Oil recovery process employing thickened aqueous driving fluid

Claim 2

In a process for the production of petroleum from a petroleum-containing subterranean formation wherein an aqueous driving fluid containing a thickening agent is injected into said formation through an input well and passed through said formation in the direction of an output well to drive said petroleum in said formation to said output well, the improvement comprising employing as a thickening agent in said aqueous driving fluid an extracellular biopolymer synthesized by an alga.

Claim 3

The process of claim 1 wherein said biopolymer is synthesized by an alga selected from the divisions consisting of Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, and Phaeophyta.

Claim 4

The process of claim 2 wherein said biopolymer is synthesized by an alga from the division Rhodophyta.

Claim 5

The process of claim 3 wherein said biopolymer is synthesized by an alga from the genus Porphyra.

Claim 6

The process of claim 4 wherein said biopolymer is synthesized by the alga Porphyridium aerugineum.

Claim 7

The process of claim 4 wherein said biopolymer is synthesized by the alga Porphyridium cruentum.

Claim 8

The process of claim 1 wherein said biopolymer is contained in an in-vivo solution.

Claim 9

The process of claim 1 wherein said biopolymer has been reconstituted.

Claim 10

A process for the synthesis of a biopolymer by an alga comprising growing said alga in a culture containing dissolved therein sodium nitrate in the amount of about 55 to 250 weight parts per million and sodium glycerophosphate in the amount of about 100 to 300 weight parts per million.

Claim 11

A process for the synthesis of a biopolymer by an alga comprising growing said alga in a culture containing dissolved therein sodium nitrate in the amount of about 55 to 250 weight parts per million and sodium glycerophosphate in the amount of about 100 to 300 weight parts per million.

Claim 12

The process of claim 9 wherein said alga is Porphyridium aerugineum.

Claim 13

A process for the synthesis of a biopolymer by an alga comprising growing said alga in a culture under illumination and controlling (a) the intrinsic slope of the initial segment of the cumulative absorbed radiant energy versus time curve, (b) the cumulative moles of light quanta absorbed, and (c) the ratio of (a) to (b).

Claim 14

A process for the synthesis of a biopolymer by an alga comprising growing said alga in a culture under illumination and controlling (a) the intrinsic slope of the initial segment of the cumulative absorbed radiant energy versus time curve, (b) the cumulative moles of light quanta absorbed, and (c) the ratio of (a) to (b).

Claim 15

The process of claim 11 wherein said alga is Porphyridium aerugineum.

Claim 16

The process of claim 11 wherein said illumination is enriched with respect to particular wavelengths.

Claim 17

The process of claim 11 wherein said culture contains dissolved therein sodium nitrate in the amount of about 55 to 250 weight parts per million and sodium glycerophosphate in the amount of about 100 to 300 weight parts per million.

Claim 18

The process of claim 14 wherein said alga is Porphyridium aerugineum and said illumination has at least 50% of its energy content in the region of 600 to 700 nanometers.

Claim 19

A process for the synthesis of a biopolymer by the alga Porphyridium aerugineum comprising growing said alga in a culture under conditions of illumination such that the intrinsic slope of the initial segment of the cumulative absorbed radiant energy versus time curve, (a), is about 0.33 Einstein (0.0165 kw-hr) per liter of culture per day, the cumulative moles of light quanta absorbed, (b), are between 1.2 to 2.0 Einsteins (0.033 to 0.045 kw-hr) per liter of culture, and the value of a/b is about 0.18 per day, the value of (b) during the induction period being between about 0.66 to 0.89 Einstein (0.033 to 0.045 kw-hr) per liter of culture.

Claim 20

A process for the synthesis of a biopolymer by the alga Porphyridium aerugineum comprising growing said alga in a culture under conditions of illumination such that the intrinsic slope of the initial segment of the cumulative absorbed radiant energy versus time curve, (a), is about 0.33 Einstein (0.0165 kw-hr) per liter of culture per day, the cumulative moles of light quanta absorbed, (b), are between 1.2 to 2.0 Einsteins (0.033 to 0.045 kw-hr) per liter of culture, and the value of a/b is about 0.18 per day, the value of (b) during the induction period being between about 0.66 to 0.89 Einstein (0.033 to 0.045 kw-hr) per liter of culture.

Claim 21

A process for the synthesis of a biopolymer by an alga comprising growing said alga in a culture in two stages, the culture in the first stage being subjected to artificial illumination and continued for a period of time that sufficient radiant energy has been absorbed that growth of said alga and synthesis of said biopolymer begins and the culture in the second stage being subjected to diurnal natural illumination to continue growth of said alga and synthesis of said biopolymer, said illumination being controlled as to (a) the intrinsic slope of the initial segment of the cumulative absorbed radiant energy versus time curve, (b) the cumulative moles of light quanta absorbed, and (c) the ratio of a to b.

Claim 22

A process for the synthesis of a biopolymer by an alga comprising growing said alga in a culture in two stages, the culture in the first stage being subjected to artificial illumination and continued for a period of time that sufficient radiant energy has been absorbed that growth of said alga and synthesis of said biopolymer begins and the culture in the second stage being subjected to diurnal natural illumination to continue growth of said alga and synthesis of said biopolymer, said illumination being controlled as to (a) the intrinsic slope of the initial segment of the cumulative absorbed radiant energy versus time curve, (b) the cumulative moles of light quanta absorbed, and (c) the ratio of a to b.

Claim 23

The process of claim 17 wherein said alga is Porphyridium aerugineum.

Claim 24

The process of claim 18 wherein the value of (a) is about 0.33 Einstein (0.0165 kw-hr) per liter of culture per day, the value of (b) during the first and second stages is between about 1.2 to 2.0 Einsteins (0.060 to 0.100 kw-hr) per liter of culture, and the value of a/b is about 0.18 per day, the value of (b) during the first stage being between about 0.66 to 0.89 Einstein (0.033 to 0.045 kw-hr) per liter of culture.

Claim 25

The process of claim 19 wherein said culture contains dissolved therein sodium nitrate in the amount of about 55 to 250 weight parts per million and sodium glycerophosphate in the amount of about 100 to 300 weight parts per million.

Claim 26

A process for the synthesis of a biopolymer from the alga Porphyridium aerugineum comprising growing said alga in a culture under illumination having at least 50% of its energy content in the region of 600 to 700 nanometers.

Claim 27

A process for the synthesis of a biopolymer from the alga Porphyridium aerugineum comprising growing said alga in a culture under illumination having at least 50% of its energy content in the region of 600 to 700 nanometers.

Claim 28

A process for the synthesis of a biopolymer from the alga Porphyridium aerugineum comprising growing said alga in a culture containing dissolved therein sodium nitrate in the amount of about 55 to 250 weight parts per million and sodium glycerophosphate in the amount of about 100 to 300 weight parts per million and under conditions of illumination such that the intrinsic slope of the initial segment of the cumulative absorbed radiant energy versus time curve, (a), is about 0.33 Einstein (0.0165 kw-hr) per liter of culture per day, the cumulative moles of light quanta absorbed, (b), are between about 1.2 to 2.0 Einsteins (0.060 to 0.100 kw-hr) per liter of culture, and the value of a/b is about 0.18 per day, said illumination having at least 50% of its energy content in the region of 600 to 700 nanometers.

Claim 29

A process for the synthesis of a biopolymer from the alga Porphyridium aerugineum comprising growing said alga in a culture containing dissolved therein sodium nitrate in the amount of about 55 to 250 weight parts per million and sodium glycerophosphate in the amount of about 100 to 300 weight parts per million and under conditions of illumination such that the intrinsic slope of the initial segment of the cumulative absorbed radiant energy versus time curve, (a), is about 0.33 Einstein (0.0165 kw-hr) per liter of culture per day, the cumulative moles of light quanta absorbed, (b), are between about 1.2 to 2.0 Einsteins (0.060 to 0.100 kw-hr) per liter of culture, and the value of a/b is about 0.18 per day, said illumination having at least 50% of its energy content in the region of 600 to 700 nanometers.

Claim 30

A process for the production of petroleum from a petroleum-containing subterranean formation comprising synthesizing an extracellular biopolymer from an alga, injecting into said formation from an input well an aqueous driving fluid containing as a thickening agent said biopolymer synthesized by said alga to drive said petroleum in said formation in the direction of an output well from which said petroleum can be recovered.

Claim 31

A process for the production of petroleum from a petroleum-containing subterranean formation comprising synthesizing an extracellular biopolymer from an alga, injecting into said formation from an input well an aqueous driving fluid containing as a thickening agent said biopolymer synthesized by said alga to drive said petroleum in said formation in the direction of an output well from which said petroleum can be recovered.

Claim 32

The process of claim 23 wherein said biopolymer is Porphyridium aerugineum.

Claim 33

The process of claim 24 wherein said biopolymer is synthesized by growing said alga in a culture containing dissolved therein sodium nitrate in the amount of about 55 to 250 weight parts per million and sodium glycerophosphate in the amount of about 100 to 300 weight parts per million and under conditions of illumination such that the intrinsic slope of the initial segment of the cumulative absorbed radiant energy versus time curve, (a), is about 0.33 Einstein (0.0165 kw-hr) per liter of culture per day and the cumulative moles of light quanta absorbed, (b), are between about 1.2 to 2.0 Einsteins (0.060 to 0.100 kw-hr) per liter of culture per day, and the value of a/b is at least about 0.18 per day, the illumination having at least 50% of its energy content in the region of 600 to 700 nanometers.

Claim 34

The process of claim 25 wherein said biopolymer is synthesized by growing said alga in two stages in a culture containing dissolved therein sodium nitrate in the amount of about 55 to 250 weight parts per million and sodium glycerophosphate in the amount of about 100 to 300 weight parts per million, the culture in the first stage being subjected to artificial illumination for a period of time that sufficient radiant energy has been absorbed that growth of said alga and synthesis of biopolymer begins and the culture in the second stage being subjected to diurnal natural illumination to continue growth of said alga and synthesis of said biopolymer, said illumination being such that the intrinsic slope of the initial segment of the cumulative absorbed radiant energy versus time curve, (a), is about 0.33 Einstein (0.0165 kw-hr) per liter of culture per day, the cumulative moles of light quanta absorbed, (b), are between about 1.2 to 2.0 Einsteins (0.060 to 0.100 kw-hr) per liter of culture, and the value of a/b is about 0.18 per day, said illumination in said first stage having at least 50% of its energy content in the region of 600 to 700 nanometers.

Claim 35

The process of claim 26 wherein the value of (a) in said first stage is between about 0.66 to 0.89 Einstein (0.033 to 0.045 kw-hr).

Claim 36

The process of claim 23 wherein said biopolymer is synthesized at the site where the aqueous driving fluid containing the biopolymer as thickening agent is injected into the subterranean formation.

Claim 37

The process of claim 23 wherein said biopolymer has been complexed with trivalent chromium.