Waveform crossing detector

Claim 2

A circuit arrangement for detecting the instants at which the difference between voltages on first and second conductors of an alternating current supply pass through substantially zero in a given sense comprising: a photo-emissive semiconductor junction, a photo-sensitive element situated in a radiation path of said photo-emissive semiconductor junction, and a forward-current supply circuit for said photo-emissive semiconductor junction, said forward-current supply circuit having a control input connected between said first and second conductors and being arranged to supply said photo-emissive semiconductor junction with forward current in response to each passage of said difference through substantially zero in said given sense, said first and second conductors being first and second phase conductors respectively of a three-phase alternating current supply, circuit means providing an output current path of said supply circuit between a third phase conductor of said three-phase alternating current supply and one of said first and second phase conductors, said photo-emissive semiconductor junction being connected in said output current path between said forward-current supply circuit and said third phase conductor.

Claim 3

An arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein said forward-current supply circuit comprises a transistor having a control electrode connected to one of said first and second phase conductors, a common electrode connected to the other of said first and second phase conductors, and an output electrode connected to said third phase conductor via said photo-emissive semiconductor junction.

Claim 4

An arrangement as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein for detecting the instants at which said difference passes through substantially zero in a sense opposite to said given sense, said arrangement further comprises: a second photo-emissive semiconductor junction, a photo-sensitive element in a radiation path of said second photo-emissive semiconductor junction, and a second forward-current supply circuit for said second photo-emissive semiconductor junction, said second forward-current supply circuit having a control input connected between said first and second phase conductors so as to supply said second photo-emissive semiconductor junction with forward current in response to each passage of said difference through substantially zero in a sense opposite to said given sense, an output current path of said second forward-current supply circuit being connected between said third phase conductor and one of said first and second phase conductors with said second photo-emissive semiconductor junction being connected between said second forward-current supply circuit and said third phase conductor and with a polarity relative to said third phase conductor which is opposite to that of the first photo-emissive semiconductor junction relative to said third phase conductor.

Claim 5

An arrangement as claimed in claim 3 when appended to claim 2, wherein said second forward-current supply supply circuit comprises a second transistor of opposite conductivity type to the first transistor, said second transistor having a control electrode connected to that one of said first and second phase conductors to which the control electrode of the first transistor is connected, a common electrode connected to the other of said first and second phase conductors, and an output electrode connected connected to said third phase conductor via said second photo-emissive semiconductor junction.

Claim 6

Apparatus for detecting the instants at which the voltage difference between any two phase conductors of a three-phase alternating current supply is substantially zero, said apparatus comprising first, second and third arrangements each as claimed in claim 3 and connected to said three-phase supply such that the two said output current paths of each arrangement extend between a pair of phase conductors of said supply which is different from the pair of phase conductors between which the two said output current paths of each of the other two arrangements extend.

Claim 7

Apparatus as claimed in claim 5 wherein, in each said arrangement, the photo-sensitive elements comprise two separate photosensitive elements, first, second and third means for performing OR or NOR operations on output signals from the two photo-sensitive elements of said first, second and third arrangements respectively, first, second and third OR, NAND, NOR or AND gate circuits each having a pair of inputs, the inputs of the first gate circuit being connected to outputs of the first and second means respectively, the inputs of the second gate circuit being connected to outputs of the second and third means respectively, and the inputs of the third gate circuit being connected to outputs of the first and third means respectively, and a further gate circuit having inputs connected to outputs of said first, second and third gate circuits, said further gate circuit being an AND or NAND gate circuit if the first, second and third gate circuits are OR or NAND gate circuits and being an OR or NOR gate circuit if the first, second and third gate circuits are NOR or AND gate circuits.

Claim 8

Apparatus as claimed in claim 5 wherein, in each said arrangement, the photo-sensitive elements comprise a single photo-sensitive element, first, second and third OR, NAND, NOR or AND gate circuits each having a pair of inputs, the inputs of the first gate circuit being connected to outputs of the photo-sensitive elements of the first and second arrangements respectively, the inputs of the second gate circuit being connected to outputs of the photo-sensitive elements of the second and third arrangements respectively, and the inputs of the third gate circuit being connected to outputs of the photo-sensitive elements of the first and third arrangements respectively, and a further gate circuit having inputs connected to outputs of said first, second and third gate circuits, said further gate circuit being an AND or NAND gate circuit if the first, second and third gate circuits are OR or NAND gate circuits, and being an OR or NOR gate circuit if the first, second and third gates are NOR or AND gate circuits.

Claim 9

Apparatus as claimed in claim 6, further comprising a controllable inverter circuit connected in a signal path from an output of said further gate circuit, said inverter circuit being switchable, in dependence upon the value of a control signal at a control input thereof, between a first state in which it inverts signals transmitted thereby and a second state in which it does not invert signals transmitted thereby, a D-type flip-flop, means coupling the output of said first means to the D-input of said flip-flop, means coupling the output of said second means to a clock input of said flip-flop, and means coupling an output of said flip-flop to said control input of the inverter circuit.

Claim 10

Apparatus as claimed in claim 7, further comprising a controllable inverter circuit connected in a signal path from an output of said further gate circuit, said inverter circuit being switchable, in dependence upon the value of a control signal at a control input thereof, between a first state in which it inverts signals transmitted thereby and a second state in which it does not invert signals transmitted thereby, a D-type flip-flop, means coupling the output of the photo-sensitive element of the first arrangement to the D-input of said flip-flop, means coupling the output of the photo-sensitive element of the second arrangement to a clock input of said flip-flop, and means coupling an output of said flip-flop to said control input of the inverter circuit.

Claim 11

Apparatus as claimed in claim 6 or claim 8, further comprising a controllable switch in series with both photo-sensitive elements of said third arrangement and one of the photo-sensitive elements of said second arrangement.

Claim 12

Apparatus as claimed in claim 5 wherein said first, second and third arrangements each comprise first and second photo-sensitive elements individually optically coupled to the first and second photo-emissive semiconductor junctions of its respective arrangement, and a logic circuit coupled to the photo-sensitive elements of the first, second and third arrangements so as to combine the output signals produced thereby so as to derive at an output of the logic circuit six equally spaced signal pulses per cycle of the three-phase AC supply.

Claim 13

Apparatus as claimed in claim 11 wherein the first and second photo-sensitive elements of each of said arrangements are coupled together in a respective OR circuit each having a single output and the logic circuit comprises, first, second and third two-input NAND gates, means coupling the two inputs of the first NAND gate to outputs of the OR circuits of the first and second arrangements, means coupling the two inputs of the second NAND gate to outputs of the OR circuits of the second and third arrangements, means coupling the two inputs of the third NAND gate to outputs of the OR circuits of the first and third arrangements, and a fourth NAND gate having first, second and third inputs connected to outputs of the first, second and third NAND gates, respectively, and an output at which said equally spaced signal pulses are produced.

Claim 14

Apparatus for detecting the instants in time at which the voltage difference betweeen first and second conductors of a three-phase AC electric supply pass through zero in a given sense comprising: first, second and third input terminals for connection to first, second and third phase conductors of the three-phase AC supply, a photo-emissive semiconductor junction, a photo-sensitive element adapted to be optically coupled to the photo-emissive semiconductor junction, a controlled switching device connected in series circuit with said photo-emissive semiconductor junction between said third input terminal and one of said first and second input terminals to form a forward-current supply circuit for the photo-emissive semiconductor junction, means coupling a control input of the switching device to said first and second input terminals in a manner such that the switching device passes a forward-current through said photo-emissive semiconductor junction for each passage of said voltage difference through zero in said given sense.

Claim 15

Apparatus for detecting the instants in time at which the voltage difference betweeen first and second conductors of a three-phase AC electric supply pass through zero in a given sense comprising: first, second and third input terminals for connection to first, second and third phase conductors of the three-phase AC supply, a photo-emissive semiconductor junction, a photo-sensitive element adapted to be optically coupled to the photo-emissive semiconductor junction, a controlled switching device connected in series circuit with said photo-emissive semiconductor junction between said third input terminal and one of said first and second input terminals to form a forward-current supply circuit for the photo-emissive semiconductor junction, means coupling a control input of the switching device to said first and second input terminals in a manner such that the switching device passes a forward-current through said photo-emissive semiconductor junction for each passage of said voltage difference through zero in said given sense.

Claim 16

Apparatus as claimed in claim 13 wherein the switching device comprises a transistor having a control electrode coupled to one of said first and second input terminals, a common electrode coupled to the other of said first and second input terminals, and an output electrode coupled to said third input terminal via said photo-emissive semiconductor junction.

Claim 17

Apparatus as claimed in claim 13 further comprising first, second and third voltage dividers connected in Y-configuration between said first, second and third input terminals, each of said voltage dividers having a tap point with the tap points on the first and second voltage dividers connected to the control input of the switching device and the tap point of the third voltage divider connected to said series circuit of the switching device and photo-emissive semidconductor junction.

Claim 18

Apparatus as claimed in claim 13 further comprising a second series circuit of a second controlled switching device and a second photo-emissive semiconductor junction connected in anti-parallel with the first series circuit including the first controlled switching device and the first photo-emissive semiconductor junction, and means coupling a control input of the second controlled switching device to said first and second input terminals so as to pass a forward-current through the second switching device and the second photo-emissive semiconductor junction for each passage of said voltage difference through zero in a sense opposite to said given sense.