US5493426A
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US
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Lateral electrode smectic liquid crystal devices
Assignee: University of Colorado Foundation Inc
•
Filing: 1993-05-03
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Granted: 1996-02-20
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Expires: 2013-05-03
Abstract
Abstract This invention provides smectic liquid crystal cells with lateral electrodes. The effective change in refractive index with field-induced tilting of the liquid crystal molecules is increased by providing an angle between the direction of propagation of light and the direction of the molecular directors at zero applied field. For homeotropically aligned liquid crystals this is accomplished by inclining the incident light beam at an oblique angle to the device surface. For tilted layer cells the liquid crystal layers are tilted and the light can impinge at normal incidence. This invention further provides Fabry-Perot filters utilizing lateral electrode liquid crystal cells.
Inventors
- 👤 Kristina M. Johnson
- 👤 Anat Sneh
- 👤 Jian-Yu Liu
- 👤 Gary D. Sharp
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-11-09 15:08
CPC Classifications
G; G02; G02F; G02F1/00; G02F1/01; G02F1/13; G02F1/137; G02F1/139; G02F1/141; G02F1/1418; G02F1/133; G02F1/1333; G02F1/1347; G02F1/13471; G02F1/135; G02F1/21; G02F1/216; G02F1/1335; G02F1/13363; G02F1/133638; G02F1/1337; G02F1/133738; G02F1/133742; G02F1/1343; G02F1/134309; G02F1/134363; G02F1/13439; G02F2203/00; G02F2203/05; G02F2203/055; G02F2203/06; G02F2203/50
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 93
Claim 1
Independent Claim
87 words
A tilted layer liquid crystal cell for light modulation comprising: a pair of substrates positioned with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls; a smectic liquid crystal with rotatable optic axis disposed between said cell walls, the layers of said liquid crystal at an oblique angle, Θ, to said cell walls; and a means for applying an electric field parallel to said cell walls through said liquid crystal to rotate said optic axis of said liquid crystal; wherein the light is transmitted through said liquid crystal.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
87 words
A tilted layer liquid crystal cell for light modulation comprising: a pair of substrates positioned with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls; a smectic liquid crystal with rotatable optic axis disposed between said cell walls, the layers of said liquid crystal at an oblique angle, Θ, to said cell walls; and a means for applying an electric field parallel to said cell walls through said liquid crystal to rotate said optic axis of said liquid crystal; wherein the light is transmitted through said liquid crystal.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
18 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 1 further comprising an alignment layer on each of said cell walls.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
19 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 2 wherein each of said alignment layers comprise obliquely deposited SiO x .
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
25 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 3 wherein each of said alignment layers further comprises a homeotropic alignment agent coated on said SiO x .
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
17 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 2 wherein Θ is greater than 30° and less than 60°.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
12 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 5 wherein Θ is approximately 45°.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
37 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 5 wherein said liquid crystal is a SmA* liquid crystal and wherein said alignment layers comprise obliquely deposited SiO x and a homeotropic alignment agent coated on said SiO x .
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
28 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 1 wherein said electric field is both parallel to said cell walls and parallel to the smectic layers of said liquid crystal.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
27 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 1 wherein said liquid crystal is selected from the group consisting of SmA*, SmC*, DHF, achiral ferroelectric and antiferroelectric liquid crystals.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
16 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 1 wherein said liquid crystal is a SmA* liquid crystal.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
24 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 1 wherein said means for applying an electric field comprises two electrodes disposed, laterally about said liquid crystal.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
19 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 11 wherein said electrodes further provide a means for spacing apart said substrates.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
17 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 1 disposed as a pixel in a multipixel array of modulators.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
19 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 1 wherein said light is incident on said cell at substantially normal incidence.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
22 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 1 wherein rotating said optic axis modulates the extraordinary index of refraction of said liquid crystal.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
24 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 15 wherein modulating said extraordinary index of refraction modulates the phase of light transmitted through said liquid crystal.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
14 words
The tilted layer cell of claim 1 wherein said cell is a variable retarder.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
46 words
A method of phase modulation of light utilizing the tilted layer cell of claim 1 and comprising the steps of: impinging light on the tilted layer cell of claim 1; and applying an electric field to said cell, whereby the phase of said light is modulated.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
16 words
The method of phase modulation of claim 18 wherein said light impinges at substantially normal incidence.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
34 words
The method of phase modulation of claim 18 wherein said impinging light is linearly polarized and wherein the polarization vector is in the plane of rotation of said optic axis of said liquid crystal.
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
76 words
A Fabry-Perot modulator for light comprising: a first liquid crystal cell comprising a pair of substrates with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls, a smectic liquid crystal disposed between said cell walls, and a means for applying an electric field parallel to said cell walls through said liquid crystal; and a front and a back reflective means positioned in series with and on either side of said liquid crystal to form a Fabry-Perot cavity.
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
76 words
A Fabry-Perot modulator for light comprising: a first liquid crystal cell comprising a pair of substrates with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls, a smectic liquid crystal disposed between said cell walls, and a means for applying an electric field parallel to said cell walls through said liquid crystal; and a front and a back reflective means positioned in series with and on either side of said liquid crystal to form a Fabry-Perot cavity.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
16 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 21 wherein said liquid crystal is a homeotropically aligned liquid crystal.
Claim 25
Dependent Claim
32 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 21 wherein said liquid crystal is a tilted layer aligned liquid crystal having the layers of said liquid crystals at an oblique angle to said cell walls.
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
15 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 23 wherein said liquid crystal is a SmA* liquid crystal.
Claim 27
Dependent Claim
33 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 24 wherein said liquid crystal cell further includes an alignment layer on each of said cell walls, each of said alignment layers comprising obliquely deposited SiO x .
Claim 28
Dependent Claim
24 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 25 wherein each of said alignment layers further comprises a homeotropic alignment agent coated on said SiO x .
Claim 29
Dependent Claim
26 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 21 wherein said liquid crystal is selected from the group consisting of SmA*, SmC*, DHF, achiral ferroelectric and antiferroelectric liquid crystals.
Claim 30
Dependent Claim
15 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 21 wherein said liquid crystal is a SmA* liquid crystal.
Claim 31
Dependent Claim
25 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 21 wherein the reflectivities of said front and back reflective means are such that the modulator operates in transmission-reflection mode.
Claim 32
Dependent Claim
25 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 21 wherein the reflectivities of said front and back reflective means are such that the modulator operates in reflection-only mode.
Claim 33
Dependent Claim
19 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 21 further including an isotropic spacer positioned between said front and back reflective means.
Claim 34
Dependent Claim
47 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 21 adapted for use with an optical addressing signal and further comprising a photosensing means, optically coupled with said addressing signal and electrically connected with said electric field applying means, for varying the applied electric field in response to said addressing signal.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim
17 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 21 disposed as a pixel in a multipixel array of Fabry-Perot modulators.
Claim 36
Dependent Claim
92 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 21 further comprising a second liquid crystal cell, positioned in series with said first liquid crystal cell and between said front and back reflective means, comprising a pair of substrates with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls, a smectic liquid crystal disposed between said cell walls, and a means for applying an electric field parallel to said cell walls through said liquid crystal, wherein the electric field in said second liquid crystal cell is orthogonal to the electric field in said first liquid crystal cell.
Claim 37
Dependent Claim
18 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 34 wherein said first and second liquid crystal cells have equal magnitude retardances.
Claim 38
Dependent Claim
149 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 34 further comprising: a second liquid crystal cell, positioned in parallel with said first liquid crystal cell and between said front and back reflective means, comprising a pair of substrates with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls, a smectic liquid crystal disposed between said cell walls, and a means for applying an electric field parallel to said cell walls through said liquid crystal, wherein the electric field in said second liquid crystal cell is orthogonal to the electric field in said first liquid crystal cell. a means for spatially dividing said light into a first and a second component of orthogonal polarization and for coupling said first component into said first liquid crystal cell and said second component into said second liquid crystal cell; and a means for receiving and for recombining light from said first and said second liquid crystal cells.
Claim 39
Dependent Claim
18 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 36 wherein said first and second liquid crystal cells have equal magnitude retardances.
Claim 40
Dependent Claim
20 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 21 wherein said light is incident on said front reflective means at substantially normal incidence.
Claim 41
Dependent Claim
19 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 21 wherein applying said electric field rotates the optic axis of said liquid crystal.
Claim 42
Dependent Claim
21 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 39 wherein rotating said optic axis modulates the extraordinary index of refraction of said liquid crystal.
Claim 43
Dependent Claim
23 words
The Fabry-Perot modulator of claim 40 wherein modulating said extraordinary index of refraction modulates the phase of light transmitted through said liquid crystal.
Claim 44
Dependent Claim
97 words
A prism-coupled modulator for light comprising: a first and a second substrate positioned with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls; a smectic liquid crystal with rotatable optic axis disposed between said cell walls; a means for applying an electric field parallel to said cell walls through said liquid crystal to rotate said optic axis of said liquid crystal; and an input prism for receiving said light and for optically coupling the received light with said first substrate at an angle oblique to said first substrate, wherein said received light is transmitted through said liquid crystal.
Claim 45
Dependent Claim
97 words
A prism-coupled modulator for light comprising: a first and a second substrate positioned with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls; a smectic liquid crystal with rotatable optic axis disposed between said cell walls; a means for applying an electric field parallel to said cell walls through said liquid crystal to rotate said optic axis of said liquid crystal; and an input prism for receiving said light and for optically coupling the received light with said first substrate at an angle oblique to said first substrate, wherein said received light is transmitted through said liquid crystal.
Claim 46
Dependent Claim
34 words
The prism-coupled modulator of claim 42 further including an output prism for receiving the transmitted light from said second substrate and for outputting said transmitted light at an angle oblique to said second substrate.
Claim 47
Dependent Claim
27 words
The prism-coupled modulator of claim 43 wherein said input and output prisms are right angle prisms positioned with hypotenuse faces facing said first and second substrates, respectively.
Claim 48
Dependent Claim
21 words
The prism-coupled modulator of claim 44 wherein said input and output prisms further function as said first and second substrates, respectively.
Claim 49
Dependent Claim
16 words
The prism-coupled modulator of claim 42 wherein said liquid crystal is a homeotropically aligned liquid crystal.
Claim 50
Dependent Claim
32 words
The prism-coupled modulator of claim 42 wherein said liquid crystal is a tilted layer aligned liquid crystal having the layers of said liquid crystals at an oblique angle to said cell walls.
Claim 51
Dependent Claim
21 words
The prism-coupled modulator of claim 42 wherein rotating said optic axis modulates the extraordinary index of refraction of said liquid crystal.
Claim 52
Dependent Claim
23 words
The prism-coupled modulator of claim 48 wherein modulating said extraordinary index of refraction modulates the phase of light transmitted through said liquid crystal.
Claim 53
Dependent Claim
129 words
A series polarization independent modulator of light comprising: a first smectic liquid crystal cell for variably retarding a first polarization of light; and a second smectic liquid crystal cell, positioned in series with said first cell, for variably retarding a second polarization of light, said second polarization orthogonal to said first linear polarization; wherein each of said liquid crystal cells comprises a pair of substrates with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls, a smectic liquid crystal layer with rotatable optic axis disposed between said cell walls, and a means for applying an electric field parallel to said cell walls through said liquid crystal layer; and wherein said electric field in said first liquid crystal cell is orthogonal to said electric field in said second liquid crystal cell.
Claim 54
Dependent Claim
129 words
A series polarization independent modulator of light comprising: a first smectic liquid crystal cell for variably retarding a first polarization of light; and a second smectic liquid crystal cell, positioned in series with said first cell, for variably retarding a second polarization of light, said second polarization orthogonal to said first linear polarization; wherein each of said liquid crystal cells comprises a pair of substrates with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls, a smectic liquid crystal layer with rotatable optic axis disposed between said cell walls, and a means for applying an electric field parallel to said cell walls through said liquid crystal layer; and wherein said electric field in said first liquid crystal cell is orthogonal to said electric field in said second liquid crystal cell.
Claim 55
Dependent Claim
23 words
The series polarization independent modulator of claim 50 wherein said liquid crystal in said first and second liquid crystal cells is homeotropically aligned.
Claim 56
Dependent Claim
62 words
The series polarization independent modulator of claim 50 wherein said liquid crystals in said first and second liquid crystal cells are tilted layer aligned liquid crystals having the layers of said liquid crystals in each of said cells at an oblique angle to said cell walls, and wherein the smectic layers in each cell are parallel to the electric-field in that cell.
Claim 57
Dependent Claim
25 words
The series polarization independent modulator of claim 50 wherein said liquid crystal in said first and second liquid crystal cells is a SmA* liquid crystal.
Claim 58
Dependent Claim
20 words
The series polarization independent modulator of claim 50 wherein said first and second liquid crystal cells have equal magnitude retardances.
Claim 59
Dependent Claim
34 words
The series polarization independent modulator of claim 50 wherein said first and said second liquid crystal cells share one substrate in common, such that said series polarization independent modulator comprises three substrates in series.
Claim 60
Dependent Claim
59 words
The series polarization independent modulator of claim 55 wherein said liquid crystal in said first and second liquid crystal cells is a tilted layer aligned SmA* liquid crystal having the layers of said liquid crystals at oblique angles to said cell walls, and wherein the smectic layers of each cell are parallel to the electric field in that cell.
Claim 61
Dependent Claim
34 words
The series polarization independent modulator of claim 50 further comprising a first and a second reflective means forming a Fabry-Perot cavity containing said liquid crystal layers in said first and second liquid crystal cells.
Claim 62
Dependent Claim
136 words
A parallel polarization diversity modulator for light comprising: a means for spatially dividing said light into a first and a second component of orthogonal polarization; a first liquid crystal cell optically coupled with said first component of light; a second liquid crystal cell optically coupled with said second component of light; and a means for recombining said first and said second component of light; each of said first and second liquid crystal cells comprising a pair of substrates with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls, a smectic liquid crystal disposed between said cell walls, and a means for applying an electric field parallel to said cell walls through said liquid crystal; and wherein said electric field in said first liquid crystal cell is orthogonal to said electric field in said second liquid crystal cell.
Claim 63
Dependent Claim
136 words
A parallel polarization diversity modulator for light comprising: a means for spatially dividing said light into a first and a second component of orthogonal polarization; a first liquid crystal cell optically coupled with said first component of light; a second liquid crystal cell optically coupled with said second component of light; and a means for recombining said first and said second component of light; each of said first and second liquid crystal cells comprising a pair of substrates with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls, a smectic liquid crystal disposed between said cell walls, and a means for applying an electric field parallel to said cell walls through said liquid crystal; and wherein said electric field in said first liquid crystal cell is orthogonal to said electric field in said second liquid crystal cell.
Claim 64
Dependent Claim
21 words
The parallel polarization diversity modulator of claim 58 wherein said first and said second liquid crystal cells have equal magnitude retardances.
Claim 65
Dependent Claim
24 words
The parallel polarization diversity modulator of claim 58 wherein said liquid crystals in said first and said second liquid crystal cells are homeotropically aligned.
Claim 66
Dependent Claim
62 words
The parallel polarization diversity modulator of claim 58 wherein said liquid crystals in said first and said second liquid crystal cells are tilted layer aligned having the layers of said liquid crystals in each of said cells at an oblique angle to said cell walls, and wherein the smectic layers of each cell are parallel to the electric field in that cell.
Claim 67
Dependent Claim
28 words
The parallel polarization diversity modulator of claim 58 adapted for use with an optical fiber and further including a means for optically coupling said modulator with said fiber.
Claim 68
Dependent Claim
48 words
The parallel polarization diversity modulator of claim 58 wherein each of said first and second liquid crystal cells further includes a first and a second reflective means positioned in series with and on either side of said liquid crystal to form a Fabry-Perot cavity containing said liquid crystal.
Claim 69
Dependent Claim
28 words
The parallel polarization diversity modulator of claim 63 adapted for use with an optical fiber and further including a means for optically coupling said modulator with said fiber.
Claim 70
Dependent Claim
56 words
The parallel polarization diversity modulator of claim 64 wherein said liquid crystals in said first and said second liquid crystal cells are tilted layer aligned having the layers of said liquid crystals at oblique angles to said cell walls, and wherein the smectic layers of each cell are parallel to the electric field in that cell.
Claim 71
Dependent Claim
28 words
The parallel polarization diversity modulator of claim 58 wherein said liquid crystal is selected from the group consisting of SmA*, SmC*, DHF, achiral ferroelectric and antiferroelectric liquid crystals.
Claim 72
Dependent Claim
17 words
The parallel polarization diversity modulator of claim 58 wherein said liquid crystal is a SmA* liquid crystal.
Claim 73
Dependent Claim
21 words
The parallel polarization diversity modulator of claim 58 wherein said first and second liquid crystal cells share both substrates in common.
Claim 74
Dependent Claim
31 words
The parallel polarization diversity modulator of claim 68 wherein said means for dividing light and said means for recombining light comprise birefringent crystals and wherein said birefringent crystals form said substrates.
Claim 75
Dependent Claim
28 words
The parallel polarization diversity modulator of claim 69 adapted for use with an optical fiber and further including a means for optically coupling said modulator with said fiber.
Claim 76
Dependent Claim
77 words
An edge-entering liquid crystal modulator for light comprising a pair of substrates with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls, a smectic liquid crystal disposed between said cell walls, and a means for applying an electric field to said liquid crystal, wherein said modulator is adapted to receive light incident on the edge of said modulator between said substrates, and wherein the application of said electric field causes phase modulation of light transmitted through said modulator.
Claim 77
Dependent Claim
77 words
An edge-entering liquid crystal modulator for light comprising a pair of substrates with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls, a smectic liquid crystal disposed between said cell walls, and a means for applying an electric field to said liquid crystal, wherein said modulator is adapted to receive light incident on the edge of said modulator between said substrates, and wherein the application of said electric field causes phase modulation of light transmitted through said modulator.
Claim 78
Dependent Claim
27 words
The edge-entering modulator of claim 71 wherein said means for applying an electric field comprises lateral electrodes for applying an electric field parallel to said cell walls.
Claim 79
Dependent Claim
16 words
The edge-entering modulator of claim 72 wherein said liquid crystal is a homeotropically aligned liquid crystal.
Claim 80
Dependent Claim
32 words
The edge-entering modulator of claim 72 wherein said liquid crystal is a tilted layer aligned liquid crystal having the layers of said liquid crystal at an oblique angle to said cell walls.
Claim 81
Dependent Claim
27 words
The edge-entering modulator of claim 71 wherein said means for applying an electric field comprises planar electrodes for applying an electric field normal to said cell walls.
Claim 82
Dependent Claim
16 words
The edge-entering modulator of claim 75 wherein said liquid crystal is a planar aligned liquid crystal.
Claim 83
Dependent Claim
58 words
The edge-entering modulator of claim 71 further including a second liquid crystal modulator positioned in series with said edge-entering modulator, said second modulator comprising a pair of substrates with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls, a smectic liquid crystal disposed between said cell walls, and a means for applying an electric field to said liquid crystal.
Claim 84
Dependent Claim
25 words
The edge-entering modulator of claim 77 wherein the electric field in said second modulator is applied orthogonal to the electric field in said edge-entering modulator.
Claim 85
Dependent Claim
26 words
The edge-entering modulator of claim 77 wherein said second modulator is oriented to receive light incident on the edge of said second modulator between said substrates.
Claim 86
Dependent Claim
20 words
The edge entering modulator of claim 77 wherein said second modulator is oriented to receive light through said cell walls.
Claim 87
Independent Claim
145 words
A method of phase modulation of linearly polarized light comprising the steps of: providing a liquid crystal cell comprising: a pair of substrates positioned with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls; a homeotropically aligned smectic liquid crystal with rotatable optic axis disposed between said opposing surfaces, said liquid crystal having a plane of electric field-induced rotation; and a means for applying an electric field parallel,to said opposing surfaces across said liquid crystal to rotate said optic axis of said liquid crystal; orienting said cell to receive the incident light with the normal to said substrates at an angle 8 to the propagation vector of said incident light and with said plane of rotation of said liquid crystal parallel to the polarization of said incident light; and applying an electric field across said liquid crystal, whereby the phase of said incident light is modulated.
Claim 88
Independent Claim
145 words
A method of phase modulation of linearly polarized light comprising the steps of: providing a liquid crystal cell comprising: a pair of substrates positioned with opposing surfaces spaced apart to form cell walls; a homeotropically aligned smectic liquid crystal with rotatable optic axis disposed between said opposing surfaces, said liquid crystal having a plane of electric field-induced rotation; and a means for applying an electric field parallel,to said opposing surfaces across said liquid crystal to rotate said optic axis of said liquid crystal; orienting said cell to receive the incident light with the normal to said substrates at an angle 8 to the propagation vector of said incident light and with said plane of rotation of said liquid crystal parallel to the polarization of said incident light; and applying an electric field across said liquid crystal, whereby the phase of said incident light is modulated.
Claim 89
Dependent Claim
28 words
The method of phase modulation of claim 81 wherein said liquid crystal is selected from the group consisting of SmA*, SmC*, DHF, achiral ferroelectric and antiferroelectric liquid crystals.
Claim 90
Dependent Claim
17 words
The method of phase modulation of claim 81 wherein said liquid crystal is a SmA* liquid crystal.
Claim 91
Dependent Claim
10 words
The method of phase modulation of claim 81 wherein Θ=0°.
Claim 92
Dependent Claim
14 words
The method of phase modulation of claim 81 wherein Θ is greater than 0°.
Claim 93
Dependent Claim
18 words
The method of phase modulation of claim 81 wherein Θ is greater than 30° and less than 60°.
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USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 Years (Year 4) | 1999-02-19 | 1999-08-21 | 2000-02-20 | $2000.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 2003-02-19 | 2003-08-21 | 2004-02-20 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 2007-02-19 | 2007-08-21 | 2008-02-20 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |