US6301378B1 — Method and apparatus for automated detection of m…

Claim 1

Independent Claim 108 words

A method of detecting masses in a digital mammogram, comprising the steps of: computing a gradient plane from said digital mammogram; processing information in said gradient plane for identifying masses in said digital mammogram by applying a portion of a spiculation detection algorithm to said gradient plane, wherein said spiculation detection algorithm comprises: a line detection step for generating line information and direction information corresponding to the digital mammogram; and a post-line detection step for identifying spiculations in the digital mammogram using said line information and said direction information; wherein the portion of said spiculation algorithm which is applied to said gradient plane is said post-line detection step.

Claim 2

Independent Claim 108 words

A method of detecting masses in a digital mammogram, comprising the steps of: computing a gradient plane from said digital mammogram; processing information in said gradient plane for identifying masses in said digital mammogram by applying a portion of a spiculation detection algorithm to said gradient plane, wherein said spiculation detection algorithm comprises: a line detection step for generating line information and direction information corresponding to the digital mammogram; and a post-line detection step for identifying spiculations in the digital mammogram using said line information and said direction information; wherein the portion of said spiculation algorithm which is applied to said gradient plane is said post-line detection step.

Claim 3

Dependent Claim 130 words

The method of claim 1 , said gradient plane comprising gradient magnitude information and gradient direction information, wherein: when said post-line detection step of said spiculation detection algorithm is used in said spiculation detection algorithm, said post-line detection step receives a first input equal to said line information from said line detection step of said spiculation detection algorithm, said post-line detection step of the spiculation detection algorithm also receiving a second input, said second input being equal to said direction information from said line detection step of said spiculation detection algorithm; and wherein when said post-line detection step of said spiculation detection algorithm is applied to said gradient plane, said gradient magnitude information is received as said first input and said gradient direction information is received as said second input.

Claim 4

Dependent Claim 63 words

The method of claim 2 , wherein: when said post-line detection step of said spiculation detection algorithm is used in said spiculation detection algorithm, said post-line detection step generates a first output corresponding to spiculation location information; and wherein when said post-line detection step of said spiculation detection algorithm is applied to said gradient plane, said first output corresponds to mass location information.

Claim 5

Dependent Claim 63 words

The method of claim 3 , wherein: when said post-line detection step of said spiculation detection algorithm is used in said spiculation detection algorithm, said post-line detection step generates a second output corresponding to spiculation intensity information; and wherein when said post-line detection step of said spiculation detection algorithm is applied to said gradient plane, said first output corresponds to mass intensity information.

Claim 6

Dependent Claim 130 words

The method of claim 4 , said digital mammogram comprising pixels, said line information and said direction information formed in a line image plane comprising pixels, wherein said post-line detection step of said spiculation detection algorithm comprises the steps of: receiving said line image plane; selecting a set of candidate pixels in said digital mammogram; for each candidate pixel: selecting a neighborhood of pixels near said candidate pixel; selecting a small region around said candidate pixel; computing a first spiculation metric proportional to the number of pixels in said neighborhood which are located along lines in said line image plane and which have direction information pointing toward said small region; and evaluating said first spiculation metrics of said candidate pixels for determining the locations of spiculations in said digital mammogram.

Claim 7

Dependent Claim 99 words

The method of claim 5 , said post-line detection step of said spiculation detection algorithm further comprising the steps of: for each candidate pixel: computing a second spiculation metric corresponding to the spatial distribution of those pixels in said neighborhood which are located along lines in said line image plane and which have direction information pointing toward said small region, said second spiculation metric increasing according to the isotropy of said spatial distribution around said candidate pixel; and evaluating said first and second spiculation metrics of said candidate pixels for determining the locations of spiculations in said digital mammogram.

Claim 8

Dependent Claim 19 words

The method of claim 6 , wherein said set of candidate pixels comprises each pixel in said line image.

Claim 9

Independent Claim 95 words

A method of detecting masses in a digital mammogram, comprising the steps of: computing a gradient plane from said digital mammogram, said gradient plane comprising pixels, each pixel having gradient magnitude and gradient direction information; selecting a set of candidate pixels in digital mammogram image; for each candidate pixel, computing a first density metric based on a first set of surrounding pixels having gradient magnitudes above a first threshold and having gradient directions pointing generally toward said candidate pixel; and evaluating said first density metrics for determining the locations of masses in said digital mammogram.

Claim 10

Independent Claim 95 words

A method of detecting masses in a digital mammogram, comprising the steps of: computing a gradient plane from said digital mammogram, said gradient plane comprising pixels, each pixel having gradient magnitude and gradient direction information; selecting a set of candidate pixels in digital mammogram image; for each candidate pixel, computing a first density metric based on a first set of surrounding pixels having gradient magnitudes above a first threshold and having gradient directions pointing generally toward said candidate pixel; and evaluating said first density metrics for determining the locations of masses in said digital mammogram.

Claim 11

Dependent Claim 69 words

The method of claim 8 , further comprising the steps of: for each candidate pixel, computing a second density metric corresponding to a spatial distribution of said first set of pixels, said second density metric corresponding to the isotropy of said spatial distribution around said candidate pixel; and evaluating said first and second density metrics of said candidate pixels for determining the locations of masses in said digital mammogram.

Claim 12

Dependent Claim 124 words

The method of claim 9 , said candidate pixels being identified according to an index icand, said first density metric for the icand th candidate pixel being denoted G 1 icand , said first density metric G 1 icand being computed according to the steps of: selecting a neighborhood of pixels NH icand around said candidate pixel; selecting a small region R icand around said candidate pixel; selecting said first set of pixels from a set of pixels lying in said neighborhood NH icand having directions which point toward said small region R icand ; and counting the number of pixels in said first set; wherein said first density metric G 1 icand is proportional to the number of pixels in said first subset.

Claim 13

Dependent Claim 135 words

The method of claim 10 , said first set of pixels corresponding to the icand th candidate pixel being denoted by an index (icand,jpoint), said second density metric for the icand th candidate pixel being denoted G 2 icand , said second density metric G 2 icand being computed according to the steps of: selecting K spatial bins (icand,k) extending radially from said candidate pixel and being arranged in a radially symmetric manner around said candidate pixel; for each pixel (icand,jpoint) of said first set of pixels, identifying the spatial bin (icand,k) in which said pixel (icand,jpoint) is located; and computing a number of pixels n icand,k in each spatial bin (icand,k); wherein said second density metric G 2 icand is based on the statistical distribution of the number n icand,k as k is varied.

Claim 14

Dependent Claim 32 words

The method of claim 11 , wherein G 2 icand is proportional to the number of values k for which n icand,k is greater than a median value calculated for random orientations.

Claim 15

Dependent Claim 23 words

The method of claim 10 , wherein said neighborhood of pixels NH icand forms an annular region around said icand th candidate pixel.

Claim 16

Dependent Claim 33 words

The method of claim 13 , wherein said small region R icand is a circular region lying within said annular region formed by said neighborhood of pixels neighborhood of pixels NH icand .

Claim 17

Dependent Claim 25 words

The method of claim 9 , wherein said step of evaluating said first and second density metrics is performed according to a linear classifier method.

Claim 18

Dependent Claim 25 words

The method of claim 9 , wherein said step of evaluating said first and second density metrics is performed according to a neural network method.

Claim 19

Dependent Claim 19 words

The method of claim 8 , wherein said set of candidate pixels comprises each pixel in said gradient plane.

Claim 20

Independent Claim 296 words

A method of detecting masses in a digital mammogram, comprising the steps of: computing a gradient plane from said digital mammogram, said gradient plane comprising pixels, each pixel having gradient magnitude and gradient direction information; selecting a set of candidate pixels in said gradient plane, said candidate pixels being denoted by an index icand; for each candidate pixel icand, computing a first density metric G 1 icand according to the steps of: selecting a neighborhood of pixels NH icand around said candidate pixel; selecting a small region R icand around said candidate pixel; selecting a first set of pixels in said neighborhood NH icand having gradient directions pointing toward said small region R icand and having a gradient magnitude greater than a predetermined lower threshold, said first set of pixels being denoted by the counter variable jpoint; and counting the number of pixels in said first set, wherein said first density metric G 1 icand is proportional to the number of pixels in said first set; for each candidate pixel icand, computing a second density metric G 2 icand according to the steps of: selecting K spatial bins (icand,k) extending radially from said candidate pixel and being arranged in a radially symmetric manner around said candidate pixel; for each pixel (icand,jpoint) of said first set of pixels, identifying the spatial bin (icand,k) in which said pixel (icand,jpoint) is located; and computing a number of pixels n icand,k in each spatial bin (icand,k), wherein said second density metric G 2 icand is based on the statistical distribution of the number n icand,k as k is varied; and evaluating said first and second density metrics G 1 icand and G 2 icand according to a linear classifier method for determining the locations of masses in said digital mammogram.

Claim 21

Independent Claim 296 words

A method of detecting masses in a digital mammogram, comprising the steps of: computing a gradient plane from said digital mammogram, said gradient plane comprising pixels, each pixel having gradient magnitude and gradient direction information; selecting a set of candidate pixels in said gradient plane, said candidate pixels being denoted by an index icand; for each candidate pixel icand, computing a first density metric G 1 icand according to the steps of: selecting a neighborhood of pixels NH icand around said candidate pixel; selecting a small region R icand around said candidate pixel; selecting a first set of pixels in said neighborhood NH icand having gradient directions pointing toward said small region R icand and having a gradient magnitude greater than a predetermined lower threshold, said first set of pixels being denoted by the counter variable jpoint; and counting the number of pixels in said first set, wherein said first density metric G 1 icand is proportional to the number of pixels in said first set; for each candidate pixel icand, computing a second density metric G 2 icand according to the steps of: selecting K spatial bins (icand,k) extending radially from said candidate pixel and being arranged in a radially symmetric manner around said candidate pixel; for each pixel (icand,jpoint) of said first set of pixels, identifying the spatial bin (icand,k) in which said pixel (icand,jpoint) is located; and computing a number of pixels n icand,k in each spatial bin (icand,k), wherein said second density metric G 2 icand is based on the statistical distribution of the number n icand,k as k is varied; and evaluating said first and second density metrics G 1 icand and G 2 icand according to a linear classifier method for determining the locations of masses in said digital mammogram.

Annuity Stage	Window Opens	Payment Deadline	Surcharge Period Until	Estimated Fee	Status
3.5 Years (Year 4)	2004-10-08	2005-04-09	2005-10-09	$2000.00	Window Closed / Lapsed
7.5 Years (Year 8)	2008-10-08	2009-04-09	2009-10-09	$3760.00	Window Closed / Lapsed
11.5 Years (Year 12)	2012-10-08	2013-04-09	2013-10-09	$7700.00	Window Closed / Lapsed

Method and apparatus for automated detection of masses in digital mammograms

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