US4836904A
Expired / Lapsed
US
⏱️ 0.0 years remaining
Graphite electrode with modified surface
Assignee: Genetics International Inc
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Filing: 1986-03-13
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Granted: 1989-06-06
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Expires: 2006-03-13
Abstract
Abstract An electrode has a graphite surface at least part of which is an edge-plane graphite surface to which Cr(III) complexes are attached by surface C--O groups. The graphite can be polished pyrolytic graphite. The complex coverage can be 5-20%. The complex may comprise proteins, enzyme substrates, specific binding agents, intermediate metabolites or the like, e.g. the protein plastocyanin, so that direct unmediated electrochemistry is possible at the electrode.
Inventors
- 👤 Frazer A. Armstrong
- 👤 Brian N. Oliver
- 👤 Hugh A. O. Hill
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-10-29 12:25
CPC Classifications
G; G01; G01N; G01N27/00; G01N27/26; G01N27/28; G01N27/30; G01N27/308; G01N27/327; G01N27/3275; G01N27/3277
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 9
Claim 1
Independent Claim
68 words
An electrode for use in bioelectrochemistry, said electrode comprising: (a) a graphite surface, at least part of which is a planar surface at right angles to the direction of easy graphite cleavage; and (b) complexes comprising Cr (III), said Cr (III) being attached to said electrode surface by covalent bonds to carbon-oxygen groups, and being capable of attachment by covalent bonds to a ligand that is biochemically active.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
68 words
An electrode for use in bioelectrochemistry, said electrode comprising: (a) a graphite surface, at least part of which is a planar surface at right angles to the direction of easy graphite cleavage; and (b) complexes comprising Cr (III), said Cr (III) being attached to said electrode surface by covalent bonds to carbon-oxygen groups, and being capable of attachment by covalent bonds to a ligand that is biochemically active.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
18 words
An electrode as claimed in claim 1 in which the graphite surface is a polished pyrolytic graphite surface.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
19 words
An electrode as claimed in claim 1 having a surface coverage of said complex of from 5% to 20%.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
14 words
An electrode as claimed in claim 1 in which said ligand is a protein.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
13 words
An electrode as claimed in claim 4 in which the protein is plastocyanin.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
15 words
An electrode as claimed in claim 1 in which said ligand is an enzyme substrate.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
60 words
An electrode as claimed in claim 1 in which the electrode is positioned in an aqueous mixture, the complexes having a co-ordination number of six and having the general formula: (NH.sub.3).sub.Y --Cr(III)--(O).sub.X -- where --O represents oxygen from one said carbon-oxygen groups or from a water molecule from said aqueous mixture which is coordinated to the complexes, and where X+Y=6.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
88 words
An electrode as claimed in claim 1 in which the electrode is adapted to be positioned in an aqueous mixture, the Cr (III) having a coordination number of six and being part of a complex having the general formula: (NH.sub.3).sub.Y --CR(III)--(O)x-- where X+Y=6, and where --O represents oxygen atom(s) at least one of which is from one of said carbon-oxygen groups and the remainder of which are from a water molecule from said aqueous mixture coordinated with said Cr (III), or are from one of said carbon-oxygen groups.
References Cited (Backward Citations)
USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 Years (Year 4) | 1992-06-05 | 1992-12-05 | 1993-06-06 | $2000.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 1996-06-05 | 1996-12-05 | 1997-06-06 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 2000-06-05 | 2000-12-05 | 2001-06-06 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |