Method and apparatus for noninvasively measuring concentration of a dye in arterial blood

Claim 2

Method of noninvasively measuring concentration of a dye in a circulatory system of a living organism, said method comprising the steps of: a) measuring an optical density of an arterial blood flowing in an artery of the living organism at a wavelength Γ 1 and at another wavelength Γ 2 and at a time before a predetermined initial time; b) injecting a dye absorbing electromagnetic radiation at at least one of said wavelengths into the circulatory system of the living organism at said predetermined initial time to form an arterial blood-dye mixture; c) measuring an optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture flowing in said artery at said wavelength Γ 1 and at said wavelength Γ 2 and at at least one time after said predetermined initial time; d) calculating a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 2 at said time before said predetermined initial time and a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 2 at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time; e) measuring a hemoglobin concentration in a blood portion from said living organism; and f) calculating a concentration of said dye in said arterial blood-dye mixture at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time from said hemoglobin concentration determined by said measuring in step e), from extinction coefficients of said dye at said wavelength Γ 1 and at said other wavelength Γ 2 and from said ratios as calculated in step d) at said time before said predetermined initial time and at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time.

Claim 3

Method as defined in claim 1, further comprising storing in memory means a value of said ratio at said time before said predetermined initial time to facilitate said calculating of said concentration of said dye at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time.

Claim 4

Method as defined in claim 2, wherein said calculating of said concentration of said dye at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time is performed according to the following formula: ##EQU12## wherein C(d,t)=said concentration of said dye at said at least one time, t, after said predetermined initial time; Hb=said hemoglobin concentration, R(t)=said ratio of the optical density at said wavelength Γ 1 to the optical density at said wavelength Γ 2 at the at least one time, t, after the predetermined initial time; R(0)=said ratio of the optical density at said wavelength Γ 1 to the optical density at wavelength Γ 2 at said time before the predetermined initial time; ε ri =an extinction coefficient of reduced hemoglobin at said wavelength Γ i where i=1 or 2, ε oi =an extinction coefficient of oxyhemoglobin at said wavelength Γ i where i=1 or 2, and ε di =said extinction coefficient of said dye at said wavelength Γ i where i=1 or 2.

Claim 5

Method as defined in claim 3, further comprising selecting said wavelength Γ 1 so that said extinction coefficient, ε r1 , for said reduced hemoglobin and said extinction coefficient, ε o1 , for said oxyhemoglobin are equal and said extinction coefficient, ε d1 , of said dye at said wavelength Γ 1 is much greater than said extinction coefficient, ε d2 , of said dye at the other wavelength Γ 2 so that said concentration of said dye at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time is calculated according to the following formula: C(d,t)=(ε.sub.o1 /ε.sub.d1)Hb{(R(t)-R(0))/R(0)}=(ε.sub.o1 /ε.sub.d1)Hb{(O2Sat(t)-O2Sat(0))/(O2Sat(t)+{ε.sub.r2 /(ε.sub.r2 -ε.sub.o2)})} wherein O2Sat(t) is an apparent oxygen saturation at the at least one time t after said predetermined initial time as measured by a pulse oximeter and O2Sat(0) is an oxygen saturation measured at said time before said predetermined initial time.

Claim 6

Method of noninvasively measuring concentration of a dye in a circulatory system of a living organism, said method comprising the steps of: a) measuring an optical density of an arterial blood flowing in an artery of the living organism at a wavelength Γ 1 and at another wavelength Γ 2 and at a time before a predetermined initial time; b) injecting a dye absorbing electromagnetic radiation at at least one of said wavelengths into the circulatory system of the living organism at said predetermined initial time to form an arterial blood-dye mixture; c) measuring an optical density of said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture flowing in said artery at said wavelength Γ 1 and at said wavelength Γ 2 and at at least one time after said predetermined initial time; d) calculating a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 2 at said time before said predetermined initial time and a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 2 at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time; e) measuring a hemoglobin concentration, Hb, in a blood sample from said living organism; f) calculating an oxyhemoglobin concentration, C(O), and a reduced hemoglobin concentration, C(r), in said arterial blood at said time before said initial predetermined time according to the following formulae: ##EQU13## wherein ε ri =an extinction coefficient of reduced hemoglobin at said wavelength Γ i where i=1 or 2, ε oi =an extinction coefficient of oxyhemoglobin at said wavelength Γ i where i=1 or 2, and g) calculating an oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0), in said arterial blood at said time before said predetermined initial time, wherein said oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0), is equal to C(O)/{C(O)+C(r)}; and h) calculating a concentration of said dye in said arterial blood-dye mixture at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time from said hemoglobin concentration, Hb; said oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0); extinction coefficients, ε d1 and ε d2 , of said dye at said wavelengths, Γ 1 and Γ 2 , and said ratio, R(0), at said time before said predetermined initial time and said ratio, R(t), at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time according to the following formula: ##EQU14## wherein C(d,t)=said concentration of said dye at the at least one time after the predetermined initial time.

Claim 7

Method of noninvasively measuring concentration of a dye in a circulatory system of a living organism, said method comprising the steps of: a) measuring an optical density of an arterial blood flowing in an artery of the living organism at a wavelength Γ 1 and at another wavelength Γ 2 and at a time before a predetermined initial time; b) injecting a dye absorbing electromagnetic radiation at at least one of said wavelengths into the circulatory system of the living organism at said predetermined initial time to form an arterial blood-dye mixture; c) measuring an optical density of said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture flowing in said artery at said wavelength Γ 1 and at said wavelength Γ 2 and at at least one time after said predetermined initial time; d) calculating a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 2 at said time before said predetermined initial time and a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 2 at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time; e) measuring a hemoglobin concentration, Hb, in a blood sample from said living organism; f) calculating an oxyhemoglobin concentration, C(O), and a reduced hemoglobin concentration, C(r), in said arterial blood at said time before said initial predetermined time according to the following formulae: ##EQU13## wherein ε ri =an extinction coefficient of reduced hemoglobin at said wavelength Γ i where i=1 or 2, ε oi =an extinction coefficient of oxyhemoglobin at said wavelength Γ i where i=1 or 2, and g) calculating an oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0), in said arterial blood at said time before said predetermined initial time, wherein said oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0), is equal to C(O)/{C(O)+C(r)}; and h) calculating a concentration of said dye in said arterial blood-dye mixture at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time from said hemoglobin concentration, Hb; said oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0); extinction coefficients, ε d1 and ε d2 , of said dye at said wavelengths, Γ 1 and Γ 2 , and said ratio, R(0), at said time before said predetermined initial time and said ratio, R(t), at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time according to the following formula: ##EQU14## wherein C(d,t)=said concentration of said dye at the at least one time after the predetermined initial time.

Claim 8

Method as defined in claim 5, further comprising providing processor means for said calculating.

Claim 9

Method of noninvasively measuring concentration of a dye in a circulatory system of a living organism, said method comprising the steps of: a) measuring an optical density of an arterial blood flowing in an artery of the living organism at a wavelength Γ 1 and at another wavelength Γ 2 and at a time before a predetermined initial time; b) injecting a dye absorbing electromagnetic radiation at at least one of said wavelengths into the circulatory system of the living organism at said predetermined initial time to form an arterial blood-dye mixture; c) measuring an optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture flowing in said artery at said wavelength Γ 1 and at said wavelength Γ 2 and at at least one time after said predetermined initial time; d) calculating a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 2 at said time before said predetermined initial time and a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 2 at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time; e) measuring a hemoglobin concentration, Hb, in a blood sample from said living organism, said hemoglobin concentration being equal to a sum of an oxyhemoglobin concentration, C(O), and a reduced hemoglobin concentration, C(r); f) calculating an oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0), in said arterial blood at said time before said predetermined initial time, wherein said oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0), is equal to C(0)/{C(0)+C(r)}, from the following formula: ##EQU15## wherein R(0) is said ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 2 at said time before said predetermined initial time; g) calculating a concentration of said dye in said arterial blood-dye mixture in said living organism at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time from said hemoglobin concentration in said blood, Hb, as measured in step e); from said oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0), as calculated in step f); from extinction coefficients, ε d1 and ε d2 , of said dye at said wavelengths, Γ 1 and Γ 2 ; and said ratio, R(0), of said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 2 at said time before said predetermined initial time and said ratio, R(t), of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 2 at said at least one time later than said predetermined initial time according to the following formula: ##EQU16## wherein C(d,t)=said dye concentration at said at least one time t after said predetermined initial time.

Claim 10

Method of noninvasively measuring concentration of a dye in a circulatory system of a living organism, said method comprising the steps of: a) measuring an optical density of an arterial blood flowing in an artery of the living organism at a wavelength Γ 1 and at another wavelength Γ 2 and at a time before a predetermined initial time; b) injecting a dye absorbing electromagnetic radiation at at least one of said wavelengths into the circulatory system of the living organism at said predetermined initial time to form an arterial blood-dye mixture; c) measuring an optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture flowing in said artery at said wavelength Γ 1 and at said wavelength Γ 2 and at at least one time after said predetermined initial time; d) calculating a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 2 at said time before said predetermined initial time and a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 2 at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time; e) measuring a hemoglobin concentration, Hb, in a blood sample from said living organism, said hemoglobin concentration being equal to a sum of an oxyhemoglobin concentration, C(O), and a reduced hemoglobin concentration, C(r); f) calculating an oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0), in said arterial blood at said time before said predetermined initial time, wherein said oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0), is equal to C(0)/{C(0)+C(r)}, from the following formula: ##EQU15## wherein R(0) is said ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 2 at said time before said predetermined initial time; g) calculating a concentration of said dye in said arterial blood-dye mixture in said living organism at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time from said hemoglobin concentration in said blood, Hb, as measured in step e); from said oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0), as calculated in step f); from extinction coefficients, ε d1 and ε d2 , of said dye at said wavelengths, Γ 1 and Γ 2 ; and said ratio, R(0), of said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 2 at said time before said predetermined initial time and said ratio, R(t), of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 2 at said at least one time later than said predetermined initial time according to the following formula: ##EQU16## wherein C(d,t)=said dye concentration at said at least one time t after said predetermined initial time.

Claim 11

Method as defined in claim 7, further comprising providing processor means for said calculating.

Claim 12

Method as defined in claim 8, further comprising providing memory means for storing a value, O2Sat(0), of said oxygen saturation at said time before said predetermined initial time and for storing a value of said ratio, R(0), of said optical densities of said arterial blood at said time before said predetermined initial time, said memory means being connected with said processor means.

Claim 13

Apparatus for noninvasively measuring concentration of a dye in a circulatory system of a living organism, said apparatus comprising: means for measuring an optical density of an arterial blood flowing in an artery of the living organism at a wavelength Γ 1 and at another wavelength Γ 2 at a time before a predetermined initial time and for measuring an optical density of an arterial-blood dye mixture flowing in said artery at said wavelength Γ 1 and said other wavelength Γ 2 at at least one time after said predetermined initial time; means for injecting said dye into the circulatory system of the living organism at said initial time to form said arterial blood-dye mixture, said dye having an extinction coefficient ε 1 at said wavelength Γ 1 and an extinction coefficient ε d2 at said other wavelength Γ 2 ; means for calculating a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood at said other wavelength Γ 2 at said time before said predetermined initial time and a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said other wavelength Γ 2 at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time; and means for calculating a concentration of said dye in said arterial blood-dye mixture at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time from a predetermined hemoglobin concentration, Hb; from said extinction coefficients of said dye at said wavelength Γ 1 and at said other wavelength Γ 2 ; and from said ratio at said time before said predetermined initial time and said ratio at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time.

Claim 14

Apparatus for noninvasively measuring concentration of a dye in a circulatory system of a living organism, said apparatus comprising: means for measuring an optical density of an arterial blood flowing in an artery of the living organism at a wavelength Γ 1 and at another wavelength Γ 2 at a time before a predetermined initial time and for measuring an optical density of an arterial-blood dye mixture flowing in said artery at said wavelength Γ 1 and said other wavelength Γ 2 at at least one time after said predetermined initial time; means for injecting said dye into the circulatory system of the living organism at said initial time to form said arterial blood-dye mixture, said dye having an extinction coefficient ε 1 at said wavelength Γ 1 and an extinction coefficient ε d2 at said other wavelength Γ 2 ; means for calculating a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood at said other wavelength Γ 2 at said time before said predetermined initial time and a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said other wavelength Γ 2 at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time; and means for calculating a concentration of said dye in said arterial blood-dye mixture at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time from a predetermined hemoglobin concentration, Hb; from said extinction coefficients of said dye at said wavelength Γ 1 and at said other wavelength Γ 2 ; and from said ratio at said time before said predetermined initial time and said ratio at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time.

Claim 15

Apparatus as defined in claim 10, wherein said means for measuring said optical densities at said wavelengths and said means for calculating said ratios are included in a pulse ratio detector.

Claim 16

Apparatus as defined in claim 11, wherein said means for calculating said concentration of said dye includes a processor and a memory connected to said processor, said memory includes means for storing said ratio at said time before said predetermined initial time and said processor and said memory are connected to said pulse ratio detector to receive said ratios from said pulse ratio detector.

Claim 17

Apparatus as defined in claim 10, further comprising means for selecting said wavelength Γ 1 so that an extinction coefficient, ε r1 , for reduced hemoglobin and an extinction coefficient, ε o1 , for oxyhemoglobin are equal and said extinction coefficient, ε d1 , of said dye at said wavelength ε 1 is much greater than said extinction coefficient, ε d2 , of said dye at the other wavelength Γ 2 so that said concentration of said dye at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time is calculated according to the following formula: C(d,t)=(ε.sub.o1 /ε.sub.d1)Hb{(R(t)-R(0))/R(0)}=(ε.sub.o1 /ε.sub.d1)Hb{(O2Sat(t)-O2Sat(0))/(O2Sat(t)+{ε.sub.r2 /(ε.sub.r2 -ε.sub.o2)})} wherein O2Sat(t) is an apparent oxygen saturation at the at least one time t after said predetermined initial time and O2Sat(0) is an oxygen saturation measured at said time before said predetermined initial time.

Claim 18

Apparatus as defined in claim 13, wherein said means for measuring said optical densities at said wavelengths, said means for calculating said oxygen saturation at said time before said predetermined initial time and said means for calculating said apparent oxygen saturation is included in a pulse oximeter.

Claim 19

Apparatus as defined in claim 14, wherein said means for calculating said concentration of said dye includes a processor and a memory connected to said processor, said memory includes means for storing said oxygen saturation at said time before said predetermined initial time and said processor and said memory are connected to said pulse ratio detector to receive said apparent oxygen saturation from said pulse oximeter.

Claim 20

Apparatus for noninvasively measuring concentration of a dye in a circulatory system of a living organism, said apparatus comprising: means for measuring an optical density of an arterial blood flowing in an artery of the living organism at a wavelength Γ 1 and at another wavelength Γ 2 at a time before a predetermined initial time and for measuring an optical density of an arterial-blood dye mixture flowing in said artery at said wavelength Γ 1 and said other wavelength Γ 2 at at least one time after said predetermined initial time; means for injecting said dye into the circulatory system of the living organism at said initial time to form said arterial blood-dye mixture, said dye having an extinction coefficient ε 1 at said wavelength Γ 1 and an extinction coefficient ε d2 at said other wavelength Γ 2 ; means for calculating a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood at said other wavelength Γ 2 at said time before said predetermined initial time and a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said other wavelength Γ 2 at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time; means for calculating an oxyhemoglobin concentration, C(O), and a reduced hemoglobin concentration, C(r), in said arterial blood at said time before said initial predetermined time according to the following formulae: ##EQU17## wherein ε ri =an extinction coefficient of reduced hemoglobin at said wavelength Γ i where i=1 or 2, ε oi =an extinction coefficient of oxyhemoglobin at said wavelength Γ i where i=1 or 2, and means for calculating an oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0), in said arterial blood at said one time before said predetermined initial time, wherein said oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0) is equal to C(O)/{C(O)+C(r)}; and means for calculating a concentration of said dye in said arterial blood-dye mixture at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time from a predetermined hemoglobin concentration, Hb; said oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0); extinction coefficients, ε d1 and ε d2 , of said dye at said wavelengths, Γ 1 and Γ 2 , and said ratio, R(O), at said time before said predetermined initial time and said ratio, R(t), at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time according to the following formula: ##EQU18## wherein C(d,t)=said concentration of said dye at the at least one time t after said predetermined initial time.

Claim 21

Apparatus for noninvasively measuring concentration of a dye in a circulatory system of a living organism, said apparatus comprising: means for measuring an optical density of an arterial blood flowing in an artery of the living organism at a wavelength Γ 1 and at another wavelength Γ 2 at a time before a predetermined initial time and for measuring an optical density of an arterial-blood dye mixture flowing in said artery at said wavelength Γ 1 and said other wavelength Γ 2 at at least one time after said predetermined initial time; means for injecting said dye into the circulatory system of the living organism at said initial time to form said arterial blood-dye mixture, said dye having an extinction coefficient ε 1 at said wavelength Γ 1 and an extinction coefficient ε d2 at said other wavelength Γ 2 ; means for calculating a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood at said other wavelength Γ 2 at said time before said predetermined initial time and a ratio of said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said wavelength Γ 1 to said optical density of said arterial blood-dye mixture at said other wavelength Γ 2 at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time; means for calculating an oxyhemoglobin concentration, C(O), and a reduced hemoglobin concentration, C(r), in said arterial blood at said time before said initial predetermined time according to the following formulae: ##EQU17## wherein ε ri =an extinction coefficient of reduced hemoglobin at said wavelength Γ i where i=1 or 2, ε oi =an extinction coefficient of oxyhemoglobin at said wavelength Γ i where i=1 or 2, and means for calculating an oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0), in said arterial blood at said one time before said predetermined initial time, wherein said oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0) is equal to C(O)/{C(O)+C(r)}; and means for calculating a concentration of said dye in said arterial blood-dye mixture at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time from a predetermined hemoglobin concentration, Hb; said oxygen saturation, O2Sat(0); extinction coefficients, ε d1 and ε d2 , of said dye at said wavelengths, Γ 1 and Γ 2 , and said ratio, R(O), at said time before said predetermined initial time and said ratio, R(t), at said at least one time after said predetermined initial time according to the following formula: ##EQU18## wherein C(d,t)=said concentration of said dye at the at least one time t after said predetermined initial time.

Claim 22

Apparatus as defined in claim 16, wherein said means for measuring said optical densities at said wavelengths, said means for calculating said oxygen saturation at said time before said predetermined initial time and said means for calculating said ratios are included in a modified pulse oximeter.

Claim 23

Apparatus as defined in claim 17, wherein said means for calculating said concentration of said dye includes a processor and a memory connected to said processor, said memory includes means for storing said ratio at said time before said predetermined initial time, and said processor and said memory are connected to said pulse ratio detector to receive said ratios and said oxygen saturation at said time before said predetermined initial time from said modified pulse oximeter.