US4855692A
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Method of quadrature-phase amplitude modulation
Assignee: Nortel Networks Ltd
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Filing: 1988-06-20
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Granted: 1989-08-08
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Expires: 2008-06-20
Abstract
Abstract A square array of signal points forming a QAM signal point constellation is modified by relocating signal points from corners of the square to positions extrapolated from the square array and at reduced distances from the origin, corresponding to reduced peak amplitude levels. The relocation is effected in a manner to maintain, at least for a majority of the relocated points, a Hamming distance of one. To this end for a constellation of 22n points, with n=4 or more and points with I and Q amplitudes 1, 3, 5, . . . 2n-1 units in the square array, a plurality of points in each quadrant are relocated to positions, relative to positions which they would have in the square array, rotated through an angle of 180 DEG about predetermined reference points having I and Q amplitude co-ordinates of (2n,2n-1) and (2n-1,2n). Specific examples are described for 256 QAM (n=4) and 1024 QAM (n=5).
Inventors
- 👤 Paul A. Kennard
- 👤 Joseph L. Middleton
- 👤 Kuang-Tsan Wu
- 👤 John D. McNicol
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-10-26 06:29
CPC Classifications
H; H04; H04L; H04L27/00; H04L27/32; H04L27/34; H04L27/3405; H04L27/3411
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 21
Claim 1
Independent Claim
211 words
A method of quadrature-phase amplitude modulation comprising the step of amplitude modulating two carrier signal components I and Q in phase quadrature in accordance with signal points in a signal point constellation, the signal point constellation comprising 2 2n signal points, where n is an integer equal to or greater than 4, arranged in a modified square array with substantially 2 2n-2 points in each of four quadrants defined by I and Q axes intersecting at an origin of a phase-plane diagram, the signal points in each quadrant of the square array having I and Q component amplitudes of 1, 3, 5, . . . 2 n -1 units, the square array being modified by relocating a plurality of points in each quadrant from positions adjacent to a corner of the square to positions extrapolated from the square array and having reduced distances from the origin, wherein in each quadrant each of a majority of the points so relocated is located in a position, relative to the position which it would have in the square array, rotated through an angle of 180° about one of two predetermined points, said two predetermined points having I and Q amplitude co-ordinates of substantially (2 n ,2 n-1 ) and (2 n-1 ,2 n ).
Claim 2
Independent Claim
211 words
A method of quadrature-phase amplitude modulation comprising the step of amplitude modulating two carrier signal components I and Q in phase quadrature in accordance with signal points in a signal point constellation, the signal point constellation comprising 2 2n signal points, where n is an integer equal to or greater than 4, arranged in a modified square array with substantially 2 2n-2 points in each of four quadrants defined by I and Q axes intersecting at an origin of a phase-plane diagram, the signal points in each quadrant of the square array having I and Q component amplitudes of 1, 3, 5, . . . 2 n -1 units, the square array being modified by relocating a plurality of points in each quadrant from positions adjacent to a corner of the square to positions extrapolated from the square array and having reduced distances from the origin, wherein in each quadrant each of a majority of the points so relocated is located in a position, relative to the position which it would have in the square array, rotated through an angle of 180° about one of two predetermined points, said two predetermined points having I and Q amplitude co-ordinates of substantially (2 n ,2 n-1 ) and (2 n-1 ,2 n ).
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
32 words
A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein in each quadrant all of the signal points so relocated are located in positions rotated through an angle of 180° about said predetermined points.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
9 words
A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein n=4.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
16 words
A method as claimed in claim 3 wherein 5 signal points are relocated in each quadrant.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
9 words
A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein n=5.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
16 words
A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein 19 signal points are relocated in each quadrant.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
33 words
A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein in each quadrant all but one of the relocated signal points are located in positions rotated through an angle of 180° about said predetermined points.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
9 words
A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein n=4.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
33 words
A method as claimed in claim 8 wherein 6 signal points are relocated in each quadrant, five of them being located in positions rotated through an angle of 180° about said predetermined points.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
9 words
A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein n=5.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
33 words
A method as claimed in claim 10 wherein 19 signal points are relocated in each quadrant, 18 of them being located in positions rotated through an angle of 180° about said predetermined points.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
40 words
A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein in each quadrant the nineteenth relocated signal point is located in a position having a separation of at least (8) 1/2 units from the nearest adjacent signal point in the same quadrant.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
9 words
A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein n=4.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
28 words
A method as claimed in claim 13 wherein in each quadrant 5 signal points are relocated to positions rotated through an angle of 180° about said predetermined points.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
9 words
A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein n=5.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
30 words
A method as claimed in claim 15 wherein in each quadrant at least 18 signal points are relocated to positions rotated through an angle of 180° about said predetermined points.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
31 words
A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the signal points in the four quadrants are relocated so that the signal point constellation is symmetric about the I and Q axes.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
31 words
A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the signal points in the four quadrants are relocated so that the signal point constellation is rotationally invariant for phase changes of 90°.
Claim 20
Independent Claim
162 words
A method of quadrature-phase amplitude modulation comprising the step of amplitude modulating two carrier signal components I and Q in phase quadrature in accordance with signal points in a signal point constellation, the signal point constellation comprising 2 2n signal points, where n is an integer equal to or greater than 4, arranged in a modified square array with substantially 2 2n-2 points in each of four quadrants defined by I and Q axes intersecting at an origin of a phase-plane diagram, the square array being modified by relocating a plurality of points in each quadrant from positions adjacent to a corner of the square to positions extrapolated from the square array and having reduced distances from the origin, wherein each of a majority of the points so relocated is relocated, about an axis parallel to one of said I and Q axes and substantially bisecting the points in the quadrant, to a position at substantially the same distance from said axis.
Claim 21
Independent Claim
162 words
A method of quadrature-phase amplitude modulation comprising the step of amplitude modulating two carrier signal components I and Q in phase quadrature in accordance with signal points in a signal point constellation, the signal point constellation comprising 2 2n signal points, where n is an integer equal to or greater than 4, arranged in a modified square array with substantially 2 2n-2 points in each of four quadrants defined by I and Q axes intersecting at an origin of a phase-plane diagram, the square array being modified by relocating a plurality of points in each quadrant from positions adjacent to a corner of the square to positions extrapolated from the square array and having reduced distances from the origin, wherein each of a majority of the points so relocated is relocated, about an axis parallel to one of said I and Q axes and substantially bisecting the points in the quadrant, to a position at substantially the same distance from said axis.
References Cited (Backward Citations)
USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 Years (Year 4) | 1992-08-07 | 1993-02-06 | 1993-08-08 | $2000.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 1996-08-07 | 1997-02-06 | 1997-08-08 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 2000-08-07 | 2001-02-06 | 2001-08-08 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |