US5933128A
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Chiral smectic liquid crystal apparatus and driving method therefor
Assignee: Canon Inc
•
Filing: 1996-05-17
•
Granted: 1999-08-03
•
Expires: 2016-05-17
Abstract
Abstract A liquid crystal apparatus includes (a) a liquid crystal panel including: a pair of substrates having thereon a group of scanning electrodes and a group of data electrodes, respectively, and provided with mutually different alignment characteristics, and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed between the substrates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the scanning electrodes and the data electrodes, and (b) drive means for: sequentially applying a scanning selection signal to the scanning electrodes to select at least one scanning electrode, and applying a data signal having at least three peak values to the data electrodes in synchronism with the scanning selection signal. A DC bias voltage may be applied between the scanning electrodes and the data electrodes, and the polarity of the DC voltage may be switched for each prescribed period. The above system is suitable for obviating or suppressing the "sticking" phenomenon of a chiral smectic liquid crystal.
Inventors
- 👤 Masaki Kuribayashi
- 👤 Osamu Ikeda
- 👤 Kazunori Katakura
- 👤 Hironao Kimura
- 👤 Hidetoshi Tsuzuki
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-11-06 10:02
CPC Classifications
G; G09; G09G; G09G3/00; G09G3/20; G09G3/34; G09G3/36; G09G3/3611; G09G3/3622; G09G3/3629; G09G2310/00; G09G2310/06; G09G2310/061; G09G2320/00; G09G2320/02; G09G3/3614
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 88
Claim 1
Independent Claim
144 words
A liquid crystal apparatus comprising: (a) a liquid crystal panel including: a pair of substrates having thereon a group of scanning electrodes and a group of data electrodes, respectively, and provided with mutually different alignment characteristics, and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed between the substrates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the scanning electrodes and the data electrodes, and (b) drive means for: sequentially applying a scanning selection signal to the scanning electrodes to select at least one scanning electrode, and applying a data signal having at least three mutually different peak values, with reference to a voltage level of a scanning non-selection signal applied to non-selected scanning electrodes, to the data electrodes in synchronism with the scanning selection signal, said data signal having said at least three peak values within a period of applying the scanning selection signal.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
144 words
A liquid crystal apparatus comprising: (a) a liquid crystal panel including: a pair of substrates having thereon a group of scanning electrodes and a group of data electrodes, respectively, and provided with mutually different alignment characteristics, and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed between the substrates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the scanning electrodes and the data electrodes, and (b) drive means for: sequentially applying a scanning selection signal to the scanning electrodes to select at least one scanning electrode, and applying a data signal having at least three mutually different peak values, with reference to a voltage level of a scanning non-selection signal applied to non-selected scanning electrodes, to the data electrodes in synchronism with the scanning selection signal, said data signal having said at least three peak values within a period of applying the scanning selection signal.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
53 words
An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein pixels on a scanning electrode not receiving the scanning selection signal are supplied with an AC voltage caused by the data signal, the AC voltage having a time-average of zero with reference to a voltage level of the scanning electrode not receiving the scanning selection signal.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
56 words
An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the data signal applied in synchronism with the scanning selection signal has a first phase, a second phase and a third phase having voltages of mutually different peak values, the voltage of the second phase being equal to an average of the voltages of the first and third phases.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
82 words
An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the data signal applied in synchronism with the scanning selection signal has a first phase, a second phase and a third phase having voltages of mutually different peak values, the voltage of the second phase being equal to an average of the voltages of the first and third phases, the voltage of the second phase providing a voltage exceeding a threshold of the chiral smectic liquid crystal in combination with the scanning selection signal voltage.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
27 words
An apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the second phase has a period of ΔT, and the first and third phases have a total period of ΔT.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
18 words
An apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the first and third phases respectively have a period of ΔT/2.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
172 words
An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein pixels on a scanning electrode not receiving the scanning selection signal are supplied with an AC voltage caused by the data signal; the data signal applied in synchronism with the scanning signal provides a time-average value which is zero with reference to a difference between the time-average of the AC voltage applied to the pixels on a non-selected scanning line and the voltage level of such a non-selected scanning line; the data signal applied in synchronism with the scanning selection signal has a first phase, a second phase and a third phase having voltages of mutually different peak values, the voltage of the second phase being equal to an average of the voltages of the first and third phases, the voltage of the second phase providing a voltage exceeding a threshold of the chiral smectic liquid crystal in combination with the scanning selection signal voltage, the second phase having a period of ΔT, and the first and third phases having a total period of ΔT.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
11 words
An apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said difference is zero.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
13 words
An apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said difference makes a DC component.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
18 words
An apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the first and third phases respectively have a period of ΔT/2.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
11 words
An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said difference is zero.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
13 words
An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said difference makes a DC component.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
32 words
An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein only one of said pair of substrates is provided with a uniaxial alignment characteristic and the other substrate is provided with a non-uniaxial alignment characteristic.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
16 words
An apparatus according to claim 13, wherein said non-uniaxial alignment characteristic is a random alignment characteristic.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
28 words
An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said pair of substrates have alignment control films thereon composed of different film materials and respectively having a uniaxial alignment characteristic.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
24 words
An apparatus according to claim 15, wherein one of the alignment control films comprises an organic film, and the other comprises an inorganic film.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
20 words
An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal is a liquid crystal developing a ferroelectric state.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
25 words
An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal is a liquid crystal developing both a ferroelectric state and an anti-ferroelectric state.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
32 words
An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal comprises at least one liquid crystal component having a fluorinated carbon terminal group including least one completely fluorinated carbon atom.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
16 words
An apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said fluorinated carbon terminal group has 2-15 carbon atoms.
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
54 words
An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal includes a temperature region where smectic A phase is developed from isotropic phase on temperature decease, and said chiral smectic liquid crystal comprises at least one liquid crystal component having a fluorinated carbon terminal group including least one completely fluorinated carbon atom.
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
16 words
An apparatus according to claim 21, wherein said fluorinated carbon terminal group has 2-15 carbon atoms.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
233 words
A liquid crystal apparatus comprising: (a) a liquid crystal panel including: a pair of substrates having thereon a group of scanning electrodes and a group of data electrodes, respectively, and provided with mutually different alignment characteristics, and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed between the substrates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the scanning electrodes and the data electrodes, and (b) drive means for: sequentially applying a scanning selection signal to the scanning electrodes to select at least one scanning electrode, said scanning selection signal comprising voltages of at least a first phase and a second phase having mutually different peak values, and applying a data signal having at least three mutually different peak values, with reference to a voltage level of a scanning non-selection signal applied to non-selected scanning electrodes, to the data electrodes in synchronism with the scanning selection signal, said data signal having said at least three peak values within a period of applying the scanning selection signal, so that in the first phase, the pixels on the selected scanning electrode are supplied with a voltage exceeding one threshold of the chiral smectic liquid crystal to be non-selectively reset to a cleared state and, in the second phase, a selected pixel, among the cleared pixels is supplied with a voltage exceeding another threshold of the chiral smectic liquid crystal to be written into a display state.
Claim 25
Dependent Claim
233 words
A liquid crystal apparatus comprising: (a) a liquid crystal panel including: a pair of substrates having thereon a group of scanning electrodes and a group of data electrodes, respectively, and provided with mutually different alignment characteristics, and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed between the substrates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the scanning electrodes and the data electrodes, and (b) drive means for: sequentially applying a scanning selection signal to the scanning electrodes to select at least one scanning electrode, said scanning selection signal comprising voltages of at least a first phase and a second phase having mutually different peak values, and applying a data signal having at least three mutually different peak values, with reference to a voltage level of a scanning non-selection signal applied to non-selected scanning electrodes, to the data electrodes in synchronism with the scanning selection signal, said data signal having said at least three peak values within a period of applying the scanning selection signal, so that in the first phase, the pixels on the selected scanning electrode are supplied with a voltage exceeding one threshold of the chiral smectic liquid crystal to be non-selectively reset to a cleared state and, in the second phase, a selected pixel, among the cleared pixels is supplied with a voltage exceeding another threshold of the chiral smectic liquid crystal to be written into a display state.
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
49 words
An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said data signal has a voltage waveform including a first phase, a second phase and a third phase having mutually different peak values, and the second phase of the data signal is synchronized with the second phase of the scanning selection signal.
Claim 27
Dependent Claim
53 words
An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein pixels on a scanning electrode not receiving the scanning selection signal are supplied with an AC voltage caused by the data signal, the AC voltage having a time-average of zero with reference to a voltage level of the scanning electrode not receiving the scanning selection signal.
Claim 28
Dependent Claim
56 words
An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the data signal applied in synchronism with the scanning selection signal has a first phase, a second phase and a third phase having voltages of mutually different peak values, the voltage of the second phase being equal to an average of the voltages of the first and third phases.
Claim 29
Dependent Claim
82 words
An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein the data signal applied in synchronism with the scanning selection signal has a first phase, a second phase and a third phase having voltages of mutually different peak values, the voltage of the second phase being equal to an average of the voltages of the first and third phases, the voltage of the second phase providing a voltage exceeding a threshold of the chiral smectic liquid crystal in combination with the scanning selection signal voltage.
Claim 30
Dependent Claim
27 words
An apparatus according to claim 27, wherein the second phase has a period of ΔT, and the first and third phases have a total period of ΔT.
Claim 31
Dependent Claim
18 words
An apparatus according to claim 28, wherein the first and third phases respectively have a period of ΔT/2.
Claim 32
Dependent Claim
173 words
An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein pixels on a scanning electrode not receiving the scanning selection signal are supplied with an AC voltage caused by the data signal; the data signal applied in synchronism with the scanning signal provides a time-average value which is zero with reference to a difference between the time-average of the AC voltage applied to the pixels on a non-selected scanning line and the voltage level of such a non-selected scanning line; and the data signal applied in synchronism with the scanning selection signal has a first phase, a second phase and a third phase having voltages of mutually different peak values, the voltage of the second phase being equal to an average of the voltages of the first and third phases, the voltage of the second phase providing a voltage exceeding a threshold of the chiral smectic liquid crystal in combination with the scanning selection signal voltage, the second phase having a period of ΔT, and the first and third phases having a total period of ΔT.
Claim 33
Dependent Claim
11 words
An apparatus according to claim 30, wherein said difference is zero.
Claim 34
Dependent Claim
13 words
An apparatus according to claim 30, wherein said difference makes a DC component.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim
18 words
An apparatus according to claim 30, wherein the first and third phases respectively have a period of ΔT/2.
Claim 36
Dependent Claim
11 words
An apparatus according to claim 33, wherein said difference is zero.
Claim 37
Dependent Claim
13 words
An apparatus according to claim 33, wherein said difference makes a DC component.
Claim 38
Dependent Claim
32 words
An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein only one of said pair of substrates is provided with a uniaxial alignment characteristic and the other substrate is provided with a non-uniaxial alignment characteristic.
Claim 39
Dependent Claim
16 words
An apparatus according to claim 36, wherein said non-uniaxial alignment characteristic is a random alignment characteristic.
Claim 40
Dependent Claim
28 words
An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said pair of substrates have alignment control films thereon composed of different film materials and respectively having a uniaxial alignment characteristic.
Claim 41
Dependent Claim
24 words
An apparatus according to claim 38, wherein one of the alignment control films comprises an organic film, and the other comprises an inorganic film.
Claim 42
Dependent Claim
20 words
An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal is a liquid crystal developing a ferroelectric state.
Claim 43
Dependent Claim
25 words
An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal is a liquid crystal developing both a ferroelectric state and an anti-ferroelectric state.
Claim 44
Dependent Claim
32 words
An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal comprises at least one liquid crystal component having a fluorinated carbon terminal group including least one completely fluorinated carbon atom.
Claim 45
Dependent Claim
16 words
An apparatus according to claim 42, wherein said fluorinated carbon terminal group has 2-15 carbon atoms.
Claim 46
Dependent Claim
54 words
An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal includes a temperature region where smectic A phase is developed from isotropic phase on temperature decease, and said chiral smectic liquid crystal comprises at least one liquid crystal component having a fluorinated carbon terminal group including least one completely fluorinated carbon atom.
Claim 47
Dependent Claim
16 words
An apparatus according to claim 44, wherein said fluorinated carbon terminal group has 2-15 carbon atoms.
Claim 48
Dependent Claim
37 words
An apparatus according to claim 23, wherein said drive means successively applies the scanning selection signals so that at least two consecutive scanning selection signals are partially overlapped with each other and applied to different scanning electrodes.
Claim 49
Dependent Claim
160 words
A liquid crystal apparatus comprising: (a) a liquid crystal panel including: a pair of substrates having thereon a group of scanning electrodes and a group of data electrodes, respectively, and provided with mutually different alignment characteristics, and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed between the substrates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the scanning electrodes and the data electrodes, and (b) drive means including: means for sequentially applying a scanning selection signal to the scanning electrodes to select at least one scanning electrode, and applying a data signal having at least three phases having mutually different peak values, with reference to a voltage level of a scanning non-selection signal applied to non-selected scanning electrodes, to the data electrodes in synchronism with the scanning selection signal, means for applying a DC voltage uniformly to the data electrodes, and means for switching a polarity of the DC voltage for each vertical scanning period or each horizontal scanning period.
Claim 50
Dependent Claim
160 words
A liquid crystal apparatus comprising: (a) a liquid crystal panel including: a pair of substrates having thereon a group of scanning electrodes and a group of data electrodes, respectively, and provided with mutually different alignment characteristics, and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed between the substrates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the scanning electrodes and the data electrodes, and (b) drive means including: means for sequentially applying a scanning selection signal to the scanning electrodes to select at least one scanning electrode, and applying a data signal having at least three phases having mutually different peak values, with reference to a voltage level of a scanning non-selection signal applied to non-selected scanning electrodes, to the data electrodes in synchronism with the scanning selection signal, means for applying a DC voltage uniformly to the data electrodes, and means for switching a polarity of the DC voltage for each vertical scanning period or each horizontal scanning period.
Claim 51
Dependent Claim
33 words
An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein said data signal has a maximum voltage V 0 , and the DC voltage has a value in the range of 0.1V 0 -5V 0 .
Claim 52
Dependent Claim
33 words
An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein said data signal has a maximum voltage V 0 , and the DC voltage has a value in the range of 0.5V 0 -3V 0 .
Claim 53
Dependent Claim
20 words
An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein the polarity of the DC voltage is switched for each vertical scanning period.
Claim 54
Dependent Claim
20 words
An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein the polarity of the DC voltage is switched for each horizontal scanning period.
Claim 55
Dependent Claim
41 words
An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein the data signal has a first phase, a second phase and a third phase, the second phase has a period of ΔT, and the first and third phases respectively have a period of ΔT/2.
Claim 56
Dependent Claim
44 words
An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein pixels on a scanning electrode not receiving the scanning selection signal are supplied with an AC voltage caused by the data signal, the AC voltage having a time-average value equal to the value of the DC voltage.
Claim 57
Dependent Claim
32 words
An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein only one of said pair of substrates is provided with a uniaxial alignment characteristic and the other substrate is provided with a non-uniaxial alignment characteristic.
Claim 58
Dependent Claim
16 words
An apparatus according to claim 54, wherein said non-uniaxial alignment characteristic is a random alignment characteristic.
Claim 59
Dependent Claim
28 words
An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein said pair of substrates have alignment control films thereon composed of different film materials and respectively having a uniaxial alignment characteristic.
Claim 60
Dependent Claim
24 words
An apparatus according to claim 56, wherein one of the alignment control films comprises an organic film, and the other comprises an inorganic film.
Claim 61
Dependent Claim
20 words
An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal is a liquid crystal developing a ferroelectric state.
Claim 62
Dependent Claim
25 words
An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal is a liquid crystal developing both a ferroelectric state and an anti-ferroelectric state.
Claim 63
Dependent Claim
32 words
An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal comprises at least one liquid crystal component having a fluorinated carbon terminal group including least one completely fluorinated carbon atom.
Claim 64
Dependent Claim
16 words
An apparatus according to claim 60, wherein said fluorinated carbon terminal group has 2-15 carbon atoms.
Claim 65
Dependent Claim
54 words
An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal includes a temperature region where smectic A phase is developed from isotropic phase on temperature decease, and said chiral smectic liquid crystal comprises at least one liquid crystal component having a fluorinated carbon terminal group including least one completely fluorinated carbon atom.
Claim 66
Dependent Claim
16 words
An apparatus according to claim 62, wherein said fluorinated carbon terminal group has 2-15 carbon atoms.
Claim 67
Dependent Claim
234 words
A liquid crystal apparatus comprising: (a) a liquid crystal panel including: a pair of substrates having thereon a group of scanning electrodes and a group of data electrodes, respectively, and provided with mutually different alignment characteristics, and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed between the substrates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the scanning electrodes and the data electrodes, and (b) drive means including: means for sequentially applying a scanning selection signal to the scanning electrodes to select at least one scanning electrode, said scanning selection signal comprising voltages of at least a first phase and a second phase having mutually different peak values, and applying a data signal having at least three phases having mutually different peak values, with reference to a voltage level of a scanning non-selection signal applied to non-selected scanning electrodes, to the data electrodes in synchronism with the scanning selection signal, so that in the first phase, the pixels on the selected scanning electrode are non-selectively reset to a cleared state and, in the second phase, a selected pixel among the cleared pixels is supplied with a voltage exceeding another threshold of the chiral smectic liquid crystal to be written into a display state; means for applying a DC voltage uniformly to the data electrodes; and means for switching a polarity of the DC voltage for each vertical scanning period or each horizontal scanning period.
Claim 68
Dependent Claim
234 words
A liquid crystal apparatus comprising: (a) a liquid crystal panel including: a pair of substrates having thereon a group of scanning electrodes and a group of data electrodes, respectively, and provided with mutually different alignment characteristics, and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed between the substrates so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the scanning electrodes and the data electrodes, and (b) drive means including: means for sequentially applying a scanning selection signal to the scanning electrodes to select at least one scanning electrode, said scanning selection signal comprising voltages of at least a first phase and a second phase having mutually different peak values, and applying a data signal having at least three phases having mutually different peak values, with reference to a voltage level of a scanning non-selection signal applied to non-selected scanning electrodes, to the data electrodes in synchronism with the scanning selection signal, so that in the first phase, the pixels on the selected scanning electrode are non-selectively reset to a cleared state and, in the second phase, a selected pixel among the cleared pixels is supplied with a voltage exceeding another threshold of the chiral smectic liquid crystal to be written into a display state; means for applying a DC voltage uniformly to the data electrodes; and means for switching a polarity of the DC voltage for each vertical scanning period or each horizontal scanning period.
Claim 69
Dependent Claim
49 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein said data signal has a voltage waveform including a first phase, a second phase and a third phase having mutually different peak values, and the second phase of the data signal is synchronized with the second phase of the scanning selection signal.
Claim 70
Dependent Claim
37 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein said drive means successively applies the scanning selection signals so that at least two consecutive scanning selection signals are partially overlapped with each other and applied to different scanning electrodes.
Claim 71
Dependent Claim
22 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein said DC voltage is applied to scanning electrodes not supplied with the scanning selection signal.
Claim 72
Dependent Claim
17 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein said DC voltage is applied uniformly to the data electrodes.
Claim 73
Dependent Claim
33 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein said data signal has a maximum voltage V 0 , and the DC voltage has a value in the range of 0.1V 0 -5V 0 .
Claim 74
Dependent Claim
33 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein said data signal has a maximum voltage V 0 , and the DC voltage has a value in the range of 0.5V 0 -3V 0 .
Claim 75
Dependent Claim
20 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein the polarity of the DC voltage is switched for each vertical scanning period.
Claim 76
Dependent Claim
20 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein the polarity of the DC voltage is switched for each horizontal scanning period.
Claim 77
Dependent Claim
41 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein the data signal has a first phase, a second phase and a third phase, the second phase has a period of ΔT, and the first and third phases respectively have a period of ΔT/2.
Claim 78
Dependent Claim
44 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein pixels on a scanning electrode not receiving the scanning selection signal are supplied with an AC voltage caused by the data signal, the AC voltage having a time-average value equal to the value of the DC voltage.
Claim 79
Dependent Claim
30 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein only one of said pair of substrates is provided with a uniaxial alignment characteristic and the other substrate is a non-uniaxial alignment characteristic.
Claim 80
Dependent Claim
16 words
An apparatus according to claim 75, wherein said non-uniaxial alignment characteristic is a random alignment characteristic.
Claim 81
Dependent Claim
28 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein said pair of substrates have alignment control films thereon composed of different film materials and respectively having a uniaxial alignment characteristic.
Claim 82
Dependent Claim
24 words
An apparatus according to claim 77, wherein one of the alignment control films comprises an organic film, and the other comprises an inorganic film.
Claim 83
Dependent Claim
20 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal is a liquid crystal developing a ferroelectric state.
Claim 84
Dependent Claim
25 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal is a liquid crystal developing both a ferroelectric state and an anti-ferroelectric state.
Claim 85
Dependent Claim
32 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal comprises at least one liquid crystal component having a fluorinated carbon terminal group including least one completely fluorinated carbon atom.
Claim 86
Dependent Claim
16 words
An apparatus according to claim 81, wherein said fluorinated carbon terminal group has 2-15 carbon atoms.
Claim 87
Dependent Claim
54 words
An apparatus according to claim 64, wherein said chiral smectic liquid crystal includes a temperature region where smectic A phase is developed from isotropic phase on temperature decease, and said chiral smectic liquid crystal comprises at least one liquid crystal component having a fluorinated carbon terminal group including least one completely fluorinated carbon atom.
Claim 88
Dependent Claim
16 words
An apparatus according to claim 83, wherein said fluorinated carbon terminal group has 2-15 carbon atoms.
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