x are, respectively, the dependent and independent variables in a Cartesian coordinate system and the terms, A n , represent the coefficients of said polynomial and are given by: A 0 =0.000999 A 1 =-0.90182248 A 2 =4.8411086 A 3 =-14.130211 A 4 =29.164005 A 5 =-30.30235 A 6 =12.00036 when said polynomial is specified in a Cartesian coordinate system that has been rotated by 45°.

Claim 14

A reflector for directing illumination from an elongated artificial light source in a predetermined manner, said reflector being of given width, bilaterally symmetric about a plane and having a constant, non-conic aspheric cross-sectional shape mathematically described by a 6th order polynomial equation, said polynomial equation having a radius of curvature, and hence optical power, which progressively changes in a gradual manner without discontinuities with distance along said curve, said equation describing a curve having a shape the radius of curvature of which increases with increasing distance from the apex thereof so as to reduce the optical power of said reflector in a predetermined manner with increasing distance along said curve, said 6th order polynomial equation being of the form: ##EQU5## where y and x are, respectively, the dependent and independent variables in a Cartesian coordinate system and the terms, A n , represent the coefficients of said polynomial and are given by: A 0 =0.000999 A 1 =-0.90182248 A 2 =4.8411086 A 3 =-14.130211 A 4 =29.164005 A 5 =-30.30235 A 6 =12.00036 when said polynomial is specified in a Cartesian coordinate system that has been rotated by 45°.

Claim 15

The lighting assembly of claims 1 or 2 wherein said aspheric cross-sectional shape of said reflector is mathematically described by a preselected polynomial equation having nonzero terms of at least second and third order.

Claim 16

The lighting assembly of claims 6 or 7 wherein said aspheric cross-sectional shape of said reflector is mathematically described by a preselected polynomial equation having nonzero terms of at least second and third order.

Claim 17

An artificial lighting assembly comprising: an elongated cylindrical light source of given diameter and length; a concave, open-ended reflector, bilaterally symmetric about a plane, said reflector being of given width and having a constant nonconic, aspheric cross-sectional shape, said aspheric shape having a radius of curvature, and hence optical power, which progressively changes in a gradual manner without discontinuities with distance along said curve, said curve being shaped so that the radius of curvature thereof increases with increasing distance from the apex thereof so as to reduce the optical power of said reflector in a predetermined manner with increasing distance along said curve; and means for positioning said source within said reflector in a predetermined manner to project a beam of illumination of predetermined angular divergence as measured in said reflector plane of symmetry and a plane orthogonal thereto to illuminate points on any plane normal to said reflector plane of symmetry, spaced ahead of said assembly and within said beam angle of divergence and effective range, with a predetermined distribution of illumination, said reflector surface being structured to form images of different parts of said source apparent on said reflector surface which images increase in size in correspondence with increasing angular divergence of said beam as measured away from said reflector plane of symmetry such that the illumination of said points from light reflected from said reflector, above and below a central axis in any said normal plane defined by the intersection of said reflector plane of symmetry and any said normal plane, is determined by the solid angle subtended by the said apparent images of said source as seen from said points, said solid angles subtended by said points increasing in size in accordance with increasing source image size whereby the illumination of said points, above and below a central axis in any said normal plane, progressively increases in a gradual manner without discontinuities in accordance with increasing angular divergence of said beam measured away from said reflector plane of symmetry to compensate for natural losses in illumination which would otherwise be present at those same points absent said reflector; to abruptly cause a reduction in the intensity of illumination of points on any said normal plane, above and below that normal plane central axis, which points correspond to an angular divergence beyond a predetermined value.

Claim 18

An artificial lighting assembly comprising: an elongated cylindrical light source of given diameter and length; a concave, open-ended reflector, bilaterally symmetric about a plane, said reflector being of given width and having a constant nonconic, aspheric cross-sectional shape, said aspheric shape having a radius of curvature, and hence optical power, which progressively changes in a gradual manner without discontinuities with distance along said curve, said curve being shaped so that the radius of curvature thereof increases with increasing distance from the apex thereof so as to reduce the optical power of said reflector in a predetermined manner with increasing distance along said curve; and means for positioning said source within said reflector in a predetermined manner to project a beam of illumination of predetermined angular divergence as measured in said reflector plane of symmetry and a plane orthogonal thereto to illuminate points on any plane normal to said reflector plane of symmetry, spaced ahead of said assembly and within said beam angle of divergence and effective range, with a predetermined distribution of illumination, said reflector surface being structured to form images of different parts of said source apparent on said reflector surface which images increase in size in correspondence with increasing angular divergence of said beam as measured away from said reflector plane of symmetry such that the illumination of said points from light reflected from said reflector, above and below a central axis in any said normal plane defined by the intersection of said reflector plane of symmetry and any said normal plane, is determined by the solid angle subtended by the said apparent images of said source as seen from said points, said solid angles subtended by said points increasing in size in accordance with increasing source image size whereby the illumination of said points, above and below a central axis in any said normal plane, progressively increases in a gradual manner without discontinuities in accordance with increasing angular divergence of said beam measured away from said reflector plane of symmetry to compensate for natural losses in illumination which would otherwise be present at those same points absent said reflector; to abruptly cause a reduction in the intensity of illumination of points on any said normal plane, above and below that normal plane central axis, which points correspond to an angular divergence beyond a predetermined value.

Claim 19

The lighting assembly of claim 14 wherein said nonconic, aspheric curve is mathematically described by a preselected polynomial equation having nonzero terms of at least second and third order.

Claim 20

An artificial lighting assembly comprising: an elongated cylindrical light source of given diameter and length; a concave, open-ended reflector, bilaterally symmetric about a plane, said reflector being of given width and having a constant cross-sectional shape in the form of a nonconic, aspheric curve which is mathematically continuous, has first and second derivatives which are continuous and which selectively vary so that the radius of curvature, and hence the optical power, of said aspheric curve progressively changes in a gradual manner without discontinuities with distance along said curve, said curve being configured so that the radius of curvature thereof increases with increasing distance from the apex thereof so as to reduce the optical power of said reflector in a predetermined manner with increasing distance along said curve; and means for positioning said source within said reflector in a predetermined manner to form ahead of said reflector defocused real images of different parts of said source along different angular directions as measured in said plane of symmetry and a plane orthogonal thereto to illuminate points on any plane normal to said reflector plane of symmetry, spaced ahead of said assembly and within the effective range of said assembly, with a predetermined distribution of illumination, said reflector shape being structured to increase the apparent size of images of different parts of said source as seen formed on said reflector surface from said points whereby the illumination of said points due to reflected light from said source, above and below a central axis in any said normal plane defined by the intersection of said reflector plane of symmetry and any said normal plane, progressively increases in a gradual manner without discontinuities in accordance with increasing angular divergence measured away from said reflector plane of symmetry to compensate for natural losses in illumination which would otherwise be present at said points absent said reflector, to abruptly cause a reduction in the intensity of points on any said normal plane, above and below said normal plane central axis, which points correspond to an angular divergence beyond a predetermined value.

Claim 21

An artificial lighting assembly comprising: an elongated cylindrical light source of given diameter and length; a concave, open-ended reflector, bilaterally symmetric about a plane, said reflector being of given width and having a constant cross-sectional shape in the form of a nonconic, aspheric curve which is mathematically continuous, has first and second derivatives which are continuous and which selectively vary so that the radius of curvature, and hence the optical power, of said aspheric curve progressively changes in a gradual manner without discontinuities with distance along said curve, said curve being configured so that the radius of curvature thereof increases with increasing distance from the apex thereof so as to reduce the optical power of said reflector in a predetermined manner with increasing distance along said curve; and means for positioning said source within said reflector in a predetermined manner to form ahead of said reflector defocused real images of different parts of said source along different angular directions as measured in said plane of symmetry and a plane orthogonal thereto to illuminate points on any plane normal to said reflector plane of symmetry, spaced ahead of said assembly and within the effective range of said assembly, with a predetermined distribution of illumination, said reflector shape being structured to increase the apparent size of images of different parts of said source as seen formed on said reflector surface from said points whereby the illumination of said points due to reflected light from said source, above and below a central axis in any said normal plane defined by the intersection of said reflector plane of symmetry and any said normal plane, progressively increases in a gradual manner without discontinuities in accordance with increasing angular divergence measured away from said reflector plane of symmetry to compensate for natural losses in illumination which would otherwise be present at said points absent said reflector, to abruptly cause a reduction in the intensity of points on any said normal plane, above and below said normal plane central axis, which points correspond to an angular divergence beyond a predetermined value.

Claim 22

The lighting assembly of claim 16 wherein said nonconic, aspheric curve is mathematically described by a preselected polynomial equation having nonzero terms of at least second and third order.

Claim 23

An artificial lighting assembly comprising: an elongated cylindrical light source of given diameter and length; a concave, open-ended reflector, bilaterally symmetric about a plane, said reflector being of given width and having a constant nonconic, aspheric cross-sectional shape, said aspheric shape having a radius of curvature, and hence optical power, which varies continuously and as a function of at least two independent and arbitrary constants and progressively changes in a gradual manner without discontinuities with distance along said curve, said curve being shaped so that the radius of curvature thereof increases with increasing distance from the apex thereof so as to reduce the optical power of said reflector in a predetermined manner with increasing distance along said curve; and means for positioning said source within said reflector in a predetermined manner to project a beam of illumination of predetermined angular divergence as measured in said reflector plane of symmetry and a plane orthogonal thereto to illuminate points on any plane normal to said reflector plane of symmetry, spaced ahead of said assembly and within said beam angle of divergence and effective range, with a predetermined distribution of illumination, said reflector shape being structured to reflect light from said source in a manner whereby the illumination of said points due to said reflected light, above and below a central axis in any said normal plane defined by the intersection of said reflector plane of symmetry and any said normal plane, progressively increases in a gradual manner without discontinuities in accordance with increasing angular divergence of said beam measured away from said reflector plane of symmetry to compensate for natural losses in illumination which would otherwise be present at those same points absent said reflector; to abruptly cause a reduction in the intensity of illumination of points on any said normal plane, above and below that normal plane central axis, which points correspond to an angular divergence beyond a predetermined value.

Claim 24

An artificial lighting assembly comprising: an elongated cylindrical light source of given diameter and length; a concave, open-ended reflector, bilaterally symmetric about a plane, said reflector being of given width and having a constant nonconic, aspheric cross-sectional shape, said aspheric shape having a radius of curvature, and hence optical power, which varies continuously and as a function of at least two independent and arbitrary constants and progressively changes in a gradual manner without discontinuities with distance along said curve, said curve being shaped so that the radius of curvature thereof increases with increasing distance from the apex thereof so as to reduce the optical power of said reflector in a predetermined manner with increasing distance along said curve; and means for positioning said source within said reflector in a predetermined manner to project a beam of illumination of predetermined angular divergence as measured in said reflector plane of symmetry and a plane orthogonal thereto to illuminate points on any plane normal to said reflector plane of symmetry, spaced ahead of said assembly and within said beam angle of divergence and effective range, with a predetermined distribution of illumination, said reflector shape being structured to reflect light from said source in a manner whereby the illumination of said points due to said reflected light, above and below a central axis in any said normal plane defined by the intersection of said reflector plane of symmetry and any said normal plane, progressively increases in a gradual manner without discontinuities in accordance with increasing angular divergence of said beam measured away from said reflector plane of symmetry to compensate for natural losses in illumination which would otherwise be present at those same points absent said reflector; to abruptly cause a reduction in the intensity of illumination of points on any said normal plane, above and below that normal plane central axis, which points correspond to an angular divergence beyond a predetermined value.

Claim 25

The lighting assembly of claim 18 wherein said aspheric cross-sectional shape of said reflector is mathematically described by a preselected polynomial equation having nonzero terms of at least second and third order.

Claim 26

An artificial lighting assembly comprising: an elongated cylindrical light source of given diameter and length; a concave, open-ended reflector, bilaterally symmetric about a plane, said reflector being of given width and having a constant cross-sectional shape in the form of a nonconic, aspheric curve which is mathematically continuous, has first and second derivatives which are continuous and which vary continuously so that the radius of curvature, and hence the optical power, of said aspheric curve progressively changes in a gradual manner without discontinuities with distance along said curve, said curve being configured so that the radius of curvature thereof increases with increasing distance from the apex thereof so as to reduce the optical power of said reflector in a predetermined manner with increasing distance along said curve; and means for positioning said source within said reflector in a predetermined manner to form ahead of said reflector defocused real images of different parts of said source along different angular directions as measured in said plane of symmetry and a plane orthogonal thereto to illuminate points on any plane normal to said reflector plane of symmetry, spaced ahead of said assembly and within the effective range of said assembly, with a predetermined distribution of illumination, said reflector shape being structured to increase the apparent size of images of different parts of said source as seen formed on said reflector surface from said points whereby the illumination of said points due to reflected light from said source, above and below a central axis in any said normal plane defined by the intersection of said reflector plane of symmetry and any said normal plane, progressively increases in a gradual manner without discontinuities in accordance with increasing angular divergence measured away from said reflector plane of symmetry to compensate for natural losses in illumination which would otherwise be present at said points absent said reflector, to abruptly cause a reduction in the intensity of points on any said normal plane, above and below said normal plane central axis, which points correspond to an angular divergence beyond a predetermined value.

Claim 27

An artificial lighting assembly comprising: an elongated cylindrical light source of given diameter and length; a concave, open-ended reflector, bilaterally symmetric about a plane, said reflector being of given width and having a constant cross-sectional shape in the form of a nonconic, aspheric curve which is mathematically continuous, has first and second derivatives which are continuous and which vary continuously so that the radius of curvature, and hence the optical power, of said aspheric curve progressively changes in a gradual manner without discontinuities with distance along said curve, said curve being configured so that the radius of curvature thereof increases with increasing distance from the apex thereof so as to reduce the optical power of said reflector in a predetermined manner with increasing distance along said curve; and means for positioning said source within said reflector in a predetermined manner to form ahead of said reflector defocused real images of different parts of said source along different angular directions as measured in said plane of symmetry and a plane orthogonal thereto to illuminate points on any plane normal to said reflector plane of symmetry, spaced ahead of said assembly and within the effective range of said assembly, with a predetermined distribution of illumination, said reflector shape being structured to increase the apparent size of images of different parts of said source as seen formed on said reflector surface from said points whereby the illumination of said points due to reflected light from said source, above and below a central axis in any said normal plane defined by the intersection of said reflector plane of symmetry and any said normal plane, progressively increases in a gradual manner without discontinuities in accordance with increasing angular divergence measured away from said reflector plane of symmetry to compensate for natural losses in illumination which would otherwise be present at said points absent said reflector, to abruptly cause a reduction in the intensity of points on any said normal plane, above and below said normal plane central axis, which points correspond to an angular divergence beyond a predetermined value.

Claim 28

The lighting assembly of claim 20 wherein said aspheric cross-sectional shape of said reflector is mathematically described by a preselected polynomial equation having nonzero terms of at least second and third order.