US5011794A
Expired / Lapsed
US
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Procedure for rapid thermal annealing of implanted semiconductors
Assignee: Nokia Bell Labs
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Filing: 1989-05-01
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Granted: 1991-04-30
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Expires: 2009-05-01
Abstract
Abstract This invention is directed to the fabrication of semiconductor devices, especially those comprising III-V and II-VI compound semiconductor materials, and involves Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA) of semiconductor wafers, especially those implanted with a dopant(s). The invention is also concerned with a black-box implement used in combination with the RTA. The process includes enclosing a wafer to be annealed within a "black-box" comprising components of a black body material and subjecting the black box with the wafer therein to an RTA. In a preferred embodiment the RTA comprises (a) a pre-anneal step which includes heating to a temperature and for a period sufficient to preheat the wafer so as to reduce thermal shock due to a main annealing step, (b) the main annealing step being at a temperature and for a period sufficient to remove damage caused to said surface by the dopant implantation and to activate implanted dopant, and (c) a post-anneal step carried out at a temperature and for a period sufficient to relieve stresses which may result from the main-annealing step. The combined use of the RTA and the black box leads to wafers substantially free or slip lines and with reproducibly high mobilities and uniform activation.
Inventors
- 👤 Karen A. Grim
- 👤 Shobha Singh
- 👤 LeGrand G. Van Uitert
- 👤 George J. Zydzik
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-11-06 16:18
CPC Classifications
H; H10; H10P; H10P72/00; H10P72/04; H10P72/0431; H10P72/0436; H10P95/00; H10P95/90; H10P95/904; Y; Y10; Y10S; Y10S148/00; Y10S148/003; Y10S148/071
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 60
Claim 1
Independent Claim
221 words
A process for fabricating a semiconductor device, which comprises subjecting to a Rapid Thermal Anneal (RTA) a wafer of semiconductor material having dopant ions implanted into at least one selected area of at least one surface thereof and a layer of an encapsulating material over the said surface, the said RTA including in succession, a pre-anneal step, a main annealing step and a post-anneal step, the pre-anneal step being conducted at a temperature and for a period sufficient to reduce any thermal shock to the semiconductor material which may result from the main-annealing step, the said pre-anneal temperature being lower than a peak temperature of the main annealing step, the main annealing step being conducted at a temperature and for a period sufficient to remove damage caused to the said surface by the ion implantation and to activate dopant ions in said at least one selected area of the said surface of the wafer, and a post-anneal step being conducted at a temperature and for a period sufficient to relieve stresses which may result from the main-annealing step, wherein prior to said RTA, enclosing the wafer within a cavity of a container (hereinafter referred to as a "black-box") comprising a base, an annular guard ring and a lid, said base, guard ring and lid comprising black-body material stable under annealing conditions.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
221 words
A process for fabricating a semiconductor device, which comprises subjecting to a Rapid Thermal Anneal (RTA) a wafer of semiconductor material having dopant ions implanted into at least one selected area of at least one surface thereof and a layer of an encapsulating material over the said surface, the said RTA including in succession, a pre-anneal step, a main annealing step and a post-anneal step, the pre-anneal step being conducted at a temperature and for a period sufficient to reduce any thermal shock to the semiconductor material which may result from the main-annealing step, the said pre-anneal temperature being lower than a peak temperature of the main annealing step, the main annealing step being conducted at a temperature and for a period sufficient to remove damage caused to the said surface by the ion implantation and to activate dopant ions in said at least one selected area of the said surface of the wafer, and a post-anneal step being conducted at a temperature and for a period sufficient to relieve stresses which may result from the main-annealing step, wherein prior to said RTA, enclosing the wafer within a cavity of a container (hereinafter referred to as a "black-box") comprising a base, an annular guard ring and a lid, said base, guard ring and lid comprising black-body material stable under annealing conditions.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
208 words
A process for fabricating a semiconductor device, which comprises enclosing a wafer of semiconductor material within a cavity of a container (hereinafter referred to as a black-box) comprising a base, an annular guard ring and a lid, said base, guard ring and lid comprising black-body material stable under annealing conditions, said wafer having dopant ions implanted into at least one selected area of at least one surface thereof and a layer of an encapsulating material over the said surface, and subjecting said wafer to a Rapid Thermal Anneal (RTA) including in succession a pre-anneal step, a main annealing step and a post-anneal step, and wherein said compound semiconductor material comprises GaAs, and said RTA includes exposure of the black-box with the wafer therein in succession to the pre-anneal step at temperatures ranging from 625° to 675° C. for a period of from 20 to 40 seconds, the main annealing step at a peak temperature within a range of from 900° to 1000° C. for a period of from 5 to 20 seconds, and the post-anneal step at temperatures ranging from 825° to 875° C. for a period of from 25 to 35 seconds, followed by cool down at a rate of from 5° to 50° C. per second.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
208 words
A process for fabricating a semiconductor device, which comprises enclosing a wafer of semiconductor material within a cavity of a container (hereinafter referred to as a black-box) comprising a base, an annular guard ring and a lid, said base, guard ring and lid comprising black-body material stable under annealing conditions, said wafer having dopant ions implanted into at least one selected area of at least one surface thereof and a layer of an encapsulating material over the said surface, and subjecting said wafer to a Rapid Thermal Anneal (RTA) including in succession a pre-anneal step, a main annealing step and a post-anneal step, and wherein said compound semiconductor material comprises GaAs, and said RTA includes exposure of the black-box with the wafer therein in succession to the pre-anneal step at temperatures ranging from 625° to 675° C. for a period of from 20 to 40 seconds, the main annealing step at a peak temperature within a range of from 900° to 1000° C. for a period of from 5 to 20 seconds, and the post-anneal step at temperatures ranging from 825° to 875° C. for a period of from 25 to 35 seconds, followed by cool down at a rate of from 5° to 50° C. per second.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
77 words
The process of claim 2 in which said RTA includes exposure of the black-box with the wafer therein in succession to a pre-anneal at a temperature of about 650° C. for about 30 seconds, the main annealing at a peak temperature of about 950° C. for about 10 seconds, and a post-anneal at a temperature of about 850° C. for about 30 seconds, followed by cool-down at a rate of from 5° to 50° C. per second.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
20 words
The process of claim 2 in which said cool-down is at a rate of up to 30° C. per second.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
19 words
The process of claim 2 in which said cool-down is at a rate of about 10° C. per second.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
25 words
The process of claim 1 in which said encapsulating material comprises a glass selected from the group consisting of phosphosilicate glass, borosilicate glass and Vycor®.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
22 words
The process of claim 1 in which said encapsulating material comprises phosphosilicate glass comprising 2-10 mole percent P 2 O 5 .
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
29 words
The process of claim 1, in which the black-box material of the base, the guard ring and the lid of the box comprises material selected from graphite and silicon.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
15 words
The process of claim 8 in which the material of said guard ring comprises graphite.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
19 words
The process of claim 8 in which the material of the guard ring and of the lid comprises graphite.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
15 words
The process of claim 8 in which the material of said guard ring comprises silicon.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
19 words
The process of claim 8 in which the material of the guard ring and of the lid comprises silicon.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
14 words
The process of claim 8 in which the material of said base comprises silicon.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
42 words
The process of claim 1 in which internal surfaces of said black box are encapsulated with a layer of encapsulating material which may or may not be similar to the encapsulating material on the said at least one surface of the wafer.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
26 words
The process of claim 14 in which said encapsulating material is selected from the group consisting of phosphosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, Vycor®, and SiO 2 .
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
22 words
The process of claim 14 in which the encapsulating material comprises phosphosilicate glass comprising 2-10 mole percent P 2 O 5 .
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
22 words
The process of claim 1 in which said semiconductor material comprises compound semiconductor material selected from III-V and II-VI compound semiconductor materials.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
28 words
The process of claim 1, in which said III-V semiconductor material is selected from the group of compound semiconductors consisting of GaAs, InP, InGaAs, InGaAsP, AlInAs, and AlInAsP.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
13 words
The process of claim 1 in which said III-V semiconductor material comprises GaAs.
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
14 words
The process of claim 1 in which said semiconductor device is an avalanche photodiode.
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
227 words
A process for annealing semiconductor materials, which comprises enclosing a wafer of semiconductor material in a container (hereinafter referred to as a "black-box") having components comprising a base, a guard ring and a lid, said guard ring resting on the base and said lid resting on the guard ring, said black-box components comprising black-body material stable under annealing conditions said wafer having dopant ions implanted into at least one selected area of at least one surface thereof and a layer of an encapsulating material over the said surface, and subjecting the semiconductor material within the black-box to a Rapid Thermal Anneal (RTA) including in succession a pre-anneal step, a main-annealing step and a post-anneal step, conducting said pre-anneal step at a temperature and for a period sufficient to reduce thermal shock to the semiconductor material which may result from the main annealing step, the temperature of the pre-anneal step being lower than the temperature of the main-annealing step, conducting said main-annealing step by subjecting the wafer to a temperature and for a period sufficient to remove damage caused to the said surface by the ion implantation and to activate dopant ions in said at least one selected area of the surface of the wafer, and conducting said post-anneal step at a temperature and for a period sufficient to relieve stresses which may result from the main-annealing step.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
227 words
A process for annealing semiconductor materials, which comprises enclosing a wafer of semiconductor material in a container (hereinafter referred to as a "black-box") having components comprising a base, a guard ring and a lid, said guard ring resting on the base and said lid resting on the guard ring, said black-box components comprising black-body material stable under annealing conditions said wafer having dopant ions implanted into at least one selected area of at least one surface thereof and a layer of an encapsulating material over the said surface, and subjecting the semiconductor material within the black-box to a Rapid Thermal Anneal (RTA) including in succession a pre-anneal step, a main-annealing step and a post-anneal step, conducting said pre-anneal step at a temperature and for a period sufficient to reduce thermal shock to the semiconductor material which may result from the main annealing step, the temperature of the pre-anneal step being lower than the temperature of the main-annealing step, conducting said main-annealing step by subjecting the wafer to a temperature and for a period sufficient to remove damage caused to the said surface by the ion implantation and to activate dopant ions in said at least one selected area of the surface of the wafer, and conducting said post-anneal step at a temperature and for a period sufficient to relieve stresses which may result from the main-annealing step.
Claim 25
Dependent Claim
33 words
The process of claim 21, in which the black-box material of the base, the guard ring and the lid of the box comprises material selected from the group consisting of graphite and silicon.
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
15 words
The process of claim 22 in which the material of said guard ring comprises graphite.
Claim 27
Dependent Claim
19 words
The process of claim 22 in which the material of the guard ring and of the lid comprises graphite.
Claim 28
Dependent Claim
15 words
The process of claim 22 in which the material of said guard ring comprises silicon.
Claim 29
Dependent Claim
19 words
The process of claim 22 in which the material of the guard ring and of the lid comprises silicon.
Claim 30
Dependent Claim
14 words
The process of claim 22 in which the material of said base comprises silicon.
Claim 31
Dependent Claim
20 words
The process of claim 22 in which internal surfaces of said box are encapsulated with a layer of encapsulating material.
Claim 32
Dependent Claim
26 words
The process of claim 28 in which said encapsulating material is selected from the group consisting of phosphosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, Vycor® and SiO 2 .
Claim 33
Dependent Claim
22 words
The process of claim 28 in which the encapsulating material comprises phosphosilicate glass comprising 2-10 mole percent P 2 O 5 .
Claim 34
Dependent Claim
74 words
The process of claim 21 in which said semiconductor material is a wafer of semiconductor material having ions implanted into at least one selected area of at least one surface thereof, said annealing being conducted at a temperature and for a period sufficient to remove damage caused to that surface by ion implantation and to activate dopant ions in said at least one selected area of said at least one surface of the semiconductor.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim
205 words
A process for annealing semiconductor materials, which comprises enclosing a wafer of semiconductor material in a container (hereinafter referred to as a black box) having components comprising a base, a guard ring and a lid, said guard ring resting on the base and said lid resting on the guard ring, said black-box components being of a black-body material stable under annealing conditions, said wafer having dopant ions implanted into at least one selected area of at least one surface thereof and a layer of an encapsulating material over the said surface, and subjecting the semiconductor material within the black-box to a Rapid Thermal Anneal (RTA), wherein said semiconductor material comprises GaAs, said RTA includes exposure of the black-box with the wafer therein in succession to a pre-anneal at temperatures ranging from 625° to 675° C. for a period of from 20 to 40 seconds, the main annealing step at a peak temperature within a range of from 900° to 1000° C. for a period of from 5 to 20 seconds, and a post-anneal at temperatures ranging from 825° to 875° C. for a period of from 25 to 35 seconds, followed by cool down at a rate of from 5° to 50° C. per second.
Claim 36
Dependent Claim
205 words
A process for annealing semiconductor materials, which comprises enclosing a wafer of semiconductor material in a container (hereinafter referred to as a black box) having components comprising a base, a guard ring and a lid, said guard ring resting on the base and said lid resting on the guard ring, said black-box components being of a black-body material stable under annealing conditions, said wafer having dopant ions implanted into at least one selected area of at least one surface thereof and a layer of an encapsulating material over the said surface, and subjecting the semiconductor material within the black-box to a Rapid Thermal Anneal (RTA), wherein said semiconductor material comprises GaAs, said RTA includes exposure of the black-box with the wafer therein in succession to a pre-anneal at temperatures ranging from 625° to 675° C. for a period of from 20 to 40 seconds, the main annealing step at a peak temperature within a range of from 900° to 1000° C. for a period of from 5 to 20 seconds, and a post-anneal at temperatures ranging from 825° to 875° C. for a period of from 25 to 35 seconds, followed by cool down at a rate of from 5° to 50° C. per second.
Claim 37
Dependent Claim
77 words
The process of claim 32 in which said RTA includes exposure of the black-box with the wafer therein in succession to a pre-anneal at a temperature of about 650° C. for about 30 seconds, the main annealing at a peak temperature of about 950° C. for about 10 seconds, and a post-anneal at a temperature of about 850° C. for about 30 seconds, followed by cool-down at a rate of from 5° to 50° C. per second.
Claim 38
Dependent Claim
20 words
The process of claim 33 in which said cool-down is at a rate of up to 30° C. per second.
Claim 39
Dependent Claim
19 words
The process of claim 33 in which said cool-down is at a rate of about 10° C. per second.
Claim 40
Dependent Claim
25 words
The process of claim 21 in which said encapsulating material comprises a glass selected from the group consisting of phosphosilicate glass, borosilicate glass and Vycor®.
Claim 41
Dependent Claim
22 words
The process of claim 21 in which said encapsulating material comprises phosphosilicate glass comprising 2-10 mole percent P 2 O 5 .
Claim 42
Dependent Claim
22 words
The process of claim 21 in which said semiconductor material comprises compound semiconductor material selected from III-V and II-VI compound semiconductor materials.
Claim 43
Dependent Claim
28 words
The process of claim 21 in which said III-V semiconductor material is selected from the group of compound semiconductors consisting of GaAs, InP, InGaAs, InGaAsP, AlInAs, and AlInAsP.
Claim 44
Dependent Claim
12 words
The process of claim 21 in which said III-V semiconductor comprises GaAs.
Claim 45
Dependent Claim
25 words
The process of claim 2 in which said encapsulating material comprises a glass selected from the group consisting of phosphosilicate glass, borosilicate glass and Vycor®.
Claim 46
Dependent Claim
22 words
The process of claim 2 in which said encapsulating material comprises phosphosilicate glass comprising 2-10 mole percent P 2 O 5 .
Claim 47
Dependent Claim
29 words
The process of claim 2 in which the black-box material of the base, the guard ring and the lid of the box comprises material selected from graphite and silicon.
Claim 48
Dependent Claim
27 words
The process of claim 43 in which the material of at least one of the base, the guard ring and the lid of the box comprises graphite.
Claim 49
Dependent Claim
25 words
The process of claim 43 in which the material of at least one of the base, the guard ring and of the lid comprises silicon.
Claim 50
Dependent Claim
43 words
The process of claim 2 in which internal surfaces of said black box are encapsulated with a layer of an encapsulating material which may or may not be similar to the encapsulating material on the said at least one surface of the wafer.
Claim 51
Dependent Claim
26 words
The process of claim 46 in which said encapsulating material is selected from the group consisting of phosphosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, Vycor®, and SiO 2 .
Claim 52
Dependent Claim
22 words
The process of claim 46 in which the encapsulating material comprises phosphosilicate glass comprising 2-10 mole percent P 2 O 5 .
Claim 53
Dependent Claim
33 words
The process of claim 32, in which the black-box material of the base, the guard ring and the lid of the box comprises material selected from the group consisting of graphite and silicon.
Claim 54
Dependent Claim
24 words
The process of claim 49 in which the material of at least one of the base, the guard ring and the lid comprises graphite.
Claim 55
Dependent Claim
24 words
The process of claim 49 in which the material of at least one of the base, the guard ring and the lid comprises silicon.
Claim 56
Dependent Claim
22 words
The process of claim 32 in which internal surfaces of said black box are encapsulated with a layer of an encapsulating material.
Claim 57
Dependent Claim
26 words
The process of claim 52 in which said encapsulating material is selected from the group consisting of phosphosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, Vycor® and SiO 2 .
Claim 58
Dependent Claim
26 words
The process of claim 52 in which the encapsulating material on said semiconductor surface comprises phosphosilicate glass comprising 2-10 mole percent P 2 O 5 .
Claim 59
Dependent Claim
25 words
The process of claim 32 in which said encapsulating material comprises a glass selected from the group consisting of phosphosilicate glass, borosilicate glass and Vycor®.
Claim 60
Dependent Claim
22 words
The process of claim 55 in which said encapsulating material comprises phosphosilicate glass comprising 2-10 mole percent P 2 O 5 .
References Cited (Backward Citations)
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