Metal recovery

Claim 2

A process for treating an aqueous solution containing at least one heavy metal cation to remove said cation by sorption and recover said metal which comprises: providing a biomass of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis characterized by cell walls and which is selective to the sorption of said at least one heavy metal cation, which bacterium has been treated with an amount of a caustic solution maintained at an elevated temperature above ambient and ranging up to boiling at a pH in excess of 9 sufficient to form a causticized biomass reaction product consisting essentially of material derived from the cell walls thereof having enhanced metal uptake properties following which said biomass reaction product is washed to remove excess alkaline solution therefrom, contacting said solution with an amount of said biomass reaction product in granular form sufficient to sorb said cation into said biomass product, and thereafter separating the resulting metal-containing biomass from said solution.

Claim 3

The process in accordance with claim 1, wherein said metal-containing solution is a waste water solution containing up to about two grams per liter of said metal cation.

Claim 4

The process of claim 1, wherein the heavy metal cation is sorbed by the granular biomass while said biomass is suspended in said aqueous solution.

Claim 5

The process in accordance with claim 3, wherein said aqueous solution is a wastewater stream.

Claim 6

A process for treating an aqueous solution containing at least one heavy metal cation to remove said cation by sorption and recover said metal which comprises: providing a biomass of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis characterized by cell walls and which is selective to the sorption of said at least one heavy metal cation, which bacterium has been treated with an amount of a caustic solution maintained at an elevated temperature above ambient and ranging up to boiling at a pH in excess of 9 sufficient to form a causticized biomass reaction product consisting essentially of material derived from the cell walls thereof having enhanced metal uptake properties following which said biomass reaction product is washed, dried to a hard grindable body and ground to granular form, contacting said solution with an amount of said granular biomass reaction product sufficient to sorb said cation into said biomass product, and thereafter separating the resulting metal-containing biomass from said solution.

Claim 7

A process for treating an aqueous solution containing at least one heavy metal cation to remove said cation by sorption and recover said metal which comprises: providing a biomass of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis characterized by cell walls and which is selective to the sorption of said at least one heavy metal cation, which bacterium has been treated with an amount of a caustic solution maintained at an elevated temperature above ambient and ranging up to boiling at a pH in excess of 9 sufficient to form a causticized biomass reaction product consisting essentially of material derived from the cell walls thereof having enhanced metal uptake properties following which said biomass reaction product is washed, dried to a hard grindable body and ground to granular form, contacting said solution with an amount of said granular biomass reaction product sufficient to sorb said cation into said biomass product, and thereafter separating the resulting metal-containing biomass from said solution.

Claim 8

The process of claim 5, wherein the heavy metal cation is sorbed by the granular biomass while said biomass is suspended in said aqueous solution.

Claim 9

The process in accordance with claim 5, wherein said granular biomass product is supported as a packed column and the solution to be treated passed through said column in an upflow direction.

Claim 10

The process in accordance with claim 5, wherein said granular biomass product is supported as a packed column and the solution to be treated passed through said column in a downflow direction.

Claim 11

The process in accordance with claim 5, wherein said granular biomass product is disposed as a fluid bed, in a column of said solution to be treated, with the solution passing through said column in the upflow direction.

Claim 12

The process in accordance with claim 5, wherein said granular biomass reaction product is supported in a column, and wherein said biomass column is disposed as a pulsed bed, with said aqueous solution moving upwardly in said column, with fresh treated biomass product introduced at substantially the top of said column while metal-laden biomass is removed from substantially the bottom of said column.

Claim 13

A process for treating an aqueous solution containing at least one heavy metal cation to remove said cation by sorption and recover said metal which comprises: providing a biomass of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis characterized by cell walls and which is selective to the sorption of said at least one heavy metal cation, which bacterium has been treated with an amount of a caustic solution maintained at an elevated temperature above ambient and ranging up to boiling at a pH in excess of 9 sufficient to form a causticized biomass reaction product consisting essentially of material derived from the cell walls thereof having enhanced metal uptake properties following which said biomass product is washed, dried to a hard grindable body and ground to granular form, to provide a variety of particle sizes which are disposed in an upflow column, and passing said solution through said upflow column of said granular biomass reaction product at a rate to cause stratification of said biomass with larger biomass particles in the lower portion of said column and finer biomass particles in the upper portions of said column, whereby the smaller and more active biomass particles contact said solution to remove metal cations by sorption after the bulk of said cations have been removed therefrom by said larger particles.

Claim 14

A process for treating an aqueous solution containing at least one heavy metal cation to remove said cation by sorption and recover said metal which comprises: providing a biomass of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis characterized by cell walls and which is selective to the sorption of said at least one heavy metal cation, which bacterium has been treated with an amount of a caustic solution maintained at an elevated temperature above ambient and ranging up to boiling at a pH in excess of 9 sufficient to form a causticized biomass reaction product consisting essentially of material derived from the cell walls thereof having enhanced metal uptake properties following which said biomass product is washed, dried to a hard grindable body and ground to granular form, to provide a variety of particle sizes which are disposed in an upflow column, and passing said solution through said upflow column of said granular biomass reaction product at a rate to cause stratification of said biomass with larger biomass particles in the lower portion of said column and finer biomass particles in the upper portions of said column, whereby the smaller and more active biomass particles contact said solution to remove metal cations by sorption after the bulk of said cations have been removed therefrom by said larger particles.

Claim 15

A process for treating an aqueous solution containing at least one heavy metal cation to remove said cation by sorption and recover said metal which comprises: providing a biomass of a Gram-positive bacterium characterized by polymeric cell wall material derived from a Gram-positive bacterium having mucopeptide strands cross-linked with transpeptide bonds and which is selective to the sorption of said at least one heavy metal cation and which bacterium has been treated with an amount of a caustic solution maintained at an elevated temperature above ambient and ranging up to boiling at a pH in excess of 9 sufficient to form a causticized biomass reaction product consisting essentially of material derived from the cell walls thereof having enhanced metal uptake properties following which said biomass reaction product is washed, contacting said solution with an amount of said biomass reaction product in granular form sufficient to sorb said cation into said biomass product, and thereafter separating the resulting metal-containing biomass from said solution.

Claim 16

A process for treating an aqueous solution containing at least one heavy metal cation to remove said cation by sorption and recover said metal which comprises: providing a biomass of a Gram-positive bacterium characterized by polymeric cell wall material derived from a Gram-positive bacterium having mucopeptide strands cross-linked with transpeptide bonds and which is selective to the sorption of said at least one heavy metal cation and which bacterium has been treated with an amount of a caustic solution maintained at an elevated temperature above ambient and ranging up to boiling at a pH in excess of 9 sufficient to form a causticized biomass reaction product consisting essentially of material derived from the cell walls thereof having enhanced metal uptake properties following which said biomass reaction product is washed, contacting said solution with an amount of said biomass reaction product in granular form sufficient to sorb said cation into said biomass product, and thereafter separating the resulting metal-containing biomass from said solution.

Claim 17

The process in accordance with claim 12, wherein said metal-containing solution is a waste water solution containing up to about two grams per liter of said metal.

Claim 18

The process in accordance with claim 12, wherein the heavy metal cation is sorbed by the granular biomass while said biomass is suspended in said aqueous solution.

Claim 19

A process for treating an aqueous solution containing at least one heavy metal cation to remove said cation by sorption and recover said metal which comprises: providing a biomass of bacterium characterized by cell walls and which is selective to the sorption of said at least one heavy metal cation and which bacterium has been treated with an amount of a caustic solution maintained at an elevated temperature above ambient and ranging up to boiling at a pH in excess of 9 sufficient to form a causticized biomass reaction product consisting essentially of material derived from the cell walls thereof having enhanced metal uptake properties following which said biomass reaction product is washed, contacting said solution with an amount of said biomass reaction product in granular form sufficient to sorb said cation into said biomass product, and thereafter separating the resulting metal-containing biomass from said solution.

Claim 20

A process for treating an aqueous solution containing at least one heavy metal cation to remove said cation by sorption and recover said metal which comprises: providing a biomass of bacterium characterized by cell walls and which is selective to the sorption of said at least one heavy metal cation and which bacterium has been treated with an amount of a caustic solution maintained at an elevated temperature above ambient and ranging up to boiling at a pH in excess of 9 sufficient to form a causticized biomass reaction product consisting essentially of material derived from the cell walls thereof having enhanced metal uptake properties following which said biomass reaction product is washed, contacting said solution with an amount of said biomass reaction product in granular form sufficient to sorb said cation into said biomass product, and thereafter separating the resulting metal-containing biomass from said solution.

Claim 21

The process of claim 15, wherein the heavy metal cation is sorbed by the granular biomass while said biomass is suspended in said aqueous solution.

Claim 22

The process in accordance with claim 15, wherein said granular biomass product is supported as a packed column and the solution to be treated passed through said column in the upflow direction.

Claim 23

The process in accordance with claim 15, wherein said granular biomass product is supported as a packed column and the solution to be treated passed through said column in the downflow direction.

Claim 24

The process in accordance with claim 15, wherein said granular biomass product is disposed as a fluid bed, in a column of said solution to be treated, with the solution passing through said column in the upflow direction.

Claim 25

A process for treating an aqueous solution containing at least one heavy metal cation to remove said cation by sorption and recover said metal which comprises: providing a biomass of a bacterium and which is selective to the sorption of said at least one heavy metal cation characterized by cell walls, which bacterium has been treated with an amount of a caustic solution maintained at elevated temperature above ambient and ranging up to boiling at a pH in excess of 9 sufficient to form a causticized biomass reaction product consisting essentially of material derived from the cell walls thereof having enhanced metal uptake properties following which said biomass reaction product is washed, dried to a hard grindable body and ground to granular form to provide a variety of particle sizes which are disposed in an upflow column, and passing said solution through said upflow column of said granular biomass reaction product at a rate to cause stratification of said biomass with larger biomass particles in the lower portion of said column and finer biomass particles in the upper portions of said column, whereby the smaller and more active biomass particles contact said solution to remove metal cations by sorption after the bulk of said cations have been removed therefrom by said larger particles.

Claim 26

A process for treating an aqueous solution containing at least one heavy metal cation to remove said cation by sorption and recover said metal which comprises: providing a biomass of a bacterium and which is selective to the sorption of said at least one heavy metal cation characterized by cell walls, which bacterium has been treated with an amount of a caustic solution maintained at elevated temperature above ambient and ranging up to boiling at a pH in excess of 9 sufficient to form a causticized biomass reaction product consisting essentially of material derived from the cell walls thereof having enhanced metal uptake properties following which said biomass reaction product is washed, dried to a hard grindable body and ground to granular form to provide a variety of particle sizes which are disposed in an upflow column, and passing said solution through said upflow column of said granular biomass reaction product at a rate to cause stratification of said biomass with larger biomass particles in the lower portion of said column and finer biomass particles in the upper portions of said column, whereby the smaller and more active biomass particles contact said solution to remove metal cations by sorption after the bulk of said cations have been removed therefrom by said larger particles.

Claim 27

A process for treating an aqueous solution containing at least one heavy metal cation to remove said cation by sorption and recover said metal which comprises: providing a biomass characterized by cell walls of a microorganism selected from the group consisting Saccharomyces, Neurospora, Rhizopus and Aspergillus, and which is selective to the sorption of said at least one heavy metal cation, which microorganism has been treated with an amount of a caustic solution maintained at an elevated temperature above ambient and ranging up to boiling at a pH in excess of 9 sufficient to form a causticized biomass reaction product consisting essentially of material derived from the cell walls thereof having enhanced metal uptake properties following which said biomass reaction product is washed, contacting said solution with an amount of said biomass reaction product in granular form sufficient to sorb said cation into said biomass product, and thereafter separating the resulting metal-containing biomass from said solution.

Claim 28

A process for treating an aqueous solution containing at least one heavy metal cation to remove said cation by sorption and recover said metal which comprises: providing a biomass characterized by cell walls of a microorganism selected from the group consisting Saccharomyces, Neurospora, Rhizopus and Aspergillus, and which is selective to the sorption of said at least one heavy metal cation, which microorganism has been treated with an amount of a caustic solution maintained at an elevated temperature above ambient and ranging up to boiling at a pH in excess of 9 sufficient to form a causticized biomass reaction product consisting essentially of material derived from the cell walls thereof having enhanced metal uptake properties following which said biomass reaction product is washed, contacting said solution with an amount of said biomass reaction product in granular form sufficient to sorb said cation into said biomass product, and thereafter separating the resulting metal-containing biomass from said solution.

Claim 29

The process is accordance with claim 21, wherein said metal-containing solution is a waste water solution containing up to about two grams per liter of said metal.

Claim 30

The process in accordance with claim 21, wherein said aqueous solution is a wastewater stream, and wherein said granular biomass reaction product is suspended in said stream.

Claim 31

A process for treating an aqueous solution containing at least one heavy metal cation to remove said cation by sorption and recover said metal which comprises: providing a biomass characterized by cell walls of a microorganism selected from the group consisting Saccharomyces, Neuropora, Rhizopus and Aspergillus, and which is selective to the sorption of said at least one heavy metal cation, which microorganism has been treated with an amount of a caustic solution maintained at an elevated temperature above ambient and ranging up to boiling at a pH in excess of 9 sufficient to form a causticized biomass reaction product consisting essentially of material derived from the cell walls thereof having enhanced metal uptake properties following which said biomass reaction product is washed, dried to a hard grindable body and ground to granular form to provide a variety of particle sizes which are disposed in an upflow column, and passing said solution through said upflow column of said granular biomass reaction product at a rate to cause stratification of said biomass with larger biomass particles in the lower portion of said column and finer biomass particles in the upper portions of said column, whereby the smaller and more active biomass particles contact said solution to remove metal cations by sorption after the bulk of said cations have been removed therefrom by said larger particles.

Claim 32

A process for treating an aqueous solution containing at least one heavy metal cation to remove said cation by sorption and recover said metal which comprises: providing a biomass characterized by cell walls of a microorganism selected from the group consisting Saccharomyces, Neuropora, Rhizopus and Aspergillus, and which is selective to the sorption of said at least one heavy metal cation, which microorganism has been treated with an amount of a caustic solution maintained at an elevated temperature above ambient and ranging up to boiling at a pH in excess of 9 sufficient to form a causticized biomass reaction product consisting essentially of material derived from the cell walls thereof having enhanced metal uptake properties following which said biomass reaction product is washed, dried to a hard grindable body and ground to granular form to provide a variety of particle sizes which are disposed in an upflow column, and passing said solution through said upflow column of said granular biomass reaction product at a rate to cause stratification of said biomass with larger biomass particles in the lower portion of said column and finer biomass particles in the upper portions of said column, whereby the smaller and more active biomass particles contact said solution to remove metal cations by sorption after the bulk of said cations have been removed therefrom by said larger particles.