Solid state electrochemical cell

Claim 2

A battery comprising an anode, a cathode and a solid state electrolyte between, and in contact with, the anode and cathode, wherein: (a) the anode includes an organic compound which is a source of protons during discharge; (b) the cathode includes a compound which forms an electrochemical battery couple with the anode; and (c) the electrolyte includes a solid material in which protons are mobile.

Claim 3

A battery as in claim 1, wherein the anode is selected from the group of organic compounds consisting of hydroquinone, phloroglucinol, echinochrome, 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone, purpogallin, methylenedigallic acid, 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone, resorcinol, ascorbic acid and its derivatives; tetrahydroxy napthalene, tetrahydroxy 1,4-naphthaquinone, pentahydroxy 1,4-naphthaquinone, phenolphthalein, indophenol, bromophenol blue, oxindole, o-phenanthroline, phenanthridine, 6(5H)-phenanthridinone, uracil, 2-amino-5-bromopyridine, 5-aminotetrazole monohydrate, 2-aminothiazole, 2-aminopyrimidine, 2-amino-3-hydroxy-pyridine, 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxy pyrimidine, 5,6-diamino-1,3-dimethyluracil hydrate, 5,6-diamino-2-thiouracil, cyanuric acid, cyanuric acid compound with melamine, 1,2-diaminoanthraquinone and 3-amino-2-cyclohexen-1-one, methylene blue, hydroxy acetophenone, acetaminophen, hydroxybenzyl alcohol, dopamine, pyrogallol, naphthols, anthranol, hydroxy anthraquinone, anthralin, anthragallol, anthrarufin, anthrobin, purpurin, tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 1,8,9-anthracenetriol, carminic acid, hydroquinone monomethyl ether, citrazinic acid, hydroxybenzophenone, hydroxy biphenyl, tetrahydro papaveroline, fustin, hydroquinone monobenzylether hydroxymethyl pyridine, squaric acid, tetrahydroxy acetophenone, tetrahydroxy benzoic acid, Rhodizonic acid, croconic acid, hexahydroxy benzene, reductic acid, 5-methyl reductic acid, calix(4)arene, chloranilic acid and tetrahydroxy quinone.

Claim 4

A battery as in claim 1, wherein said organic compound of said anode is selected from the group consisting of the non-hydrated and the hydrated forms of those compounds.

Claim 5

A battery as in claim 1, wherein said compound of said cathode is selected from the group consisting of the non-hydrated and the hydrated forms of those compounds.

Claim 6

A battery as in claim 1, wherein the anode is selected from the group consisting of tetrahydroxy quinone, hexahydroxybenzene, chloranilic acid and rhodizonic acid.

Claim 7

A battery as in claim 1, wherein the anode includes a proton-donating non-aromatic ring compound.

Claim 8

A battery as in claim 6, wherein the anode includes pentahydroxy cyclohexanon-thiosemicarbazon, pentahydroxy cyclohexanon diethyl thioacetal, 2,3,5,6 tetrahydroxy cyclohexane-1,4 dione, tri-keto-tri-hydroxy cyclohexane, inositol, scyllo-Inosose, uramil, urazole, chloroanilic acid, quinic acid, octahydroxy cyclobutane.

Claim 9

A battery as in claim 1, wherein the anode includes a solid state proton-donating chain compound.

Claim 10

A battery as in claim 8, wherein the anode includes mucic acid and meso-erythritol.

Claim 11

A battery as in claim 1, wherein the cathode includes a compound selected from the group consisting of transition metal dichalcogenides, NiOOH, naphthalene, Ni(OH) 2 , monovalent silver oxide, divalent silver oxide, tantalum oxide, molybdenum trioxide, niobium triselenide, Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+y , Bi 2 Sr 2 Cu 1 O 6+y , YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 , fullerenes, triquinoyl (also known as hexaketocyclohexane and cyclohexane-hexone) in its non-hydrated, hydrated, dihydrate and octahydrate forms, leuconic acid in its non-hydrated, hydrated and pentahydrated forms, pseudothiohydantoin, 3-sulfolene, uric acid, hydantoin, barbituric acid, glycine anhydride, 2,4-thiazolidinedione, thioxanthen-9-one, 5-nitro-uracil, glutarimide, parabanic acid, 1,5-dihydropyrimidol-[5,4-d]-pyrimidine-2,4,6,8(3H, 7H)-tetrone, thiotetronic acid, 2,4,6 triaminopyrimidine, o-phenanthroline monohydrate, dehydro ascorbic acid dimer, 1,3 dichloro-5,5 dimethyl hydantoin, anthraquinone, quinone, anthracene, dichloromaleic anhydride, 3,5,dinitro benzoic acid, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, chloranil, 2-ethyl anthraquinone or other alkyl anthraquinones, duroquinone, succinimide, 2,3-dichloro 5,6-dicyano 1,4-benzoquinone, 4(6)-amino uracil, hydrindantin, alkali metal salts of rhodizonic acid and tetrahydroxyquinone, tri-chloro cyanuric acid, cyanuric chloride, cyanuric acid anhydrous, di-chloro isocyanuric acid, di-chloro isocyanuric acid lithium, potassium or sodium salt, trichloro isocyanuric acid, trichloromelamine, hexachloromelamine, N-chloro-succinimide, succinimide, succinic anhydride, m-dinitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrophenol, picric acid, 4-nitrosophenol, p-quinonedixime, dichlorobenzoquininediimine, N,N-dichloro-dimethylhydantoin or other N-halogen organic compounds or other aromatic nitro compounds, substituted biureas or substituted azodicarbonamides.

Claim 12

A battery as in claim 1, wherein said material in which protons are mobile is selected from the group consisting of a heteropolyacid, an anion exchanger which does not block protons, an anion adsorber which does not block protons, a cation adsorber, a cation exchange material, including their hydrogen ion forms, chloro-sulfonated polyethylene, sulfonated polystyrene, sulfonated polysulfones and copolymers based on these materials, a perfluoronated sulfuric acid cation exchanger, cellulose acetate or cellulose triacetate membrane.

Claim 13

A battery as in claim 1, wherein the cathode includes manganese sulphate and carbon, and wherein the anode includes chloranilic acid and carbon.

Claim 14

A battery as in claim 12, wherein said manganese sulphate is selected from non-hydrated manganese sulphate and hydrated manganese sulphate, and wherein said chloranilic acid is selected from non-hydrated chloranilic acid and hydrated chloranilic acid.

Claim 15

A battery as in claim 1, wherein said cathode includes MnSO 4 -x H 2 O, where x is an integer in the range of from 0 to 7.

Claim 16

A battery as in claim 1, wherein said cathode includes MnSO 4 -x H 2 O, where x is zero or one.

Claim 17

A battery as in claim 1, wherein said cathode compound includes a metal whose cation can assume at least two different non-zero oxidation numbers.

Claim 18

A battery as in claim 16, wherein said cathode compound includes a metal cation M where M is selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ce, Fe, or Co.

Claim 19

A battery as in claim 16, wherein the cathode further includes a material selected from the group consisting of a cation exchange material and a cation adsorber material.

Claim 20

A battery as in claim 16, wherein said cathode compound selected from the group consisting of cation exchange material and cation adsorber material is treated with a solution of Mn, Ce, Fe or Co salts.

Claim 21

A battery as in claim 1, wherein a material which does not block proton transport selected from the group consisting of an ion exchange material and an ion adsorber material is positioned in an inter-layer between the anode and the cathode.

Claim 22

A battery as in claim 1, wherein the organic compound contained in the anode has both proton-donating and proton-accepting groups.

Claim 23

A battery as in claim 1, wherein said cathode compound can function as a proton-donator and a proton-acceptor.

Claim 24

A battery as in claim 1, wherein the anode and cathode further contain an aqueous acid solution.

Claim 25

A battery comprising an anode, a cathode, and a solid state electrolyte between, and in contact with, the anode and cathode, wherein: (a) the anode includes a material which includes a metal whose cation can assume at least two different non-zero oxidation numbers; (b) the cathode includes a material which includes a compound which forms an electrochemical battery couple with the above anode, said compound being MnSO 4 -x H 2 O, where x is an integer in the range of from 0 to 7; and (c) the electrolyte includes a solid in which protons are mobile.

Claim 26

A battery comprising an anode, a cathode, and a solid state electrolyte between, and in contact with, the anode and cathode, wherein: (a) the anode includes a material which includes a metal whose cation can assume at least two different non-zero oxidation numbers; (b) the cathode includes a material which includes a compound which forms an electrochemical battery couple with the above anode, said compound being MnSO 4 -x H 2 O, where x is an integer in the range of from 0 to 7; and (c) the electrolyte includes a solid in which protons are mobile.

Claim 27

A battery as in claim 24, wherein the cathode includes a compound selected from the group consisting of transition metal dichalcogenides, NiOOH, naphthalene, Ni(OH) 2 , monovalent silver oxide, divalent silver oxide, tantalum oxide, molybdenum trioxide, niobium triselenide, Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+y , Bi 2 Sr 2 Cu 1 O 6+y , YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 , fullerenes, triquinoyl (also known as hexaketocyclohexane and cyclohexane-hexone) in its non-hydrated, hydrated, dihydrate and octahydrate forms, leuconic acid in its non-hydrated, hydrated and pentahydrated forms, pseudothiohydantoin, 3-sulfolene, uric acid, hydantoin, barbituric acid, glycine anhydride, 2,4-thiazolidinedione, thioxanthen-9-one, 5-nitro-uracil, glutarimide, parabanic acid, 1,5-dihydropyrimidol-[5,4-d]-pyrimidine-2,4,6,8(3H, 7H)-tetrone, thiotetronic acid, 2,4,6 triaminopyrimidine, o-phenanthroline monohydrate, dehydro ascorbic acid dimer, 1,3 dichloro-5,5 dimethyl hydantoin, anthraquinone, quinone, anthracene, dichloromaleic anhydride, 3,5,dinitro benzoic acid, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, chloranil, 2-ethyl anthraquinone or other alkyl anthraquinones, duroquinone, succinimide, 2,3-dichloro 5,6-dicyano 1,4-benzoquinone, 4(6)-amino uracil, hydrindantin, alkali metal salts of rhodizonic acid and tetrahydroxyquinone, tri-chloro cyanuric acid, cyanuric chloride, cyanuric acid anhydrous, di-chloro isocyanuric acid, di-chloro isocyanuric acid lithium, potassium or sodium salt, trichloro isocyanuric acid, trichloromelamine, hexachloromelamine, N-chloro-succinimide, succinimide, succinic anhydride, m-dinitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrophenol, picric acid, 4-nitrosophenol, p-quinonedixime, dichlorobenzoquininediimine, N,N-dichloro-dimethylhydantoin or other N-halogen organic compounds or other aromatic nitro compounds, substituted biureas or substituted azodicarbonamides.

Claim 28

A battery as in claim 24, wherein said material in which protons are mobile is selected from the group consisting of a heteropolyacid, an anion exchanger which does not block protons, an anion adsorber which does not block protons, a cation adsorber, a cation exchange material, including their hydrogen ion forms, chloro-sulfonated polyethylene, sulfonated polystyrene, sulfonated polysulfones and copolymers based on these materials, a perfluoronated sulfuric acid cation exchanger, cellulose acetate or cellulose triacetate membrane.

Claim 29

A battery as in claim 1, wherein the anode includes a quinone.

Claim 30

A battery as in claim 24, wherein said cathode includes MnSO 4 -x H 2 O, where x is zero or one.

Claim 31

A battery as in claim 24, wherein said anode material includes a metal cation M where M is selected from the group consisting of Sn, Ti, Cu and Cr.

Claim 32

A battery as in claim 24, wherein said anode material is selected from the group consisting of the non-hydrated and the hydrated forms of those compounds.

Claim 33

A battery as in claim 24, wherein said cathode material includes a metal whose cation can assume at least two different non-zero oxidation numbers.

Claim 34

A battery as in claim 24, wherein said cathode material includes a metal cation M where M is selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ce, Fe, and Co.

Claim 35

A battery as in claim 24, wherein the anode further includes a material selected from the group consisting of a cation exchange material and a cation adsorber material.

Claim 36

A battery as in claim 24, wherein a material which does not block proton transport selected from the group consisting of an ion exchange material and an adsorber material is positioned in an inter-layer between the anode and the cathode.

Claim 37

A battery as in claim 31, wherein the cathode further includes a material selected from the group consisting of a cation exchange material and a cation adsorber material.

Claim 38

A battery as in claim 31, wherein said cathode includes a material selected from the group consisting of cation exchange material and cation adsorber material treated with a solution of Mn, Ce, Fe or Co salts.

Claim 39

A battery as in claim 24, wherein said anode includes a material selected from the group consisting of cation exchange material and cation adsorber material treated with a solution of Sn, Cu, Ti and Cr salts.

Claim 40

A battery comprising an anode, a cathode, and a solid state electrolyte between, and in contact with, the anode and cathode, wherein: (a) the anode includes a material which includes a metal whose cation can assume at least two different non-zero oxidation numbers; (b) the cathode includes a compound which forms an electrochemical battery couple with the above anode; (c) the electrolyte includes a solid in which protons are mobile; and (d) the cathode and anode contain an aqueous acid solution.

Claim 41

A battery comprising an anode, a cathode, and a solid state electrolyte between, and in contact with, the anode and cathode, wherein: (a) the anode includes a material which includes a metal whose cation can assume at least two different non-zero oxidation numbers; (b) the cathode includes a compound which forms an electrochemical battery couple with the above anode; (c) the electrolyte includes a solid in which protons are mobile; and (d) the cathode and anode contain an aqueous acid solution.

Claim 42

A battery as in claim 38, wherein said cathode compound is selected from the group consisting of the non-hydrated and the hydrated forms of those compounds.

Claim 43

A battery as in claim 38, wherein said cathode compound can function as a proton-donator and a proton-acceptor.