US4463375A — Multiple-measurement noise-reducing system

Claim 1

Independent Claim 103 words

For use in an imaging system, a method for reducing the noise of a first processed image of an object representing a desired parameter derived from a plurality of measurements the steps of: processing said plurality measurements to provide a second processed image having greater signal-to-noise ratio than said first processed image; filtering said first processed image to reduce its noise; filtering said second processed image with a filter complementary to the filter used on said first processed image; and combining said filtered first processed image and said filtered second processed image to provide a reduced noise version of said first processed image.

Claim 2

Dependent Claim 103 words

For use in an imaging system, a method for reducing the noise of a first processed image of an object representing a desired parameter derived from a plurality of measurements the steps of: processing said plurality measurements to provide a second processed image having greater signal-to-noise ratio than said first processed image; filtering said first processed image to reduce its noise; filtering said second processed image with a filter complementary to the filter used on said first processed image; and combining said filtered first processed image and said filtered second processed image to provide a reduced noise version of said first processed image.

Claim 3

Dependent Claim 30 words

The method as described in claim 1 wherein the combining step includes the step of adding the filtered components of said second processed image to said filtered first processed image.

Claim 4

Dependent Claim 33 words

The method as described in claim 1 wherein the combining step includes the step of adding the filtered components of said second processed image in an amount determined by said first processed image.

Claim 5

Dependent Claim 30 words

The method as described in claim 3 wherein the combining step includes the step of multiplying the filtered components of said second processed image by the filtered first processed image.

Claim 6

Dependent Claim 17 words

The method as described in claim 4 including the step of limiting said filtered first processed image.

Claim 7

Dependent Claim 58 words

The method as described in claim 3 including the step of multiplying the filtered components of the second processed image by the ratio of a secondarily filtered first processed image, filtered so as to indicate the presence of the missing components of the filtered first processed image, and the second processed image filtered in substantially the same manner.

Claim 8

Dependent Claim 38 words

The method as described in claim 6 including the step of nonlinearly restricting the ratio in regions where at least one of the magnitudes of the secondarily filtered first and second processed images are below a preset threshold.

Claim 9

Independent Claim 64 words

A method for providing an improved processed image from a plurality of x-ray measurements comprising the steps of: deriving the low frequency portion of the processed image from functions of a first weighted sum of the measurements at different x-ray energies; and deriving the remainder of the frequency components from functions of a second weighted sum of the measurements having an improved signal-to-noise ratio.

Claim 10

Independent Claim 64 words

A method for providing an improved processed image from a plurality of x-ray measurements comprising the steps of: deriving the low frequency portion of the processed image from functions of a first weighted sum of the measurements at different x-ray energies; and deriving the remainder of the frequency components from functions of a second weighted sum of the measurements having an improved signal-to-noise ratio.

Claim 11

Dependent Claim 111 words

Apparatus for providing a reduced noise version of a an image of an object formed by a plurality of measurements comprising: means for combining the plurality of measurements to provide an image signal; means for low pass filtering the image signal to provide a first processed image signal; means for combining the plurality of measurements to provide a lower noise processed image signal; means for high pass filtering the lower noise processed image to provide a second processed image signal; and means for combining said first and second processed image signals whereby a reduced noise version of the image signal is obtained having substantially the fidelity of the original image signal.

Claim 12

Dependent Claim 111 words

Apparatus for providing a reduced noise version of a an image of an object formed by a plurality of measurements comprising: means for combining the plurality of measurements to provide an image signal; means for low pass filtering the image signal to provide a first processed image signal; means for combining the plurality of measurements to provide a lower noise processed image signal; means for high pass filtering the lower noise processed image to provide a second processed image signal; and means for combining said first and second processed image signals whereby a reduced noise version of the image signal is obtained having substantially the fidelity of the original image signal.

Claim 13

Dependent Claim 26 words

Apparatus as described in claim 9 wherein the means for combining the first and second processed image signals includes means for adding said processed image signals.

Claim 14

Dependent Claim 45 words

Apparatus as described in claim 9 wherein the means for combining the first and second processed image signals includes means for adding amounts of the second processed image signal to the first processed image signal with the amounts determined by the first processed image signal.

Claim 15

Dependent Claim 41 words

Apparatus as described in claim 11 wherein the means for determining the amounts of the second processed image signal added to the first processed image signal includes means for multiplying the second processed image signal by the first processed image signal.

Claim 16

Dependent Claim 15 words

Apparatus as described in claim 12 including means for limiting the first processed image signal.

Claim 17

Dependent Claim 21 words

Apparatus as described in claim 12 including means for taking the derivative of the first processed image signal prior to limiting.

Claim 18

Dependent Claim 33 words

Apparatus as described in claim 11 including means for determining the correct polarity of the added amounts of the second processed image signal prior to being added to the first processed image signal.

Claim 19

Dependent Claim 63 words

Apparatus as described in claim 15 where the polarity determining means include means for taking the product of the derivative of a low pass filtered version of the image signal and the derivative of a low pass filtered version of the lower noise processed image and utilizing the polarity of the product to determine the polarity of the added second processed image signal.

Claim 20

Dependent Claim 66 words

Apparatus as described in claim 11 wherein the means for determining the amounts of the second processed image signal added to the first processed image signal includes means for multiplying the second processed image signal by the ratio of the derivative of a low pass filtered version of the image signal to the derivative of a low pass filtered version of the lower noise processed image.

Claim 21

Dependent Claim 43 words

Apparatus as described in claim 11 wherein the multiplication by the ratio is disabled and a fixed proportion of the second processed image signal is added when any one of the input or output signals of the ratio system are outside present levels.

Claim 22

Dependent Claim 32 words

Apparatus as described in claim 18 wherein the disabling occurs when the magnitude of the derivative of the low pass filtered version of the processed signal signal is below a preset level.

Claim 23

Dependent Claim 34 words

Apparatus as described in claim 18 wherein the disabling occurs when the magnitude of the derivative of the low pass filtered version of the lower noise processed image signal is below a preset level.

Claim 24

Dependent Claim 21 words

Apparatus as described in claim 18 wherein the disabling occurs when the magnitude of the ratio is above a preset level.

Claim 25

Dependent Claim 17 words

Apparatus as described in claim 18 where the fixed proportion of the second processed image is zero.

Claim 26

Dependent Claim 32 words

Apparatus as described in claim 18 where the fixed proportion of the second processed image signal is the correct high frequency component of the reduced noise version of the processed image signal.

Claim 27

Dependent Claim 34 words

Apparatus as recited in claims 9, 11, 12, 17 or 18 wherein the filtering and derivative operations are one-dimensional operations performed on one-dimensional signals formed by sequencing through each of the processed image signals.

Claim 28

Dependent Claim 27 words

Apparatus as recited in claims 9, 11, 12, 17, or 18 wherein the filtering operations are two-dimensional operations performed on each of the stored two-dimensional processed images.

Claim 29

Dependent Claim 21 words

Apparatus as recited in claim 9 wherein the plurality of measurements are x-ray intensity measurements of x-rays transmitted through an object.

Claim 30

Dependent Claim 21 words

Apparatus as recited in claim 26 wherein each of the plurality of x-ray measurements are taken at different x-ray energy spectra.

Claim 31

Dependent Claim 61 words

Apparatus as recited in claim 27 wherein the image signal represents the elimination of one or more materials in the object and is formed by a weighted sum of the measurements at different energies and the lower noise processed image signal is formed by a different weighted sum which provides improved signal-to-noise ratio for the material of interest in the object.

Claim 32

Dependent Claim 24 words

Apparatus as recited in claim 26 wherein the plurality of x-ray measurements include measurements taken with and without administered contrast material in the object.

Claim 33

Dependent Claim 60 words

Apparatus as recited in claim 26 wherein the plurality of x-ray measurements include measurements taken at different energies with and without administered contrast material with the processed image formed by taking a weighted sum of the measurements which isolates the contrast material and where each set of measurements at different energies eliminates at least one material component in the object.

Claim 34

Dependent Claim 33 words

Apparatus as recited in claim 30 wherein the lower noise processed image signal is formed using a weighted sum of the measurements at different energies taken in the presence of the contrast material.

Claim 35

Dependent Claim 45 words

Apparatus as recited in claim 30 wherein the lower noise processed image signal is formed using a weighted sum of the measurements which isolates the contrast material by taking the difference between positively weighted sums of the measurements taken with and without the contrast material.

Claim 36

Dependent Claim 36 words

Apparatus as recited in claim 27 wherein the reduced noise processed image signal is a computerized tomography image generated by reconstruction from reduced noise projections formed by the plurality of x-ray measurements at different energy spectra.

Claim 37

Dependent Claim 70 words

Apparatus as recited in claim 27 wherein the image signal is a computerized tomography image generated by reconstructed from combinations of the measured projections and the lower noise processed image is a computerized tomography image generated by reconstruction of different combinations of the measured projections whereby the combining of the first and second processed image signals to obtain a reduced noise processed image signal is accomplished using reconstructed image signals.

Claim 38

Dependent Claim 53 words

Apparatus as recited in claims 9, 11, 12, 17 or 18 wherein the low pass filter used for the image signal and the high pass filter used for the lower noise processed image signals are complementary filters with the sum of their normalized spectral responses being substantially unity over the spectrum of interest.

Claim 39

Dependent Claim 112 words

Apparatus for providing a reduced noise version of a processed image of an object formed by a plurality of measurements comprising: means for combining the plurality of measurements to provide said processed image; means for median filtering the processed image to provide a first processed image; means for combining the plurality of measurements to provide a lower noise processed image; means for subtracting a median filtered lower noise processed image from the lower noise processed image to provide a second processed image; and means for combining the first and second processed images whereby a reduced noise version of the processed image is obtained having substantially the fidelity of the original processed image.

Claim 40

Dependent Claim 112 words

Apparatus for providing a reduced noise version of a processed image of an object formed by a plurality of measurements comprising: means for combining the plurality of measurements to provide said processed image; means for median filtering the processed image to provide a first processed image; means for combining the plurality of measurements to provide a lower noise processed image; means for subtracting a median filtered lower noise processed image from the lower noise processed image to provide a second processed image; and means for combining the first and second processed images whereby a reduced noise version of the processed image is obtained having substantially the fidelity of the original processed image.

Claim 41

Dependent Claim 24 words

Apparatus as recited in claim 36 wherein the means for combining the first and second processed images includes means for adding said processed images.

Claim 42

Dependent Claim 41 words

Apparatus as recited in claim 36 wherein the means for combining the first and second processed images includes means for adding amounts of the second processed image to the first processed image with the amounts determined by the first processed image.

Claim 43

Dependent Claim 44 words

Apparatus as recited in claim 38 wherein the amount of the second processed image added is determined by the ratio of a signal representing the fine structure of the processed image to a signal representing the fine structure of the lower noise processed image.

Claim 44

Dependent Claim 30 words

Apparatus as recited in claim 39 wherein the fine structure signals are formed by the difference between a low passed filtered version and a median filtered version of each signal.

Claim 45

Dependent Claim 31 words

Apparatus as recited in claim 39 wherein the fine structure signals are formed by the difference between a smaller median filtered version and a larger median filtered version of each signal.

Annuity Stage	Window Opens	Payment Deadline	Surcharge Period Until	Estimated Fee	Status
3.5 Years (Year 4)	1987-07-31	1988-01-30	1988-07-31	$2000.00	Window Closed / Lapsed
7.5 Years (Year 8)	1991-07-31	1992-01-30	1992-07-31	$3760.00	Window Closed / Lapsed
11.5 Years (Year 12)	1995-07-31	1996-01-30	1996-07-31	$7700.00	Window Closed / Lapsed

Multiple-measurement noise-reducing system

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