Remotely-controllable relays and filters therefor

Claim 2

A remotely-controllable relay for effecting a switching operation in response to a control signal in the form of an alternating ripple voltage at a first predetermined frequency superimposed upon and asynchronous with an alternating power supply voltage in an electric-power distribution network, comprising: an input for receiving the network voltage and supplying a signal derived therefrom; means for generating a signal at a second predetermined frequency independent of the power supply frequency and selected to be different from the nominal value of said first frequency and further selected such that the difference frequency of the first and second frequencies is less than any of the first, second and power supply frequencies; means connected for receiving and mixing said second-frequency signal and said signal supplied by the input, whereby to produce an output signal including, if said control signal is present on the network, a component at the difference frequency; filter means connected to receive the output signal of the mixing means, and arranged to pass said difference frequency and to attenuate higher frequencies; and means connected to the filter means to detect the presence of said component and to effect said switching operation in accordance therewith.

Claim 3

A relay according to claim 1, wherein the filter means comprises a low-pass filter which substantially blocks all frequencies, including the first, second and power supply frequencies, above the said difference frequency.

Claim 4

A relay according to claim 2, wherein the filter means comprises a third-order active filter.

Claim 5

A relay according to claim 1, wherein the input includes a band-pass filter arranged to attenuate the power supply frequency and at least the odd harmonics thereof relative to said first predetermined frequency.

Claim 6

A relay according to claim 1, wherein the mixing means comprises a single multiplying means connected between said input and said filter means, said single multiplying means connected to receive and multiply together said second-frequency signal and said signal supplied by the input.

Claim 7

A relay according to claim 5, wherein the multiplying means comprises switch means coupling said input and said filter means, and responsive to said second-frequency signal to open and close once during each cycle of said signal.

Claim 8

A relay according to claim 1, wherein the mixing means includes means for effecting tuned filtering at said first predetermined frequency.

Claim 9

A relay according to claim 7, wherein the said mixing means includes a tuned filter.

Claim 10

A relay according to claim 1, wherein said second predetermined frequency is lower than said first frequency.

Claim 11

A relay according to claim 1, wherein the detection means is arranged to compare any difference frequency signal passed by the filter means with a predetermined threshold, and to detect said component corresponding to a control signal as being present if the amplitude of the difference-frequency signal exceeds the threshold for a period of predetermined duration.

Claim 12

A relay according to claim 10, wherein the detection means is arranged to compare the instantaneous magnitude of said difference-frequency signal with two reference magnitudes which are respectively positive and negative of the mean value of the difference-frequency signal, and to detect said component as being present, if, within said period, said instantaneous magnitude at least equals each of said reference magnitudes.

Claim 13

A relay according to claim 11, wherein said component is detected as being present only if said instantaneous magnitude at least equals one of said reference magnitudes both before and after it at least equals the other said reference magnitude.

Claim 14

A relay according to claim 1, wherein the difference frequency is not greater than 20 Hz.

Claim 15

A relay according to claim 13 wherein the difference frequency is approximately 21/2 Hz.

Claim 16

A remotely-controllable relay for effecting a switching operation in response to a control signal in the form of an alternating ripple voltage at a first predetermined frequency superimposed upon and asynchronous with an alternating power supply voltage in an electric-power distribution network, comprising: an input for receiving the network voltage and supplying a signal derived therefrom; means for generating a signal at a second predetermined frequency independent of the power supply frequency and selected to be different from the nominal value of said first frequency and further selected such that the difference frequency of the first and second frequencies is less than any of the first, second and power supply frequencies; means connected for receiving and mixing said second-frequency signal and said signal supplied by the input, whereby to produce an output signal including, if said control signal is present on the network, a component at the difference frequency; filter means connected to receive the output signal of the mixing means, and arranged to pass said difference frequency and to attenuate higher frequencies; means connected to the filter means to detect the presence of said component and to effect said switching operation in accordance therewith, and wherein said relay further includes: means for generating first and second correlation signals at said first predetermined frequency and in phase quadrature with one another, wherein said mixing means is arranged to effect tuned filtering at said first predetermined frequency and comprises first and second multiplying means connected to receive and multiply said signal supplied by the input with said first and second correlation signals respectively; first and second low-pass filters connected to receive the outputs from said first and second multiplying means respectively; and third multiplying means connected to receive and multiply the outputs from said first and second low-pass filters respectively by first and second multiplying factors dependent on said generated first and second frequency signals and in the same phase relationship as said first and second correlation signals.

Claim 17

A remotely-controllable relay for effecting a switching operation in response to a control signal in the form of an alternating ripple voltage at a first predetermined frequency superimposed upon and asynchronous with an alternating power supply voltage in an electric-power distribution network, comprising: an input for receiving the network voltage and supplying a signal derived therefrom; means for generating a signal at a second predetermined frequency independent of the power supply frequency and selected to be different from the nominal value of said first frequency and further selected such that the difference frequency of the first and second frequencies is less than any of the first, second and power supply frequencies; means connected for receiving and mixing said second-frequency signal and said signal supplied by the input, whereby to produce an output signal including, if said control signal is present on the network, a component at the difference frequency; filter means connected to receive the output signal of the mixing means, and arranged to pass said difference frequency and to attenuate higher frequencies; means connected to the filter means to detect the presence of said component and to effect said switching operation in accordance therewith, and wherein said relay further includes: means for generating first and second correlation signals at said first predetermined frequency and in phase quadrature with one another, wherein said mixing means is arranged to effect tuned filtering at said first predetermined frequency and comprises first and second multiplying means connected to receive and multiply said signal supplied by the input with said first and second correlation signals respectively; first and second low-pass filters connected to receive the outputs from said first and second multiplying means respectively; and third multiplying means connected to receive and multiply the outputs from said first and second low-pass filters respectively by first and second multiplying factors dependent on said generated first and second frequency signals and in the same phase relationship as said first and second correlation signals.

Claim 18

A relay according to claim 15 wherein said first and second multiplying means comprise respective switch means which couple said input and said first and second low-pass filters respectively, and which are responsive to said first and second correlation signals respectively to open and close once during each cycle of said signals.

Claim 19

A relay according to claim 15, wherein said third multiplying means is arranged to multiply the outputs from said first and second low-pass filters respectively by respective signals at a selected one of said first and second frequencies and in the same phase relationship as said first and second correlation signals, and to multiply the sum of the products thereof by a signal at the other of said frequencies.

Claim 20

A relay according to claim 17, wherein said third multiplying means is arranged to multiply the outputs from said first and second low-pass filters respectively by said first and second correlation signals respectively and to multiply the sum of the products thereof by said second-frequency signal.

Claim 21

A relay according to claim 18, wherein said third multiplying means comprises three switch means, a first and second of which couple said first and second low-pass filters respectively to the third switch means which is coupled to said filter means, and said first, second and third switch means being responsive to said first correlation signal, said second correlation signal and said second-frequency signal respectively to open and close once during each cycle of said signals.

Claim 22

A relay according to claim 15, wherein said third multiplying means is arranged to multiply the outputs from said first and second low-pass filters respectively by respective signals derived from algebraic multiplication of said second-frequency signal with said first and second correlation signals respectively.

Claim 23

A relay according to claim 20, wherein said third multiplying means comprises four switch means and two exclusive-OR gates, a first and second of the switch means coupling said first and second low-pass filters respectively via inverters to said filter means and a third and fourth of the switch means coupling said first and second low-pass filters respectively directly to said filter means, a first of the exclusive-OR gates being responsive to said first correlation signal and said second-frequency signal and the second exclusive-OR gate being responsive to said second correlation signal and said second-frequency signal, and said first and third switch means being responsive to, respectively, the signal from said first exclusive-OR gate and the inverse thereof, and said second and fourth switch means being responsive to, respectively the signal from said second exclusive-OR gate and the inverse thereof.