Anaerobic filter

Claim 2

Process for the treatment of an organic waste-water stream containing COD in a recycling anaerobic filter which contains methanogenic bacteria, operates at a COD feed rate, OL, which is at least 0.5 lb COD/cu. ft./day and at a recycle ratio of at least 2:1, and produces a stream of gas comprising methane, wherein the improvement comprises continually carrying out an alternating sequence of steps at least once per hour, the steps of said sequence comprising, (a) a step of measuring the rate of production of methane in said gas stream and thereby determining the rate, KL, at which COD is removed from said filter as methane, and (b) a step of setting the COD feed rate, OL, in lbs. COD/cu. ft./day, to said filter at a numerical value which is larger than the KL, in lbs. COD/cu. ft./day, determined in said step a and which is related to said KL according to a predetermined mathematical formula, the numerical value of OL set in each step b of said sequence being related by the same predetermined formula to the respective value of KL determined in the corresponding preceding step a of said sequence, said recycle ratio being the ratio of the volumetric flow rate of the recycled liquid to the volumetric flow rate of the fresh feed.

Claim 3

Process as in claim 1 in which said sequence of steps is carried out at least once per 15-minute period.

Claim 4

Process as in claim 1 in which said alternating sequence is effected so frequently that the magnitudes of OL changes are each less than 10%, and in which the recycle ratio is at least about 4:1 and less than 15:1.

Claim 5

Process as in claim 3 in which the formula is (KL/OL)=C where C is a constant.

Claim 6

Process as in claim 1 in which the formula is: OL-KL=C where C is a constant.

Claim 7

Process as in claim 1 in which the formula is (KL/OL)=C where C is a constant.

Claim 8

Process as in claim 6 in which C is less than 0.9.

Claim 9

Process as in claim 1 in which said alternating sequence is followed by another alternating sequence according to claim 1, the mathematical formula for the latter sequence being different from that of the former sequence.

Claim 10

Process as in claim 1 in which said OL is set by said step b when the KL measured in step a is below a predetermined minimum value and in which the OL is set independently of KL when the KL measured in step a is above said minimum.

Claim 11

Process for the treatment of an organic wastewater stream, with concomitant production of methane gas, in an anaerobic reactor comprising a vessel containing a backmixed bed of methanogenic bacteria which are so aggregated that said bed is substantially retained in said vessel while the wastewater passes through that bed at a COD feed rate, OL, which is at least 0.5 lb. COD/cu.ft./day, said reactor producing a stream of gas comprising methane, wherein the improvement comprises continually carrying out an alternating sequence of steps at least once per hour, the steps of said sequence comprising, (a) a step of measuring the rate of production of methane in said gas stream and thereby determining the rate, KL, at which COD is removed from said filter as methane, and (b) a step of setting the COD feed rate, OL, in lbs. COD/cu.ft./day, to said filter at a numerical value which is related to the KL, in lbs COD/cu.ft./day, determined in said step a according to the formula (KL/OL)32 C where C is a constant which is about 0.65 to 0.9, the numerical value of Ol set in each step b of said sequence being related by the same predetermined formula to the respective value of KL determined in the corresponding preceding step a of said sequence.

Claim 12

Process for the treatment of an organic wastewater stream, with concomitant production of methane gas, in an anaerobic reactor comprising a vessel containing a backmixed bed of methanogenic bacteria which are so aggregated that said bed is substantially retained in said vessel while the wastewater passes through that bed at a COD feed rate, OL, which is at least 0.5 lb. COD/cu.ft./day, said reactor producing a stream of gas comprising methane, wherein the improvement comprises continually carrying out an alternating sequence of steps at least once per hour, the steps of said sequence comprising, (a) a step of measuring the rate of production of methane in said gas stream and thereby determining the rate, KL, at which COD is removed from said filter as methane, and (b) a step of setting the COD feed rate, OL, in lbs. COD/cu.ft./day, to said filter at a numerical value which is related to the KL, in lbs COD/cu.ft./day, determined in said step a according to the formula (KL/OL)32 C where C is a constant which is about 0.65 to 0.9, the numerical value of Ol set in each step b of said sequence being related by the same predetermined formula to the respective value of KL determined in the corresponding preceding step a of said sequence.

Claim 13

Process as in claim 10 in which said reactor is an upflow sludge blanket reactor.

Claim 14

Process for the treatment of an organic wastewater stream containing sulfate ions, with concomitant production of hydrogen sulfide gas, in an anaerobic reactor comprising a vessel containing a backmixed bed of sulfate-reducing bacteria which are so aggregated that said bed is substantially retained in said vessel while the wastewater passed through that bed at a COD feed rate, OL, which is at least 0.5 lb COD/cu.ft./day, said reactor producing a stream of gas comprising H 2 S, wherein the improvement comprises continually carrying out an alternating sequence of steps at least once per hour, the steps of said sequence comprising, (a) a step of measuring the rate of production of H 2 S in said gas stream and thereby determining the rate, KL, at which COD is removed from said filter as H 2 S, and (b) a step of setting the COD feed rate, OL, in lbs. COD/cu.ft./day, to said filter at a numerical value which is related to the KL, in lbs COD/cu.ft./day, determined in said step a according to the formula (KL/OL)=C where C is a constant which is about 0.65 to 0.9, the numerical value of OL set in each step b of said sequence being related by the same predetermined formula to the respective value of KL determined in the corresponding preceding step a of said sequence.

Claim 15

Process for the treatment of an organic wastewater stream containing sulfate ions, with concomitant production of hydrogen sulfide gas, in an anaerobic reactor comprising a vessel containing a backmixed bed of sulfate-reducing bacteria which are so aggregated that said bed is substantially retained in said vessel while the wastewater passed through that bed at a COD feed rate, OL, which is at least 0.5 lb COD/cu.ft./day, said reactor producing a stream of gas comprising H 2 S, wherein the improvement comprises continually carrying out an alternating sequence of steps at least once per hour, the steps of said sequence comprising, (a) a step of measuring the rate of production of H 2 S in said gas stream and thereby determining the rate, KL, at which COD is removed from said filter as H 2 S, and (b) a step of setting the COD feed rate, OL, in lbs. COD/cu.ft./day, to said filter at a numerical value which is related to the KL, in lbs COD/cu.ft./day, determined in said step a according to the formula (KL/OL)=C where C is a constant which is about 0.65 to 0.9, the numerical value of OL set in each step b of said sequence being related by the same predetermined formula to the respective value of KL determined in the corresponding preceding step a of said sequence.

Claim 16

Process for the treatment of an organic wastewater stream, with concomitant production of methane and hydrogen sulfide gas, in an anaerobic reactor comprising a vessel containing a backmixed bed containing methanogenic and sulfate-reducing bacteria which are so aggregated that said bed is substantially retained in said vessel while the wastewater passes through that bed at a COD feed rate, OL, which is at least 0.5 lb. COD/cu.ft./day, said reactor producing a stream of gas comprising methane and H 2 S, wherein the improvement comprises continually carrying out an alternating sequence of steps at least once per hour, the steps of said sequence comprising, (a) a step of measuring the rate of production of methane and H 2 S in said gas stream and thereby determining the rate KL, at which COD is removed from said filter as methane and H 2 S, and (b) a step of setting the COD feed rate, OL, in lbs. COD/cu.ft./day, to said filter at a numerical value which is related to the KL, in lbs COD/cu.ft./day, determined in said step a according to the formula (KL/OL)=C where C is a constant which is about 0.65 to 0.9, the numerical value of OL set in each step b of said sequence being related by the same predetermined formula to the respective value of KL determined in the corresponding preceding step a of said sequence.

Claim 17

Process for the treatment of an organic wastewater stream, with concomitant production of methane and hydrogen sulfide gas, in an anaerobic reactor comprising a vessel containing a backmixed bed containing methanogenic and sulfate-reducing bacteria which are so aggregated that said bed is substantially retained in said vessel while the wastewater passes through that bed at a COD feed rate, OL, which is at least 0.5 lb. COD/cu.ft./day, said reactor producing a stream of gas comprising methane and H 2 S, wherein the improvement comprises continually carrying out an alternating sequence of steps at least once per hour, the steps of said sequence comprising, (a) a step of measuring the rate of production of methane and H 2 S in said gas stream and thereby determining the rate KL, at which COD is removed from said filter as methane and H 2 S, and (b) a step of setting the COD feed rate, OL, in lbs. COD/cu.ft./day, to said filter at a numerical value which is related to the KL, in lbs COD/cu.ft./day, determined in said step a according to the formula (KL/OL)=C where C is a constant which is about 0.65 to 0.9, the numerical value of OL set in each step b of said sequence being related by the same predetermined formula to the respective value of KL determined in the corresponding preceding step a of said sequence.

Claim 18

Apparatus for the treatment of an organic wastewater stream containing COD in an anaerobic reactor comprising a vessel containing a backmixed bed of methanogenic bacteria, means for feeding said wastewater stream to said reactor, means for controlling the COD feed rate, OL, of said wastewater stream, means for withdrawing an aqueous liquid effluent stream from said reactor and means for withdrawing a gaseous stream comprising methane from said reactor, automatic means for measuring the rate of flow of methane in said gaseous stream periodically, at least once per hour, and for thereby periodically determining the rate, KL, at which COD is removed from said reactor as methane, automatic means for periodically comparing said KL with said OL and for sending to said COD feed rate controlling means a signal, periodically at least once per hour, of such nature as to maintain said OL in a pre-set relationship with said KL, said feed rate control means being responsive to said signal.

Claim 19

Apparatus for the treatment of an organic wastewater stream containing COD in an anaerobic reactor comprising a vessel containing a backmixed bed of methanogenic bacteria, means for feeding said wastewater stream to said reactor, means for controlling the COD feed rate, OL, of said wastewater stream, means for withdrawing an aqueous liquid effluent stream from said reactor and means for withdrawing a gaseous stream comprising methane from said reactor, automatic means for measuring the rate of flow of methane in said gaseous stream periodically, at least once per hour, and for thereby periodically determining the rate, KL, at which COD is removed from said reactor as methane, automatic means for periodically comparing said KL with said OL and for sending to said COD feed rate controlling means a signal, periodically at least once per hour, of such nature as to maintain said OL in a pre-set relationship with said KL, said feed rate control means being responsive to said signal.

Claim 20

Apparatus as in claim 14 in which said anaerobic reactor is a recycling anaerobic filter.