US5349952A
Expired / Lapsed
US
⏱️ 0.0 years remaining
Photoplethysmographics using phase-division multiplexing
Assignee: SENSORMEDICS CORP A CORP OF UNITED STATES
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Filing: 1991-03-05
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Granted: 1994-09-27
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Expires: 2011-03-05
Abstract
Abstract First and second carrier signals, distinguishable by phase, are respectively applied to infrared and red energy emitters. A detector receives the sum of the energy after modulation at the infrared and red wavelengths. The signal received by the detector is then demultiplexed into its original first and second components, thereby allowing determining of both the infrared and red modulation components. The first and second carrier signals may comprise time-varying periodic signals with identical frequency and frequency spectra, such as a pair of sine waves which are indistinguishable except by phase and amplitude. A 90° phase difference is preferred, but any phase other than 0 or an integer multiple of 180° is workable. A carrier frequency which avoids excessive interference from ambient light is preferred.
Inventors
- 👤 Rex McCarthy
- 👤 Robert Smith
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-10-27 23:30
CPC Classifications
A; A61; A61B; A61B5/00; A61B5/41; A61B5/414; A61B5/417; A61B5/0059; A61B5/145; A61B5/1455; G; G01; G01N; G01N21/00; G01N21/17; G01N21/25; G01N21/31; G01N21/314; G01N21/3151
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 65
Claim 1
Independent Claim
257 words
An instrument for evaluating the concentration of a constituent in an object by measuring the transmission of light of two wavelengths therethrough, comprising: (a) first and second light emitter means for emitting light at respective, first and second different wavelengths; (b) modulator/driver means for driving the light emitter means simultaneously with respect first and second carriers which vary as a function of time, the carriers being continuous time-varying signals of the same carrier frequency and having a phase difference other than 0° degrees and other than an integer multiple of 180° degrees, wherein said first and second light emitter means have at least one time period when they are both substantially emitting; (c) detector means disposed to receive light from the first and second light emitter means after it has passed through the object, for generating a resulting detector signal carrying information relating to transmission of the object at both wavelengths; (d) demodulator means for generating, in response to the detector signal, in a first channel, a first demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the object's transmission at the first wavelength and one or more carrier modulated components, and, in a second channel, a second demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the object's transmission at the second wavelength and one or more carrier modulated components; and (e) a demodulated signal filter, coupled to said first and second channels, wherein said demodulated signal filter filters out carrier modulated components of the signals from the first and second channels.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
257 words
An instrument for evaluating the concentration of a constituent in an object by measuring the transmission of light of two wavelengths therethrough, comprising: (a) first and second light emitter means for emitting light at respective, first and second different wavelengths; (b) modulator/driver means for driving the light emitter means simultaneously with respect first and second carriers which vary as a function of time, the carriers being continuous time-varying signals of the same carrier frequency and having a phase difference other than 0° degrees and other than an integer multiple of 180° degrees, wherein said first and second light emitter means have at least one time period when they are both substantially emitting; (c) detector means disposed to receive light from the first and second light emitter means after it has passed through the object, for generating a resulting detector signal carrying information relating to transmission of the object at both wavelengths; (d) demodulator means for generating, in response to the detector signal, in a first channel, a first demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the object's transmission at the first wavelength and one or more carrier modulated components, and, in a second channel, a second demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the object's transmission at the second wavelength and one or more carrier modulated components; and (e) a demodulated signal filter, coupled to said first and second channels, wherein said demodulated signal filter filters out carrier modulated components of the signals from the first and second channels.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
33 words
An instrument as defined in claim 1, additionally comprising detector filter means for filtering frequencies other than around the carrier frequency from the detector signal prior to it being processed by the demodulator.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
272 words
An instrument for evaluating the concentration of a constituent in object by measuring the transmission of light of two wavelengths therethrough, comprising: (a) first and second light emitter means for emitting light at respective, first and second different wavelengths; (b) modulator/driver means for driving the light emitter means simultaneously with respective first and second sinusoidal carriers which are of the same carrier frequency and having a phase difference other than 0° degrees and other than an integer multiple of 180° degrees, wherein said first and second light emitter means have at least one time period when they are both substantially emitting; (c) detector means disposed to receive light from the first and second light emitter means after it has passed through the object, for generating a resulting detector signal carrying information relating to transmission of the object at both wavelengths; (d) demodulator means for, in a first channel, multiplying the detector signal with a sinusoidal signal in phase with the first carrier to generate a first demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the object's transmission at the first wavelength and one or more carrier modulated components, and for, in a second channel, multiplying the detector signal with a sinusoidal signal in phase with the second carrier to generate a second demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the object's transmission at the second wavelength and one or more carrier modulated components; and (e) a demodulated signal filter, coupled to said first and second channels, wherein said demodulated signal filter filters out carrier modulated components of the signals from the first and second channels.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
272 words
An instrument for evaluating the concentration of a constituent in object by measuring the transmission of light of two wavelengths therethrough, comprising: (a) first and second light emitter means for emitting light at respective, first and second different wavelengths; (b) modulator/driver means for driving the light emitter means simultaneously with respective first and second sinusoidal carriers which are of the same carrier frequency and having a phase difference other than 0° degrees and other than an integer multiple of 180° degrees, wherein said first and second light emitter means have at least one time period when they are both substantially emitting; (c) detector means disposed to receive light from the first and second light emitter means after it has passed through the object, for generating a resulting detector signal carrying information relating to transmission of the object at both wavelengths; (d) demodulator means for, in a first channel, multiplying the detector signal with a sinusoidal signal in phase with the first carrier to generate a first demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the object's transmission at the first wavelength and one or more carrier modulated components, and for, in a second channel, multiplying the detector signal with a sinusoidal signal in phase with the second carrier to generate a second demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the object's transmission at the second wavelength and one or more carrier modulated components; and (e) a demodulated signal filter, coupled to said first and second channels, wherein said demodulated signal filter filters out carrier modulated components of the signals from the first and second channels.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
39 words
An instrument as defined in claim 3 wherein said modulator/driver means comprises means for driving said light emitter means with first and second carriers with a carrier frequency which is greater than the bandwidth of the object's transmission signal.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
33 words
An instrument as defined in claim 3, additionally comprising detector filter means for filtering frequencies other than around the carrier frequency from the detector signal prior to it being processed by the demodulator.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
34 words
An instrument as defined in claim 3 or 2 or 4 or 5 wherein the demodulated signal filter is a low pass filter which filters signals above the bandwidth of the object's transmission signal.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
36 words
An instrument as defined in claim 3 or 2 or 4 or 5 which additionally comprises an interpreter, coupled to said demodulator signal filter, which evaluates the concentration of oxygen from the demodulated signal filter output.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
22 words
Apparatus as in claim 3, wherein said detector means comprises means for detecting light which has been applied to a body structure.
Claim 11
Independent Claim
227 words
A method for evaluating the concentration of a constituent in an object, comprising: (a) simultaneously driving a first and a second light emitter, which emit light at different wavelengths, with respective first and second carriers which vary continuously as a function of time and are of the same carrier frequency and having a phase difference other than 0° degrees and other than an integer multiple of 180° degrees, wherein said first and second light emitters have at least one time period when they are both substantially emitting; (b) directing the light from the emitters through the object; (c) receiving the light from the emitters at a detector after it has passed through the object, which detector generates a detector signal carrying information relating to transmission of the object at both wavelengths; (d) demodulating the detector signal to generate, in a first channel, a first demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the object's transmission at the first wavelength and one or more carrier modulated components, and, in a second channel, a second demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the object's transmission at the second wavelength and one or more carrier modulated components; (e) filtering out carrier modulated components of the first and second demodulated signals and (f) evaluating the concentration of oxygen from the demodulated and filtered signals.
Claim 12
Independent Claim
227 words
A method for evaluating the concentration of a constituent in an object, comprising: (a) simultaneously driving a first and a second light emitter, which emit light at different wavelengths, with respective first and second carriers which vary continuously as a function of time and are of the same carrier frequency and having a phase difference other than 0° degrees and other than an integer multiple of 180° degrees, wherein said first and second light emitters have at least one time period when they are both substantially emitting; (b) directing the light from the emitters through the object; (c) receiving the light from the emitters at a detector after it has passed through the object, which detector generates a detector signal carrying information relating to transmission of the object at both wavelengths; (d) demodulating the detector signal to generate, in a first channel, a first demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the object's transmission at the first wavelength and one or more carrier modulated components, and, in a second channel, a second demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the object's transmission at the second wavelength and one or more carrier modulated components; (e) filtering out carrier modulated components of the first and second demodulated signals and (f) evaluating the concentration of oxygen from the demodulated and filtered signals.
Claim 13
Independent Claim
226 words
A method for evaluating the oxygen concentration in a body structure of an animal, comprising: (a) simultaneously driving a first and a second light emitter, which emit light in the red and infra-red regions, respectively, with respective first and second sinusoidal carriers of the same carrier frequency and having a phase difference other than 0° degrees and other than an integer multiple of 180° degrees, wherein said first and second light emitters have at least one time period when they are both substantially emitting; (b) directing the light from the emitters through the body structure; (c) receiving the light from the emitters at a detector after it has passed through the body structure, which detector generates a detector signal carrying information relating to transmission of the body structure at both wavelengths; (d) demodulating the detector signal to generate, in a first channel, a first demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the body structure's transmission of red light, and one or more carrier modulated components, and, in a second channel, a second demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the body structure's transmission of infra-red light and one or more carrier modulated components; (e) filtering out carrier modulated components of the first and second demodulated signals; (f) evaluating the concentration of oxygen from the demodulated and filtered signals.
Claim 14
Independent Claim
226 words
A method for evaluating the oxygen concentration in a body structure of an animal, comprising: (a) simultaneously driving a first and a second light emitter, which emit light in the red and infra-red regions, respectively, with respective first and second sinusoidal carriers of the same carrier frequency and having a phase difference other than 0° degrees and other than an integer multiple of 180° degrees, wherein said first and second light emitters have at least one time period when they are both substantially emitting; (b) directing the light from the emitters through the body structure; (c) receiving the light from the emitters at a detector after it has passed through the body structure, which detector generates a detector signal carrying information relating to transmission of the body structure at both wavelengths; (d) demodulating the detector signal to generate, in a first channel, a first demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the body structure's transmission of red light, and one or more carrier modulated components, and, in a second channel, a second demodulated signal which is a sum of a component proportional to the body structure's transmission of infra-red light and one or more carrier modulated components; (e) filtering out carrier modulated components of the first and second demodulated signals; (f) evaluating the concentration of oxygen from the demodulated and filtered signals.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
32 words
A method as defined in claim 9 or 10 wherein the first and second light emitters are driven with carriers of a frequency greater than the bandwidth of the object's transmission signal.
Claim 16
Independent Claim
145 words
A device for collecting photoplethysmographic data, comprising means for generating a first and a second signal, said first and second signals being distinguishable by phase; means for simultaneously applying said first and second signals to a modulating medium, said means for simultaneously applying comprising a first and second emitter, said first and second emitters having at least one time period when they are both substantially emitting; means for detecting a composite signal at an output of said modulating medium, said modulating medium having a first and a second modulating effect; and means for generating a first and a second output signal responsive to said composite signal, said first output signal indicating said first modulating effect and said second output signal indicating said second modulating effect, said means for generating comprising means for multiplying at least part of said composite signal with a continuous time-varying signal.
Claim 17
Independent Claim
145 words
A device for collecting photoplethysmographic data, comprising means for generating a first and a second signal, said first and second signals being distinguishable by phase; means for simultaneously applying said first and second signals to a modulating medium, said means for simultaneously applying comprising a first and second emitter, said first and second emitters having at least one time period when they are both substantially emitting; means for detecting a composite signal at an output of said modulating medium, said modulating medium having a first and a second modulating effect; and means for generating a first and a second output signal responsive to said composite signal, said first output signal indicating said first modulating effect and said second output signal indicating said second modulating effect, said means for generating comprising means for multiplying at least part of said composite signal with a continuous time-varying signal.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
27 words
A device as in claim 12, wherein said means for generating comprises means for generating first and second signals which are periodic time-varying signals with identical periods.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
24 words
A device as in claim 12, wherein said means for generating comprises means for generating first and second signals which have identical frequency components.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
14 words
A device as in claim 12, wherein said means for detecting comprises a photodiode.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
44 words
A device as in claim 12, wherein said means for detecting a composite signal comprises means for detecting a composite signal comprising a sum of said first modulating effect applied to said first signal and said second modulating effect applied to said second signal.
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
21 words
A device as in claim 12, comprising means for determining, in response to a set of photoplethysmographic data, blood gas data.
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
31 words
A device as in claim 12, comprising means for determining, in response to a set of photoplethysmographic data, at least one of blood oxygen, blood carbon dioxide, or blood carbon monoxide.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
24 words
A device as in claim 12, wherein said means for generating comprises means for generating at least one comprising a plurality of component signals.
Claim 25
Dependent Claim
47 words
A device as in claim 19, wherein said means for generating comprises means for generating at least one signal comprising a plurality of component signals, at least one of said component signals comprising a sum of at least one of a sine wave or, a square wave.
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
16 words
A device as in claim 12, wherein said means for applying comprises a plurality of light-emitters.
Claim 27
Dependent Claim
22 words
A device as in claim 12, wherein said means for applying comprises a plurality of light-emitters tuned to a plurality of wavelengths.
Claim 28
Dependent Claim
27 words
A device as in claim 12, wherein said means for applying comprises means for directing at least one of said first and second signals at animal tissue.
Claim 29
Dependent Claim
38 words
A device as in claim 12, wherein said means for applying comprises means for directing at least one of said first and second signals toward at least one of blood, blood vessels, bone marrow, ligament, muscle, or skin.
Claim 30
Dependent Claim
41 words
A device as in claim 12, wherein said means for detecting a composite signal comprises means for detecting a composite signal comprising a result of a plurality of modulating effects, wherein at least one of said modulating effects comprises amplitude modulation.
Claim 31
Dependent Claim
44 words
A device as in claim 12, wherein said means for detecting a composite signal comprises means for detecting a composite signal comprising a result of a plurality of modulating effects, wherein said modulating effects comprise an amplitude modulation effect which varies with energy wavelength.
Claim 32
Dependent Claim
42 words
A device as in claim 12, wherein said means for detecting a composite signal comprises means for detecting a composite signal comprising a result of a plurality of modulating effects, wherein at least one of said modulating effects comprises a time-varying component.
Claim 33
Dependent Claim
49 words
A device as in claim 12, wherein said means for detecting a composite signal comprises means for detecting a composite signal comprising a result of a plurality of modulating effects, wherein at least one of said modulating effects comprises a time-varying component which is correlated with a biological process.
Claim 34
Dependent Claim
48 words
A device as in claim 12, wherein said means for detecting a composite signal comprises means for detecting a composite signal comprising a result of a plurality of modulating effects, wherein at least one of said modulating effects comprises at least one transmission response of a modulating medium.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim
47 words
Apparatus as in claim 12, wherein said means for generating comprises means for generating said first signal comprising a first sine wave; and means for generating said second signal comprising a second sine wave, said second sine wave being delayed 90° degrees from said first sine wave.
Claim 36
Dependent Claim
29 words
Apparatus as in claim 12, wherein said means for detecting comprises means for sampling said composite signal at a rate higher than a frequency component of said first signal.
Claim 37
Dependent Claim
46 words
Apparatus as in claim 12, wherein said means for generating a first and second output signal comprises means for multiplying at least a part of said composite signal by a continuous time-varying signal corresponding to at least one of said carrier signals; and means for filtering.
Claim 38
Dependent Claim
66 words
Apparatus as in claim 12, wherein said means for generating a first and second output signal comprises first means for multiplying said composite signal by said first carrier signal; first means for filtering a resultant of said first means for multiplying; second means for multiplying said composite signal by said second carrier signal; and second means for filtering a resultant of said first means for multiplying.
Claim 39
Independent Claim
71 words
A device for collecting photoplethysmographic data, comprising means for phase-division multiplexing a plurality of modulating signals; means for modulating a resultant of said means for phase-division multiplexing; and means for phase-division demultiplexing said plurality of signals, in response to a resultant of said means for modulating, said means for phase-division demultiplexing comprising means for multiplying at least part of a resultant of said means for modulating with a continuous time-varying signal.
Claim 40
Independent Claim
71 words
A device for collecting photoplethysmographic data, comprising means for phase-division multiplexing a plurality of modulating signals; means for modulating a resultant of said means for phase-division multiplexing; and means for phase-division demultiplexing said plurality of signals, in response to a resultant of said means for modulating, said means for phase-division demultiplexing comprising means for multiplying at least part of a resultant of said means for modulating with a continuous time-varying signal.
Claim 41
Dependent Claim
35 words
A device as in claim 34, wherein said means for phase-division multiplexing comprises means for phase-division multiplexing a plurality of modulating signals which comprise an infrared wavelength modulating signal and a red wavelength modulating signal.
Claim 42
Dependent Claim
28 words
A device as in claim 34, wherein said means for phase-division multiplexing and said means for phase-division demultiplexing collectively include means for generating a plurality of carrier signals.
Claim 43
Independent Claim
135 words
A method of collecting photoplethysmographic data, comprising the steps of generating a first and a second signal, said first and second signals being distinguishable by phase; simultaneously applying said first and second signals to a modulating medium, including substantially emitting in response to said first signal and substantially emitting in response to said second signal, both during at least one time period; detecting a composite signal at an output of said modulating medium, said modulating medium having a first and a second modulating effect; and generating a first and a second output signal responsive to said composite signal, said first output signal indicating said first modulating effect and said second output signal indicating said second modulating effect, said step of generating comprising multiplying at least part of said composite signal with a continuous time-varying signal.
Claim 44
Independent Claim
135 words
A method of collecting photoplethysmographic data, comprising the steps of generating a first and a second signal, said first and second signals being distinguishable by phase; simultaneously applying said first and second signals to a modulating medium, including substantially emitting in response to said first signal and substantially emitting in response to said second signal, both during at least one time period; detecting a composite signal at an output of said modulating medium, said modulating medium having a first and a second modulating effect; and generating a first and a second output signal responsive to said composite signal, said first output signal indicating said first modulating effect and said second output signal indicating said second modulating effect, said step of generating comprising multiplying at least part of said composite signal with a continuous time-varying signal.
Claim 45
Dependent Claim
19 words
A method as in claim 37, wherein said first and second signals are periodic time-varying signals with identical periods.
Claim 46
Dependent Claim
16 words
A method as in claim 37, wherein said first and second signals have identical frequency components.
Claim 47
Dependent Claim
13 words
A method as in claim 37, wherein said modulating medium comprises animal tissue.
Claim 48
Dependent Claim
24 words
A method as in claim 37, wherein said modulating medium comprises at least one of blood, blood vessels, bone marrow, ligament, muscle, or skin.
Claim 49
Dependent Claim
33 words
A method as in claim 37, wherein said composite signal comprises a sum of said first modulating effect applied to said first signal and said second modulating effect applied to said second signal.
Claim 50
Dependent Claim
17 words
A method as in claim 37, comprising generating a set of photoplethysmographic data comprising blood gas data.
Claim 51
Dependent Claim
27 words
A method as in claim 37, comprising generating a set of photoplethysmographic data comprises at least one of: blood oxygen, blood carbon dioxide or, blood carbon monoxide.
Claim 52
Dependent Claim
22 words
A method as in claim 37, wherein at least one of said first and second signals comprises a plurality of component signals.
Claim 53
Dependent Claim
29 words
A method as in claim 45, wherein at least one of said component signals comprises a sum of at least one of a sine wave or, a square wave.
Claim 54
Dependent Claim
17 words
A method as in claim 37, wherein at least one of said modulating effects comprises amplitude modulation.
Claim 55
Dependent Claim
20 words
A method as in claim 37, wherein said modulating effects comprise an amplitude modulation effect which varies with energy wavelength.
Claim 56
Dependent Claim
18 words
A method as in claim 37, wherein at least one of said modulating effects comprises a time-varying component.
Claim 57
Dependent Claim
25 words
A method as in claim 37, wherein at least one of said modulating effects comprises a time-varying component which is correlated with a biological process.
Claim 58
Dependent Claim
24 words
A method as in claim 37, wherein at least one of said modulating effects comprises at least one transmission response of a modulating medium.
Claim 59
Independent Claim
66 words
A method of collecting photoplethysmographic data, comprising the steps of phase-division multiplexing a plurality of modulating signals; modulating a resultant of said step of phase-division multiplexing; and phase-division demultiplexing said plurality of signals, in response to a resultant of said step of modulating, said step of phase-division demultiplexing comprising multiplying at least part of a resultant of said step of modulating with a continuous time-varying signal.
Claim 60
Independent Claim
66 words
A method of collecting photoplethysmographic data, comprising the steps of phase-division multiplexing a plurality of modulating signals; modulating a resultant of said step of phase-division multiplexing; and phase-division demultiplexing said plurality of signals, in response to a resultant of said step of modulating, said step of phase-division demultiplexing comprising multiplying at least part of a resultant of said step of modulating with a continuous time-varying signal.
Claim 61
Dependent Claim
24 words
A method as in claim 52, wherein said plurality of modulating signals comprises an infrared wavelength modulating signal and a red wavelength modulating signal.
Claim 62
Independent Claim
141 words
A device for collecting photoplethysmographic data, comprising means for generating a first and a second signal, said first and second signals being distinguishable by phase; means for applying said first and second signals to a modulating medium, said means for applying comprising a first and second emitter, said first and second emitters having at least one time period when they are both substantially emitting; means for detecting a composite signal at an output of said modulating medium, said modulating medium having a first and a second modulating effect; means for sampling said composite signal at a rate higher than a frequency component of said first signal; and means for generating a first and a second output signal responsive to said composite signal, said first output signal indicating said first modulating effect and said second output signal indicating said second modulating effect.
Claim 63
Independent Claim
141 words
A device for collecting photoplethysmographic data, comprising means for generating a first and a second signal, said first and second signals being distinguishable by phase; means for applying said first and second signals to a modulating medium, said means for applying comprising a first and second emitter, said first and second emitters having at least one time period when they are both substantially emitting; means for detecting a composite signal at an output of said modulating medium, said modulating medium having a first and a second modulating effect; means for sampling said composite signal at a rate higher than a frequency component of said first signal; and means for generating a first and a second output signal responsive to said composite signal, said first output signal indicating said first modulating effect and said second output signal indicating said second modulating effect.
Claim 64
Dependent Claim
46 words
Apparatus as in claim 54, wherein said means for generating a first and second output signal comprises means for multiplying at least a part of said composite signal by a continuous time-varying signal corresponding to at least one of said carrier signals; and means for filtering.
Claim 65
Dependent Claim
66 words
Apparatus as in claim 54, wherein said means for generating a first and second output signal comprises first means for multiplying said composite signal by said first carrier signal; first means for filtering a resultant of said first means for multiplying; second means for multiplying said composite signal by said second carrier signal; and second means for filtering a resultant of said first means for multiplying.
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