US4175986A
Expired / Lapsed
US
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Inert carrier gas heat treating control process
Assignee: Northrop Grumman Space and Mission Systems Corp
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Filing: 1978-10-19
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Granted: 1979-11-27
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Expires: 1998-10-19
Abstract
Abstract Ferrous articles are heat treated by introducing a gaseous carbon source and an inert carrier gas into a heat treating furnace containing the ferrous articles. The heat treating process is controlled by determining the amount of carbon monoxide resulting from reactions in the furnace and controlling the amount of inert carrier gas in the furnace in response to the amount of carbon monoxide in the furnace atmosphere to control the carbon potential to a desired level by minimizing the effect of equilibrium reactions. Best results are achieved when the amount of carbon monoxide is less than about 3%, preferably, less than about 1%, by volume. Controlling the carbon monoxide level will minimize the effect of harmful decarburizing agents (oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor). Under the reaction conditions existing within the furnace operated in accordance with the present invention, hydrocarbon dissociation reaction and primary carburizing reaction are nonequilibrium reactions and control the process results. Oxidation reactions, secondary carburizing reaction and hydrogen decarburizing reaction are equilibrium reactions but are minimized when the inert carrier gas level within the furnace is used to control the carbon monoxide level, especially less than about 3%, preferably less than about 1.0% by volume. Carburizing is a preferred heat treating process and can be carried out using a hydrocarbon source such as methane and an inert carrier gas such as nitrogen.
Inventors
- 👤 Leonard J. Ewalt
- 👤 Som N. Kaushal
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-10-24 19:30
CPC Classifications
C; C21; C21D; C21D1/00; C21D1/74; C21D1/76; C23; C23C; C23C8/00; C23C8/06; C23C8/08; C23C8/20; C23C8/22
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 28
Claim 1
Independent Claim
89 words
A method of heat treating ferrous articles comprising introducing a gaseous carbon source and an inert carrier gas into a heat treating furnace containing ferrous articles being heat treated in a furnace atmosphere containing carbon monoxide, determining the amount of carbon monoxide in the furnace atmosphere, and controlling the flow of inert carrier gas into the furnace to maintain the amount of carbon monoxide in the furnace atmosphere below about 3% by volume to control the carbon potential to a desired level by minimizing the effect of equilibrium reactions.
Claim 2
Independent Claim
89 words
A method of heat treating ferrous articles comprising introducing a gaseous carbon source and an inert carrier gas into a heat treating furnace containing ferrous articles being heat treated in a furnace atmosphere containing carbon monoxide, determining the amount of carbon monoxide in the furnace atmosphere, and controlling the flow of inert carrier gas into the furnace to maintain the amount of carbon monoxide in the furnace atmosphere below about 3% by volume to control the carbon potential to a desired level by minimizing the effect of equilibrium reactions.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
23 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 1 wherein the amount of carbon monoxide is maintained below about 1% by volume.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
46 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 1 including the steps of measuring the amount of gaseous carbon source in the furnace atmosphere and controlling the amount of gaseous carbon source in the furnace to maintain the gaseous carbon source at a predetermined amount.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
27 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 1 wherein the gaseous carbon source is selected from the group consisting of natural gas, methane and propane.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
18 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 4 wherein the gaseous carbon source is natural gas.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
27 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 1 wherein the inert carrier gas is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, helium, neon and argon.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
17 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 6 wherein the inert carrier gas is nitrogen.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
31 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 1 wherein the heat treating process being conducted is selected from the group consisting of carbonitriding, carburizing, neutral hardening, normalizing and annealing.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
17 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 8 wherein the process being conducted is carburizing.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
26 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 1 wherein the gaseous carbon source and the inert carrier gas are continuously introduced into the furnace.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
37 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 10 wherein the flow rate of the inert carrier gas is varied to maintain the amount of carbon monoxide in the furnace less than about 3% by volume.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
37 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 10 wherein the flow rate of the inert carrier gas is varied to maintain the amount of carbon monoxide in the furnace less than about 1% by volume.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
58 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 10 including the steps of generating a control signal indicative of the amount of carbon monoxide in the furnace atmosphere and controlling the amount of inert carrier gas introduced into the furnace in response to said control signal to maintain the amount of carbon monoxide less than about 1%.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
58 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 10 including the steps of generating a control signal indicative of the amount of gaseous carbon source in the furnace atmosphere and controlling the amount of gaseous carbon source introduced into the furnace in response to said control signal to maintain the gaseous carbon source at a predetermined amount.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
46 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 1 wherein the furnace atmosphere is at a temperature within the range of about 1450° F. to about 1950° F. and the gaseous carbon source is about 5% to about 30% by volume of the furnace atmosphere.
Claim 17
Independent Claim
138 words
A method of heat treating ferrous articles comprising flowing a gaseous mixture comprising methane and nitrogen into a heat treating furnace containing ferrous articles being heat treated in a heat treating furnace atmosphere containing carbon monoxide and containing about 5% to about 30% by volume methane, maintaining a temperature within the range of about 1450° F. to about 1950° F., measuring the amount of methane in the furnace atmosphere, measuring the amount of carbon monoxide in the furnace atmosphere, controlling the flow of methane into the furnace to maintain the amount of methane at a predetermined amount, and controlling the flow of nitrogen into the furnace to maintain the amount of carbon monoxide in the furnace atmosphere below about 3% by volume to control the carbon potential to a desired level by minimizing the effect of equilibrium reactions.
Claim 18
Independent Claim
138 words
A method of heat treating ferrous articles comprising flowing a gaseous mixture comprising methane and nitrogen into a heat treating furnace containing ferrous articles being heat treated in a heat treating furnace atmosphere containing carbon monoxide and containing about 5% to about 30% by volume methane, maintaining a temperature within the range of about 1450° F. to about 1950° F., measuring the amount of methane in the furnace atmosphere, measuring the amount of carbon monoxide in the furnace atmosphere, controlling the flow of methane into the furnace to maintain the amount of methane at a predetermined amount, and controlling the flow of nitrogen into the furnace to maintain the amount of carbon monoxide in the furnace atmosphere below about 3% by volume to control the carbon potential to a desired level by minimizing the effect of equilibrium reactions.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
23 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 16 wherein the amount of carbon monoxide is maintained below about 1% by volume.
Claim 20
Independent Claim
150 words
A method of heat treating ferrous articles comprising flowing a gaseous carbon source and an inert carrier gas into a heat treating furnace containing ferrous articles, maintaining the temperature of the furnace atmosphere in the range of about 1450° F. to about 1950° F., measuring the amount of carbon monoxide in said furnace atmosphere, measuring the amount of gaseous carbon source in said furnace atmosphere, changing the amount of gaseous carbon source flowing into the furnace to maintain the amount of gaseous carbon source in the furnace at a predetermined amount within the range of about 5% to about 30% by volume of the furnace atmosphere, and changing the amount of inert carrier gas flowing into the furnace to maintain the amount of carbon monoxide in the furnace atmosphere below about 3% by volume to control the carbon potential to a desired level by minimizing the effect of equilibrium reactions.
Claim 21
Independent Claim
150 words
A method of heat treating ferrous articles comprising flowing a gaseous carbon source and an inert carrier gas into a heat treating furnace containing ferrous articles, maintaining the temperature of the furnace atmosphere in the range of about 1450° F. to about 1950° F., measuring the amount of carbon monoxide in said furnace atmosphere, measuring the amount of gaseous carbon source in said furnace atmosphere, changing the amount of gaseous carbon source flowing into the furnace to maintain the amount of gaseous carbon source in the furnace at a predetermined amount within the range of about 5% to about 30% by volume of the furnace atmosphere, and changing the amount of inert carrier gas flowing into the furnace to maintain the amount of carbon monoxide in the furnace atmosphere below about 3% by volume to control the carbon potential to a desired level by minimizing the effect of equilibrium reactions.
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
23 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 18 wherein the amount of carbon monoxide is maintained below about 1% by volume.
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
27 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 18 wherein the gaseous carbon source is selected from the group consisting of natural gas, methane and propane.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
18 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 20 wherein the gaseous carbon source is natural gas.
Claim 25
Dependent Claim
27 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 18 wherein the inert carrier gas is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, helium, neon and argon.
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
17 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 22 wherein the inert carrier gas is nitrogen.
Claim 27
Dependent Claim
31 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 18 wherein the heat treating process being conducted is selected from the group consisting of carbonitriding, carburizing, neutral hardening, normalizing and annealing.
Claim 28
Dependent Claim
17 words
A method of heat treating as claimed in claim 24 whrein the process being conducted is carburizing.
References Cited (Backward Citations)
USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 Years (Year 4) | 1982-11-26 | 1983-05-28 | 1983-11-27 | $2000.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 1986-11-26 | 1987-05-28 | 1987-11-27 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 1990-11-26 | 1991-05-28 | 1991-11-27 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |