Transmission system for the synchronous digital hierarchy

Claim 2

A transmitter for synchronous digital signals to be transmitted as a series of containers, comprising a buffer into which newly arrived data for one of said containers are written, and from which stored data for said one container are read, a write address generator and a read address generator, for respectively providing write addresses and read addresses of locations in the buffer where said newly arrived data are to be written and said stored data are to be read, respectively, means for detecting the presence of positive and negative justification locations in said newly arrived data, and generating location presence signals responsive to detection of presence of such locations, an output circuit receiving said stored data read from said buffer, and a justification decision circuit comprising subtractor means for determining a difference between said write addresses and said read addresses; low-pass filter means receiving said location presence signals, and providing a low-pass filtered location presence value; and means for combining said difference and said low-pass filtered location presence value, and forming a justification signal based thereon, responsive to said justification signal, said output circuit inserting justification locations in said stored data read from said buffer.

Claim 3

A transmitter as claimed in claim 1, wherein said one container comprises at least one frame transmitted over a frame time interval, characterized in that said low-pass filter means comprises an adder, means for buffering an added signal from said adder at least once per four-frame time interval to produce a buffered output, and first and second multipliers receiving said buffered output; said adder adding said location presence signals and an output of said first multiplier to form said added signal; and said second multiplier providing said low-pass filtered value.

Claim 4

A transmitter as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that said means for combining comprises means for accumulating said low-pass filtered and said difference values over a given time for calculating a mean value, and means for comparing said mean value with a lower and an upper peak value; responsive to said mean value being smaller than the lower peak value, said justification signal having a negative value for forming a negative justification location; and responsive to said mean value being largerer than the upper peak value, said justification signal having a positive value for forming a positive justification location.

Claim 5

A transmitter as claimed in claim 1, wherein said one container comprises at least one frame transmitted over a frame time interval, characterized in that said low-pass filter means comprises an up-down counter which makes a count at least once per two-frame time interval, in which the counting direction during one time interval depends on said location presence signals, and during another time interval depends on the sign of the counter output, said counter output being said low-pass filtered value.

Claim 6

A transmitter as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that said means for combining comprises means for accumulating said low-pass filtered and said difference values over a given time for calculating a mean value, and means for comparing said mean value with a lower and an upper peak value; responsive to said mean value being smaller than the lower peak value, said justification signal having a negative value for forming a negative justification location; and responsive to said mean value being largerer than the upper peak value, said justification signal having a positive value for forming a positive justification location.

Claim 7

A transmitter as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that said means for combining comprises means for accumulating said low-pass filtered and said difference values over a given time for calculating a mean value, and means for comparing said mean value with a lower and an upper peak value; responsive to said mean value being smaller than the lower peak value, said justification signal having a negative value for forming a negative justification location; and responsive to said mean value being larger than the upper peak value, said justification signal having a positive value for forming a positive justification location.

Claim 8

A transmitter as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that said means for accumulating additionally accumulates values of a cyclic number sequence or a random sequence.

Claim 9

A transmitter as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that said subtractor provides a zero subtraction result when said buffer is half full; said justification further comprises means for multiplying negative and positive justification signals by a factor; and said means for accumulating additionally accumulates at least one value multiplied by said factor.

Claim 10

A transmitter as claimed in claim 6, wherein data in each container is arranged in rows defining a row interval, characterized in that said given time is an integer multiple of a row or frame interval, said integer having a value greater than zero.

Claim 11

A transmitter as claimed in claim 1, characterized by comprising a plurality of said buffers, said write and read generators and said justification decision circuits, the number of said plurality being equal to the number of said containers in said series provided for inserting justification locations.

Claim 12

A transmitter as claimed in claim 1, wherein said synchronous digital signals are STM-N signals, further comprising an input circuit for receiving said newly arrived data, characterized in that said input circuit produces a write clock signal based on an input clock signal for said write address generator, said input clock signal being derived from said STM-N signal, responsive only to presence of said newly arrived data of a container allocated to said write address generator.

Claim 13

A transmitter as claimed in claim 1, comprising an oscillator for said read address generator, characterized in that said output circuit produces a read clock signal based on an output clock signal generated by said oscillator, for producing read clock pulses responsive only to presence of said stored data in said buffer allocated to said read address generator.

Claim 14

A transmitter as claimed in claim 12, characterized in that responsive to receipt of a negative justification signal, said output circuit produces an additional read clock signal for reading said stored data; and responsive to receipt of a positive justification signal, said output circuit interrupts production of said read clock signals.

Claim 15

A transmitter for synchronous digital signals to be transmitted as a series of containers, comprising a buffer into which newly arrived data for one of said containers are written, and from which stored data for said one container are read, a write address generator and a read address generator, for respectively providing write addresses and read addresses of locations in the buffer where said newly arrived data are to be written and said stored data are to be read, respectively, an output circuit receiving said stored data read from said buffer, and a justification decision circuit comprising subtractor means for determining a difference between said write addresses and said read addresses; low-pass filter means receiving said difference, and providing a low-pass filtered difference value based directly on said difference between said write addresses and said read addresses, wherein a difference determined at a later instant has a greater effect on said low-pass difference value than a difference determined at an earlier instant and means for forming a justification signal based on said low-pass filtered difference value, responsive to said justification signal, said output circuit inserting justification locations between said stored data read from said buffer.

Claim 16

A transmitter for synchronous digital signals to be transmitted as a series of containers, comprising a buffer into which newly arrived data for one of said containers are written, and from which stored data for said one container are read, a write address generator and a read address generator, for respectively providing write addresses and read addresses of locations in the buffer where said newly arrived data are to be written and said stored data are to be read, respectively, an output circuit receiving said stored data read from said buffer, and a justification decision circuit comprising subtractor means for determining a difference between said write addresses and said read addresses; low-pass filter means receiving said difference, and providing a low-pass filtered difference value based directly on said difference between said write addresses and said read addresses, wherein a difference determined at a later instant has a greater effect on said low-pass difference value than a difference determined at an earlier instant and means for forming a justification signal based on said low-pass filtered difference value, responsive to said justification signal, said output circuit inserting justification locations between said stored data read from said buffer.

Claim 17

A transmitter for synchronous digital signals to be transmitted as a series of containers, comprising a buffer into which newly arrived data for one of said containers are written, and from which stored data for said one container are read, wherein said one container comprises at least one frame transmitted over a frame time interval, a write address generator and a read address generator, for respectively providing write addresses and read addresses of locations in the buffer where said newly arrived data are to be written and said stored data are to be read, respectively, an output circuit receiving said stored data read from said buffer, and a justification decision circuit comprising subtractor means for determining a difference between said write addresses and said read addresses, characterized in that said justification decision circuit further comprises low-pass filter means receiving said difference and comprising an accumulator having an accumulator output, an adder, and first and second multipliers, and providing a low-pass filtered difference value; and means for forming a justification signal based on said low-pass filtered difference value, and wherein said first multiplier receives and multiplies said difference by a first factor to form a first multiplied signal, said second multiplier multiplies said accumulator output by the negative of said first factor for providing a feedback signal to said adder at least once per four-frame time interval during the forming of a read address, and said adder receives and adds said feedback signal and said first and second multiplied signals, to form an adder output which is supplied to said accumulator, responsive to said justification signal said output circuit inserting justification locations between said stored data read from said buffer.

Claim 18

A transmitter for synchronous digital signals to be transmitted as a series of containers, comprising a buffer into which newly arrived data for one of said containers are written, and from which stored data for said one container are read, wherein said one container comprises at least one frame transmitted over a frame time interval, a write address generator and a read address generator, for respectively providing write addresses and read addresses of locations in the buffer where said newly arrived data are to be written and said stored data are to be read, respectively, an output circuit receiving said stored data read from said buffer, and a justification decision circuit comprising subtractor means for determining a difference between said write addresses and said read addresses, characterized in that said justification decision circuit further comprises low-pass filter means receiving said difference and comprising an accumulator having an accumulator output, an adder, and first and second multipliers, and providing a low-pass filtered difference value; and means for forming a justification signal based on said low-pass filtered difference value, and wherein said first multiplier receives and multiplies said difference by a first factor to form a first multiplied signal, said second multiplier multiplies said accumulator output by the negative of said first factor for providing a feedback signal to said adder at least once per four-frame time interval during the forming of a read address, and said adder receives and adds said feedback signal and said first and second multiplied signals, to form an adder output which is supplied to said accumulator, responsive to said justification signal said output circuit inserting justification locations between said stored data read from said buffer.

Claim 19

A transmitter as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that the justification decision circuit further comprises a feedback circuit including a third multiplier, said third multiplier receiving said justification signal, multiplying said justification by a third factor to form a feedback signal, and providing said feedback signal to said adder.

Claim 20

A transmitter for synchronous digital signals to be transmitted as a series of containers, comprising a buffer into which newly arrived data for one of said containers are written, and from which stored data for said one container are read, a write address generator and a read address generator, for respectively providing write addresses and read addresses of locations in the buffer where said newly arrived data are to be written and said stored data are to be read, respectively, an output circuit receiving said stored data read from said buffer, and a justification decision circuit comprising subtractor means for determining a difference between said write addresses and said read addresses, characterized in that said justification decision circuit further comprises low-pass filter means receiving said difference and providing a low-pass filtered difference value based directly on said difference between said write addresses and said read addresses; and means for forming a justification signal based on said low-pass filtered difference value, said means for forming comprises means for accumulating said low-pass filtered difference value and values of said difference over a given time for calculating a mean value, and means for comparing said mean value with a lower and an upper peak value; responsive to said mean value being smaller than the lower peak value, said justification signal having a negative value for forming a negative justification location; and responsive to said mean value being larger than the upper peak value, said justification signal having a positive value for forming a positive justification location responsive to said justification signal, said output circuit inserting justification locations between said stored data read from said buffer.

Claim 21

A transmitter for synchronous digital signals to be transmitted as a series of containers, comprising a buffer into which newly arrived data for one of said containers are written, and from which stored data for said one container are read, a write address generator and a read address generator, for respectively providing write addresses and read addresses of locations in the buffer where said newly arrived data are to be written and said stored data are to be read, respectively, an output circuit receiving said stored data read from said buffer, and a justification decision circuit comprising subtractor means for determining a difference between said write addresses and said read addresses, characterized in that said justification decision circuit further comprises low-pass filter means receiving said difference and providing a low-pass filtered difference value based directly on said difference between said write addresses and said read addresses; and means for forming a justification signal based on said low-pass filtered difference value, said means for forming comprises means for accumulating said low-pass filtered difference value and values of said difference over a given time for calculating a mean value, and means for comparing said mean value with a lower and an upper peak value; responsive to said mean value being smaller than the lower peak value, said justification signal having a negative value for forming a negative justification location; and responsive to said mean value being larger than the upper peak value, said justification signal having a positive value for forming a positive justification location responsive to said justification signal, said output circuit inserting justification locations between said stored data read from said buffer.

Claim 22

A transmitter as claimed in claim 17, characterized in that said means for accumulating additionally accumulates values of a cyclic number sequence or a random sequence.

Claim 23

A transmitter as claimed in claim 17, characterized in that said subtractor provides a zero subtraction result when said buffer is half full; said justification decision circuit further comprises means for multiplying negative and positive justification signals by a factor; and said means for accumulating additionally accumulates at least one value multiplied by said factor.

Claim 24

A transmitter as claimed in claim 19, wherein said one container comprises at least one frame transmitted over a frame time interval, characterized in that said low-pass filter means further comprises an adder, and first, second and third multipliers, and justification command means, said third multiplier multiplies an output of said accumulator by a first factor to provide a multiplied signal to said justification command means, responsive to presence of a positive or a negative justification location in said newly arrived data, said justification command means provides said justification signal, said second multiplier multiplies said means for accumulating output by the negative of said first factor for providing a feedback signal to said adder at least once per four-frame time interval, said first multiplier receives and multiplies said difference by a first factor to form a first multiplied signal, said means for multiplying negative and positive justification signals multiplies said justification signal by a second factor to form a second multiplied signal, and said adder receives and adds said feedback signal and said first and second multiplied signals, to form an adder output which is supplied to said means for accumulating.

Claim 25

A transmitter as claimed in claim 17, wherein data in each container is arranged in rows defining a row interval, characterized in that said given time is an integer multiple of a row or frame interval, said integer having a value greater than zero.

Claim 26

A transmitter as claimed in claim 17, characterized in that said transmitter further comprises a plurality of said buffers, said write and read generators and said justification decision circuits, the number of said plurality being equal to the number of said containers in said series provided for inserting justification locations.

Claim 27

A transmitter as claimed in claim 17, wherein said synchronous digital signals are STM-N signals, further comprising an input circuit for receiving said newly arrived data, characterized in that said input circuit produces a write clock signal based on an input clock signal for said write address generator, said input clock signal being derived from said STM-N signal, responsive only to presence of said newly arrived data of a container allocated to said write address generator.

Claim 28

A transmitter as claimed in claim 17, comprising an oscillator for said read address generator, characterized in that said output circuit produces a read clock signal based on an output clock signal generated by said oscillator, for producing read clock pulses responsive only to presence of said stored data in said buffer allocated to said read address generator.

Claim 29

A transmitter as claimed in claim 24, characterized in that responsive to receipt of a negative justification signal, said output circuit produces an additional read clock signal for reading said stored data; and responsive to receipt of a positive justification signal, said output circuit interrupts production of said read clock signals.