Process and installation for the production of calcined material

Claim 2

Calcining apparatus which comprises: a. a reactor; b. means for introducing a particular raw material to be calcined into said reactor; c. means for introducing a heated gas into the reactor and for effecting a flow of said gas through said reactor to convey the raw material through the reactor and to calcine said material; d. an outlet for the calcined material and the gas by which the calcined material is conveyed through the reactor; e. means for separating from the calcined particles the gas removed from the reactor therewith and for replacing said gas with one which is essentially chemically inert with respect to the calcined particles; f. an unfired preheater for the raw material; and g. means for circulating the gas from which the particles were removed through said preheater in heat transfer relationship with said raw material.

Claim 3

A reactor for processing particulate materials comprising: a. an elongated casing which is essentially symmetrical with respect to a vertical axis and diverges between the lower and upper ends thereof; b. means for introducing the particulate material to be processed downwardly into said reactor at the upper end and in the center thereof; c. means for introducing a gas into said casing at the lower end thereof and for imparting to the gas as it is introduced a motion which is rotary relative to the axis of the elongation of said casing; and d. a horizontal tangential outlet at the upper end of said casing; e. whereby the particles introduced into the upper end of said reactor will migrate downwardly therethrough and will then be deflected toward the casing and entrained in an upward flow of the gas introduced into the lower end of the reactor and carried upwardly therethrough and discharged through said outlet; f. said casing having an inverted frustoconical configuration, D/d being 1.5 to 3, l/d being 3 to 4.5, b/d being 0.5 to 0.7, and B/d being 1 to 2 where: D is the largest diameter of the frustoconical casing section, d is the smallest diameter of the section, and b and B are the vertical dimensions of, respectively, the means for introducing the gas into the reactor and the means through which the particles can exit therefrom; and g. the means for introducing gas into the reactor being so disposed relative to the casing that the angle between the path followed by the gas and a line tangent to the casing is between 5° and 15°.

Claim 4

A reactor for processing particulate materials comprising: a. an elongated casing which is essentially symmetrical with respect to a vertical axis and diverges between the lower and upper ends thereof; b. means for introducing the particulate material to be processed downwardly into said reactor at the upper end and in the center thereof; c. means for introducing a gas into said casing at the lower end thereof and for imparting to the gas as it is introduced a motion which is rotary relative to the axis of the elongation of said casing; and d. a horizontal tangential outlet at the upper end of said casing; e. whereby the particles introduced into the upper end of said reactor will migrate downwardly therethrough and will then be deflected toward the casing and entrained in an upward flow of the gas introduced into the lower end of the reactor and carried upwardly therethrough and discharged through said outlet; f. said casing having an inverted frustoconical configuration, D/d being 1.5 to 3, l/d being 3 to 4.5, b/d being 0.5 to 0.7, and B/d being 1 to 2 where: D is the largest diameter of the frustoconical casing section, d is the smallest diameter of the section, and b and B are the vertical dimensions of, respectively, the means for introducing the gas into the reactor and the means through which the particles can exit therefrom; and g. the means for introducing gas into the reactor being so disposed relative to the casing that the angle between the path followed by the gas and a line tangent to the casing is between 5° and 15°.

Claim 5

A reactor for processing particulate materials comprising: a. an elongated casing which is essentially symmetrical with respect to a vertical axis and diverges between the lower and upper ends thereof; b. means for introducing the particulate material to be processed downwardly into said reactor at the upper end and in the center thereof; c. means for introducing a gas into said casing at the lower end thereof and for imparting to the gas as it is introduced a motion which is rotary relative to the axis of the elongation of said casing; and d. a horizontal tangential outlet at the upper end of said casing; e. whereby the particles introduced into the upper end of said reactor will migrate downwardly therethrough and will then be deflected toward the casing and entrained in an upward flow of the gas introduced into the lower end of the reactor and carried upwardly therethrough and discharged through said outlet; f. said casing having an inverted frustoconical configuration, D/d being 1.5 to 3, l/d being 3 to 4.5, b/d being 0.5 to 0.7, and B/d being 1 to 2 where: D is the largest diameter of the frustoconical casing section, d is the smallest diameter of the section, and b and B are the vertical dimensions of, respectively, the means for introducing the gas into the reactor and the means through which the particles can exit therefrom; and g. the means for introducing gas into the reactor being so disposed relative to the casing that the angle between the path followed by the gas and a line tangent to the casing is between 7° and 12°.

Claim 6

A reactor for processing particulate materials comprising: a. an elongated casing which is essentially symmetrical with respect to a vertical axis and diverges between the lower and upper ends thereof; b. means for introducing the particulate material to be processed downwardly into said reactor at the upper end and in the center thereof; c. means for introducing a gas into said casing at the lower end thereof and for imparting to the gas as it is introduced a motion which is rotary relative to the axis of the elongation of said casing; and d. a horizontal tangential outlet at the upper end of said casing; e. whereby the particles introduced into the upper end of said reactor will migrate downwardly therethrough and will then be deflected toward the casing and entrained in an upward flow of the gas introduced into the lower end of the reactor and carried upwardly therethrough and discharged through said outlet; f. said casing having an inverted frustoconical configuration, D/d being 1.5 to 3, l/d being 3 to 4.5, b/d being 0.5 to 0.7, and B/d being 1 to 2 where: D is the largest diameter of the frustoconical casing section, d is the smallest diameter of the section, and b and B are the vertical dimensions of, respectively, the means for introducing the gas into the reactor and the means through which the particles can exit therefrom; and g. the means for introducing gas into the reactor being so disposed relative to the casing that the angle between the path followed by the gas and a line tangent to the casing is between 7° and 12°.

Claim 7

A reactor for processing particulate solids comprising: a. a vertically elongated casing; b. means for introducing a particulate solid to be processed into the upper end of said casing; c. means for so introducing a process gas into, and effecting the movement of gas through, the casing that the gas will spiral upwardly in the regions adjacent the periphery of the casing and will flow downwardly in the central region thereof; d. whereby the particles introduced into the upper end of the casing will flow downwardly through the central region of the casing and be centrifugally deflected into the upwardly moving gas and carried thereby upwardly through the casing, thereby becoming intimately mixed with said gas by virtue of the turbulence existing in the region between, and resulting from the interaction between, the upwardly and downwardly flows of gas; e. an outlet through which said gas and particulate solids mixed therewith can exit from said chamber; and f. means at the upper end of said casing for effecting a flow of gas from a border layer adjacent the casing into contact, and mixing it, with the mixture of gas and particulate solids exiting from said chamber to thereby reduce the amount of gas required in the processing of the solids.

Claim 8

A reactor for processing particulate solids comprising: a. a vertically elongated casing; b. means for introducing a particulate solid to be processed into the upper end of said casing; c. means for so introducing a process gas into, and effecting the movement of gas through, the casing that the gas will spiral upwardly in the regions adjacent the periphery of the casing and will flow downwardly in the central region thereof; d. whereby the particles introduced into the upper end of the casing will flow downwardly through the central region of the casing and be centrifugally deflected into the upwardly moving gas and carried thereby upwardly through the casing, thereby becoming intimately mixed with said gas by virtue of the turbulence existing in the region between, and resulting from the interaction between, the upwardly and downwardly flows of gas; e. an outlet through which said gas and particulate solids mixed therewith can exit from said chamber; and f. means at the upper end of said casing for effecting a flow of gas from a border layer adjacent the casing into contact, and mixing it, with the mixture of gas and particulate solids exiting from said chamber to thereby reduce the amount of gas required in the processing of the solids.

Claim 9

A reactor as defined in claim 4 in which the means for effecting the flow of gas from the boundary layer comprises a slot through, and extending around the periphery of, said casing at the upper end thereof and a toroidal chamber surrounding and communicating in tangential flow relationship with said slot.

Claim 10

A reactor as defined in claim 5 in which the annular slot is so dimensioned that the pressure drop across said slot is on the order of 10 percent of the total head loss of the gas in the reactor.

Claim 11

A reactor for calcining particulate solids comprising: a. a vertically elongated casing; b. means for introducing the solids to be calcined into the upper end of said casing; and c. means for effecting the movement of a heated gas spirally upward in the peripheral regions of said casing and downwardly in the central region thereof, whereby the solids introduced into said casing will flow downwardly through the central region of the casing and be centrifugally deflected into the upwardly flowing gas and carried upward through the casing thereby concomitantly becoming intimately mixed with and heated by said gas by virtue of the turbulence existing in the region between, and resulting from, the upward and downward flows of gas; d. said last-mentioned means comprising means for introducing an oxygen-containing gas horizontally and tangentially into said casing at the lower end thereof and for thereby imparting to said gas as it is introduced a motion which is rotary relative to the axis of elongation of the casing, a first means for introducing fuel into the upper end of the casing, and a second means for effecting a flow of fuel upwardly through the lower end of said casing thereinto and into the central region thereof, whereby the temperature of the gas by which the solids are calcined and conveyed through the reactor is increased by combustion in said reactor.

Claim 12

A reactor for calcining particulate solids comprising: a. a vertically elongated casing; b. means for introducing the solids to be calcined into the upper end of said casing; and c. means for effecting the movement of a heated gas spirally upward in the peripheral regions of said casing and downwardly in the central region thereof, whereby the solids introduced into said casing will flow downwardly through the central region of the casing and be centrifugally deflected into the upwardly flowing gas and carried upward through the casing thereby concomitantly becoming intimately mixed with and heated by said gas by virtue of the turbulence existing in the region between, and resulting from, the upward and downward flows of gas; d. said last-mentioned means comprising means for introducing an oxygen-containing gas horizontally and tangentially into said casing at the lower end thereof and for thereby imparting to said gas as it is introduced a motion which is rotary relative to the axis of elongation of the casing, a first means for introducing fuel into the upper end of the casing, and a second means for effecting a flow of fuel upwardly through the lower end of said casing thereinto and into the central region thereof, whereby the temperature of the gas by which the solids are calcined and conveyed through the reactor is increased by combustion in said reactor.

Claim 13

A reactor as defined in claim 7 which has means for varying the amounts of fuel introduced into the upper and lower ends of said casing and thereby controlling the temperature profile in the reactor.

Claim 14

A reactor as defined in claim 7 which also has means for effecting a flow of gas from an otherwise stagnant boundary layer adjacent the casing into contact, and mixing it, with the mixture of gas and particulate solids to thereby reduce the amount of gas required to be introduced into the reactor, said means comprising a slot through, and extending around the periphery of, said casing at the upper end thereof and a toroidal chamber surrounding and communicating in tangential flow relationship with said slot.

Claim 15

Calcining apparatus which comprises: a. a reactor; b. means for introducing a particulate raw material to be calcined into said reactor; c. means for introducing a heated gas into the reactor and for effecting a flow of said gas through said reactor to convey the raw material through the reactor and to calcine said materials, said means comprising an inlet at the lower end of said reactor; d. an outlet for the calcined material and the gas by which the calcined material is conveyed through the reactor, said outlet means being located at the upper end of said reactor; e. said reactor having a conically sectioned portion extending upwardly from said inlet to said outlet; and f. said reactor having the following dimensions: L 1 =950 (X/y) mm, L 2 =5700 X mm D 1 =1600 Xy mm, and D 2 =3300 X mm, where: L 1 is the vertical dimension of the means through which the gas is introduced into the reactor; L 2 is the height of the conically sectioned portion of the reactor; D 1 is the diameter of the reactor at the lower end of the conically sectioned portion thereof; D 2 is the diameter of the reactor at the upper end of the conically sectioned portion thereof; y is in the range of 1 to 1.5; and ##EQU2## R T =the throughput of heated gas in m 3 /hour at 1300° C.; and ΔP is the pressure drop across the conically sectioned portion of the reactor.

Claim 16

Calcining apparatus which comprises: a. a reactor; b. means for introducing a particulate raw material to be calcined into said reactor; c. means for introducing a heated gas into the reactor and for effecting a flow of said gas through said reactor to convey the raw material through the reactor and to calcine said materials, said means comprising an inlet at the lower end of said reactor; d. an outlet for the calcined material and the gas by which the calcined material is conveyed through the reactor, said outlet means being located at the upper end of said reactor; e. said reactor having a conically sectioned portion extending upwardly from said inlet to said outlet; and f. said reactor having the following dimensions: L 1 =950 (X/y) mm, L 2 =5700 X mm D 1 =1600 Xy mm, and D 2 =3300 X mm, where: L 1 is the vertical dimension of the means through which the gas is introduced into the reactor; L 2 is the height of the conically sectioned portion of the reactor; D 1 is the diameter of the reactor at the lower end of the conically sectioned portion thereof; D 2 is the diameter of the reactor at the upper end of the conically sectioned portion thereof; y is in the range of 1 to 1.5; and ##EQU2## R T =the throughput of heated gas in m 3 /hour at 1300° C.; and ΔP is the pressure drop across the conically sectioned portion of the reactor.

Claim 17

Calcining apparatus as defined in claim 10, in which the width of the inlet at the lower end of the reactor is 1600 X mm where X is as aforesaid.

Claim 18

Calcining apparatus as defined in claim 10, in which the reactor has a diverging upper portion above the conically sectioned portion thereof, said upper portion having a maximum diameter of 4100 X mm; the outlet for said calcined material and gas being tangential to the inner periphery of said upper portion and having a cross-section of 1000 by 1000 X mm; and X in each instance being as aforesaid.

Claim 19

Calcining apparatus as defined in claim 10, in which the axial centerline of said fluid inlet intersects a line tangent to the conically sectioned reactor portion at an angle of from 6 to 12 degrees.

Claim 20

Calcining apparatus as defined in claim 10, in which 1≦y≧1.4.

Claim 21

A reactor for use in calcining apparatus and the like and for other purposes which has: a. a fluid inlet at the lower end thereof; b. means by which a material to be processed can be introduced into said reactor; c. a conically sectioned portion in which said material can be processed by fluid introduced through said inlet, said conically sectioned portion extending upwardly from a location generally coincident with the upper end of said inlet; and d. an outlet for processed material and fluid, said outlet being at the upper end of the conically sectioned portion of the reactor; e. said reactor having the following dimensions: L 1 =950 X mm L 2 =5700 X mm, D 1 =1600 Xy mm, and D 2 =3300 X mm, where: L 1 is the vertical dimension of the fluid inlet; L 2 is the height of the conically sectioned portion of the reactor; D 1 is the diameter of the reactor at the lower end of the conically sectioned portion thereof; D 2 is the diameter of the reactor at the upper end of the conically sectioned portion thereof; y is in the range of 1 to 1.5; and ##EQU3## R T =the throughput of heated gas in m 3 /hour at 1300° C.; and ΔP is the pressure drop across the conically sectioned portion of the reactor.

Claim 22

A reactor for use in calcining apparatus and the like and for other purposes which has: a. a fluid inlet at the lower end thereof; b. means by which a material to be processed can be introduced into said reactor; c. a conically sectioned portion in which said material can be processed by fluid introduced through said inlet, said conically sectioned portion extending upwardly from a location generally coincident with the upper end of said inlet; and d. an outlet for processed material and fluid, said outlet being at the upper end of the conically sectioned portion of the reactor; e. said reactor having the following dimensions: L 1 =950 X mm L 2 =5700 X mm, D 1 =1600 Xy mm, and D 2 =3300 X mm, where: L 1 is the vertical dimension of the fluid inlet; L 2 is the height of the conically sectioned portion of the reactor; D 1 is the diameter of the reactor at the lower end of the conically sectioned portion thereof; D 2 is the diameter of the reactor at the upper end of the conically sectioned portion thereof; y is in the range of 1 to 1.5; and ##EQU3## R T =the throughput of heated gas in m 3 /hour at 1300° C.; and ΔP is the pressure drop across the conically sectioned portion of the reactor.

Claim 23

A reactor as defined in claim 15, in which the axial centerline of said fluid inlet intersects a line tangent to the conically sectioned reactor portion at an angle of from 6 to 12 degrees.

Claim 24

A reactor as defined in claim 15, in which the width of the fluid inlet is 1600 X mm where X is as aforesaid.

Claim 25

A reactor as defined in claim 15, which has a diverging upper portion above said conically sectioned portion, said upper portion having a maximum diameter of 4100 X mm; said outlet being tangential to the inner periphery of said upper portion and having a cross-section of 1000 by 1000 mm X; and X in each instance being as aforesaid.

Claim 26

A reactor as defined in claim 15, in which 1>y≦1.4.