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US4269539A
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Method for preventing damage to a refrigerated gas pipeline due to excessive frost heaving
Assignee: ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co
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Filing: 1978-12-07
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Granted: 1981-05-26
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Expires: 1998-12-07
Abstract
Abstract Heat pipes are installed in the soil directly beneath a buried refrigerated gas pipeline and operate continuously in conjunction with operation of the pipeline to beneficially alter the heat and water flow patterns thereby substantially preventing frost heaving without regard to the season.
Inventors
- 👤 Scott W. Hopke
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-11-02 21:33
CPC Classifications
E; E02; E02D; E02D31/00; E02D31/10; E02D31/14
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 24
Claim 1
Independent Claim
102 words
A method of preventing the deformation of a refrigerated gas pipeline buried in frost-susceptible soil due to frost-heaving from ice lenses beneath said pipeline which comprises: (a) installing heat pipes in the soil beneath said pipeline such that a temperature differential will exist between said pipeline and the soil surrounding a lower portion of said heat pipes during pipeline operation; and (b) flowing a refrigerated gas through said pipeline such that said heat pipes operate in conjunction with operation of said refrigerated gas pipeline due to said temperature differential to freeze the soil without forming ice lenses capable of heaving said pipeline.
Claim 2
Independent Claim
102 words
A method of preventing the deformation of a refrigerated gas pipeline buried in frost-susceptible soil due to frost-heaving from ice lenses beneath said pipeline which comprises: (a) installing heat pipes in the soil beneath said pipeline such that a temperature differential will exist between said pipeline and the soil surrounding a lower portion of said heat pipes during pipeline operation; and (b) flowing a refrigerated gas through said pipeline such that said heat pipes operate in conjunction with operation of said refrigerated gas pipeline due to said temperature differential to freeze the soil without forming ice lenses capable of heaving said pipeline.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
24 words
The method of claim 1 which includes installing said heat pipes within about 6 to about 18 inches from the bottom of said pipeline.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
22 words
The method of claim 1 which includes extending an upper portion of each of said heat pipes nearly horizontally beneath said pipeline.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
42 words
The method of claim 1 which includes installing said heat pipes such that adequate heat transfer is achieved to the soil adjacent to the upper portion of said heat pipes, while mnimizing heat transfer to the refrigerated gas contained in said pipeline.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
19 words
The method of claim 1 wherein said pipeline is operated at between about 10° F. and about 30° F.
Claim 7
Independent Claim
160 words
A method of installing and operating a pipeline for transporting refrigerated fluids in frost-susceptible soil so that frost heaving is alleviated during operation of said pipeline, which comprises: (a) forming a ditch in said soil for burying said pipeline; (b) installing heat pipes in the bottom of said ditch such that a temperature differential will exist between said pipeline and the soil surrounding a lower portion of said heat pipes during pipeline operation, said heat pipes extending subtantially downwardly beneath the bottom of said ditch and, due to said temperature differential, operating to passively extract heat from the soil when refrigerated fluid flows through said pipeline; (c) partially filling said ditch with soil to provide a layer of soil above said heat pipes; (d) installing said pipeline in said ditch above said heat pipes; (e) filling said ditch with soil to bury said pipeline; and (f) flowing a refrigerated fluid through said pipeline such that said temperature differential is created.
Claim 8
Independent Claim
160 words
A method of installing and operating a pipeline for transporting refrigerated fluids in frost-susceptible soil so that frost heaving is alleviated during operation of said pipeline, which comprises: (a) forming a ditch in said soil for burying said pipeline; (b) installing heat pipes in the bottom of said ditch such that a temperature differential will exist between said pipeline and the soil surrounding a lower portion of said heat pipes during pipeline operation, said heat pipes extending subtantially downwardly beneath the bottom of said ditch and, due to said temperature differential, operating to passively extract heat from the soil when refrigerated fluid flows through said pipeline; (c) partially filling said ditch with soil to provide a layer of soil above said heat pipes; (d) installing said pipeline in said ditch above said heat pipes; (e) filling said ditch with soil to bury said pipeline; and (f) flowing a refrigerated fluid through said pipeline such that said temperature differential is created.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
49 words
The method of claim 6 wherein the amount of soil provided in step (c) is chosen so that adequate heat is transferred to the soil directly beneath said pipeline during operation of said heat pipes, while at the same time heat transferred to the pipeline fluid itself is minimized.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
37 words
The method of claim 7 wherein the depth of said layer of soil ranges from about 6 inches to about 18 inches, when said pipeline is to be operated at from about 10° to about 30° F.
Claim 11
Independent Claim
127 words
A method of substantially preventing the frost heaving of a refrigerated gas pipeline buried in frost-susceptible soil due to the upward force of horizontal ice lenses forming beneath said pipeline which comprises: (a) installing a plurality of heat pipes substantially along the axis of said pipeline and in the soil beneath said pipeline such that a temperature differential will exist between said pipeline and the soil surrounding a lower portion of each of said heat pipes during pipeline operation; and (b) flowing a refrigerated gas through said pipeline such that said heat pipes operate to remove heat from the soil when said pipeline is in operation whereby the direction of heat flow and water migration is altered so as to prevent formation of said horizontal ice lenses.
Claim 12
Independent Claim
127 words
A method of substantially preventing the frost heaving of a refrigerated gas pipeline buried in frost-susceptible soil due to the upward force of horizontal ice lenses forming beneath said pipeline which comprises: (a) installing a plurality of heat pipes substantially along the axis of said pipeline and in the soil beneath said pipeline such that a temperature differential will exist between said pipeline and the soil surrounding a lower portion of each of said heat pipes during pipeline operation; and (b) flowing a refrigerated gas through said pipeline such that said heat pipes operate to remove heat from the soil when said pipeline is in operation whereby the direction of heat flow and water migration is altered so as to prevent formation of said horizontal ice lenses.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
24 words
The method of claim 9 which includes fitting an upper portion of each of said heat pipes with a radiator to facilitate heat transfer.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
16 words
The method of claim 10 which includes extending said upper portion nearly horizontally beneath said pipeline.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
23 words
The method of claim 11 which includes extending each of said heat pipes from about 20 to about 50 feet below said pipeline.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
22 words
The method of claim 12 which includes separating said lower portions of said heat pipes by up to about 50 foot intervals.
Claim 17
Independent Claim
125 words
A method for reducing frost heaving of a refrigerated gas pipeline buried in frost-susceptible soil which comprises: installing in said soil a plurality of heat pipes along the axis of said pipeline during ditching operations, a portion of each of said heat pipes extending downwardly into said soil a substantial distance and another portion thereof extending nearly horizontally beneath said pipeline, and flowing refrigerated gas through said pipeline such that a temperature differential is created between said pipeline and the soil surrounding said downwardly extending portions of said heat pipes sufficient to cause said heat pipes to extract heat from the soil to form a massive frost bulb in the soil adjacent to said heat pipes tending to resist significant dislocation due to frost heaving.
Claim 18
Independent Claim
125 words
A method for reducing frost heaving of a refrigerated gas pipeline buried in frost-susceptible soil which comprises: installing in said soil a plurality of heat pipes along the axis of said pipeline during ditching operations, a portion of each of said heat pipes extending downwardly into said soil a substantial distance and another portion thereof extending nearly horizontally beneath said pipeline, and flowing refrigerated gas through said pipeline such that a temperature differential is created between said pipeline and the soil surrounding said downwardly extending portions of said heat pipes sufficient to cause said heat pipes to extract heat from the soil to form a massive frost bulb in the soil adjacent to said heat pipes tending to resist significant dislocation due to frost heaving.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
34 words
The method of claim 14 wherein a layer of soil between about 6 inches and about 18 inches thick is provided between said nearly horizontally extending portions of said heat pipes and said pipeline.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
19 words
The method of claim 14 wherein the rate of frost heaving is reduced to less than about 0.01 ft/yr.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
23 words
The method of claim 14 wherein said frost bulb begins to form within about one month after pipeline startup, regardless of the season.
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
17 words
The method of claim 14 wherein freeze-thaw cycles occuring due to fluctuations in operation are significantly dampened.
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
93 words
A buried pipeline system for transporting refrigerated fluids through frost-susceptible soil which comprises: (a) a pipeline; and (b) a plurality of heat pipes buried substantially along the axis of said pipeline and in the soil beneath said pipeline such that a temperature differential will exist between said pipeline and the soil surrounding a lower portion of each of said heat pipes during pipeline operation, whereby said heat pipes operate to passively extract heat from and freeze the soil due to said temperature differential without substantial ice lense formation tending to deform said pipeline.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
93 words
A buried pipeline system for transporting refrigerated fluids through frost-susceptible soil which comprises: (a) a pipeline; and (b) a plurality of heat pipes buried substantially along the axis of said pipeline and in the soil beneath said pipeline such that a temperature differential will exist between said pipeline and the soil surrounding a lower portion of each of said heat pipes during pipeline operation, whereby said heat pipes operate to passively extract heat from and freeze the soil due to said temperature differential without substantial ice lense formation tending to deform said pipeline.
References Cited (Backward Citations)
USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 Years (Year 4) | 1984-05-25 | 1984-11-24 | 1985-05-26 | $2000.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 1988-05-25 | 1988-11-24 | 1989-05-26 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 1992-05-25 | 1992-11-24 | 1993-05-26 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |