Patent US2320036A successfully refreshed from Google Patents.
Patent US3682172A successfully refreshed from Google Patents.
US3682172A
Expired / Lapsed
US
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Parabiotic dialysis apparatus
Assignee: Individual
•
Filing: 1971-01-04
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Granted: 1972-08-08
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Expires: 1991-01-04
Abstract
Abstract Parabiotic dialysis apparatus which may be safely used with humans is disclosed. Three chambers are fluidically interconnected yet separated by two membranes to enable safe and efficient transfer of substances between the blood of two organisms. One chamber is arranged to be connected into the blood circulation system of a normal human. A second chamber is arranged to be connected into the blood circulation system of a diseased human. A third chamber is arranged to hold physiological fluid. The chambers are arranged with the third chamber between the first and second chambers, and the membranes are arranged with one membrane forming the fluid boundary between the first chamber and the third chamber and the second membrane forming the fluid boundary between the second chamber and the third chamber to thus provide a fluid path from the first chamber to the second chamber which fluid path can transfer substances to and from the first and second chambers across the membranes and third chamber due to diffusion. The third chamber further allows a continual monitoring for membrane failure, and provides sufficient time to enable system operation to be stopped before a transfer of undesirable substances between the humans could occur due to such membrane failure. Apparatus for performing such continual monitoring is described.
Inventors
- 👤 Frank B Freedman
- 👤 Julius J Friedman
- 👤 Bruce P Williams
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-11-04 21:56
CPC Classifications
B; B01; B01D; B01D61/00; B01D61/14; B01D61/18; A; A61; A61M; A61M1/00; A61M1/14; A61M1/16; B01D63/00; B01D63/08; B01D65/00; B01D65/10; B01D65/102; A61M2205/00; A61M2205/70; A61M2205/702; A61M2205/705; B01D2313/00; B01D2313/24; B01D2313/243
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 26
Claim 1
Independent Claim
379 words
Apparatus for blood to blood exchange of substances between a first organism and a second organism, comprising in combination: a. a first closed surface forming a first chamber designed to hold blood b. first conduit means fluidically communicating with the first chamber and arranged to attach to cannulation means associated with the first organism for supplying blood from the first organism to the first chamber; c. second conduit means fluidically communicating with the first chamber and arranged to attach to cannulation means associated with the first organism for returning blood from the first chamber to the first organism; d. a second closed surface forming a second chamber designed to hold blood; e. third conduit means fluidically communicating with the second chamber and arranged to attach to cannulation means associated with the second organism for supplying blood from the second organism to the second chamber; f. fourth conduit means fluidically communicating with the second chamber and arranged to attach to cannulation means associated with the second organism for returning blood from the second chamber to the second organism; g. a third closed surface forming a third chamber designed to hold a physiological fluid; h. first membrane means, forming at least a portion of the first surface, having a first face arranged to contact blood within the first chamber and having a second face arranged to contact physiological fluid within the third chamber to form an interface between the first chamber and the third chamber; i. second membrane means, forming at least a portion of the second surface, having a first face arranged to contact blood within the second chamber and having a second face arranged to contact physiological fluid within the third chamber to form an interface between the second chamber and the third chamber; j. fifth conduit means having first and second ends with the ends fluidically communicating with the third chamber to allow the physiological fluid within the third chamber to recycle; k. pump means connected to the fifth fluid conduit means, the pump means being designed to continually recycle the physiological fluid within the third chamber; and l. detector means positioned in relation to the third chamber so as to continually monitor the physiological fluid in the third chamber and provide an alarm indicating a membrane leak.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
379 words
Apparatus for blood to blood exchange of substances between a first organism and a second organism, comprising in combination: a. a first closed surface forming a first chamber designed to hold blood b. first conduit means fluidically communicating with the first chamber and arranged to attach to cannulation means associated with the first organism for supplying blood from the first organism to the first chamber; c. second conduit means fluidically communicating with the first chamber and arranged to attach to cannulation means associated with the first organism for returning blood from the first chamber to the first organism; d. a second closed surface forming a second chamber designed to hold blood; e. third conduit means fluidically communicating with the second chamber and arranged to attach to cannulation means associated with the second organism for supplying blood from the second organism to the second chamber; f. fourth conduit means fluidically communicating with the second chamber and arranged to attach to cannulation means associated with the second organism for returning blood from the second chamber to the second organism; g. a third closed surface forming a third chamber designed to hold a physiological fluid; h. first membrane means, forming at least a portion of the first surface, having a first face arranged to contact blood within the first chamber and having a second face arranged to contact physiological fluid within the third chamber to form an interface between the first chamber and the third chamber; i. second membrane means, forming at least a portion of the second surface, having a first face arranged to contact blood within the second chamber and having a second face arranged to contact physiological fluid within the third chamber to form an interface between the second chamber and the third chamber; j. fifth conduit means having first and second ends with the ends fluidically communicating with the third chamber to allow the physiological fluid within the third chamber to recycle; k. pump means connected to the fifth fluid conduit means, the pump means being designed to continually recycle the physiological fluid within the third chamber; and l. detector means positioned in relation to the third chamber so as to continually monitor the physiological fluid in the third chamber and provide an alarm indicating a membrane leak.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
20 words
The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the volume of the third chamber is not substantially grEater than 2,000 cubic centimeters.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
25 words
The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the volumes of the first chamber and the second chamber are each not substantially greater than 500 cubic centimeters.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
23 words
The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the first and second membrane means each have surface areas not substantially greater than 3 square meters.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
87 words
The apparatus of claim 4, wherein: a. the first conduit means includes second pump means for causing the pressure of fluid within the first chamber to exceed the pressure of fluid within the third chamber; and b. one of the third fluid conduit means and fourth fluid conduit means includes third pump means for causing the pressure of fluid within the second chamber to be less than the pressure of fluid within the third chamber for providing ultra filtration from the first organism to the second organism.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
33 words
The apparatus of claim 5, wherein parallel fluid flow is arranged within the first and third fluid conduit means, and wherein the third pump means is associated with the fourth fluid conduit means.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
13 words
The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the detector means includes a radiation detector.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
48 words
The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the detector means comprises a radiation detector arranged to provide an alarm upon a fixed percentage decrease in the amount of a radioactive tracer within the physiological solution within the third chamber with respect to the original preset concentration of radioactive tracer.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
20 words
The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the volume of the third chamber is not substantially greater than 1,000 cubic centimeters.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
25 words
The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the volumes of the first chamber and the second chamber are each not substantially greater than 300 cubic centimeters.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
23 words
The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the first and second membrane means each have surface areas not substantially greater than one square meter.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
87 words
The apparatus of claim 11, wherein: a. the first conduit means includes second pump means for causing the pressure of fluid within the first chamber to exceed the pressure of fluid within the third chamber; and b. one of the third fluid conduit means and fourth fluid conduit means includes third pump means for causing the pressure of fluid within the second chamber to be less than the pressure of fluid within the third chamber for providing ultra filtration from the first organism to the second organism.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
33 words
The apparatus of claim 12, wherein parallel fluid flow is arranged within the first and third fluid conduit means, and wherein the third pump means is associated with the fourth fluid conduit means.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
13 words
The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the detector means includes a radiation detector.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
48 words
The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the detector means comprises a radiation detector arranged to provide an alarm upon a fixed percentage decrease in the amount of a radioactive tracer within the physiological solution within the third chamber with respect to the original preset concentration of radioactive tracer.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
39 words
The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the maximum maintainable size of any individual pore of the first membrane means is such that the first membrane means is substantially impermeable at least to molecules of molecular weight greater than 10,000.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
39 words
The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the maximum maintainable size of any individual pore of the second membrane means is such that the second membrane means is substantially impermeable at least to molecules of molecular weight greater than 10,000.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
87 words
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: a. the first conduit means includes second pump means for causing the pressure of fluid within the first chamber to exceed the pressure of fluid within the third chamber; and b. one of the third fluid conduit means and fourth fluid conduit means includes third pump means for causing the pressure of fluid within the second chamber to be less than the pressure of fluid wIthin the third chamber for providing ultra filtration from the first organism to the second organism.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
33 words
The apparatus of claim 18, wherein parallel fluid flow is arranged within the first and third fluid conduit means, and wherein the third pump means is associated with the fourth fluid conduit means.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
13 words
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detector means includes a radiation detector.
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
48 words
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detector means comprises a radiation detector arranged to provide an alarm upon a fixed percentage decrease in the amount of a radioactive tracer within the physiological solution within the third chamber with respect to the original preset concentration of radioactive tracer.
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
23 words
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second membrane means each have surface areas not substantially greater than 3 square meters.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
23 words
The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the first and second membrane means each have surface areas not substantially greater than 1 square meter.
Claim 25
Dependent Claim
39 words
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the maximum maintainable size of any individual pore of the first membrane means is such that the first membrane means is substantially impermeable at least to molecules of molecular weight greater than 10,000.
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
39 words
The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the maximum maintainable size of any individual pore of the second membrane means is such that the second membrane means is substantially impermeable at least to molecules of molecular weight greater than 10,000.
References Cited (Backward Citations)
USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 Years (Year 4) | 1975-08-08 | 1976-02-07 | 1976-08-08 | $2000.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 1979-08-08 | 1980-02-07 | 1980-08-08 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 1983-08-08 | 1984-02-07 | 1984-08-08 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |