Lamp circuit

Claim 2

Apparatus comprising: an enclosure having at least one envelope portion capable of transmitting light therethrough; said enclosure containing gas, an anode and a cathode; said cathode and anode being spaced a predetermined distance apart within said container; means for establishing potentials between said anode and cathode sufficient to initiate and sustain an arc within said gas, whereby light is emitted by said gas during operation of said apparatus and an anode-cathode current flows between said anode and cathode; means for applying an AC potential across said cathode, whereby an AC current flows through said cathode in addition to said anode-cathode current; and means for controlling the electrical power applied to said cathode to maintain the AC potential across said cathode at a value that maintains a predetermined relationship between the AC potential drop across said cathode and the AC current through the cathode during the operation of said apparatus.

Claim 3

Apparatus according to claim 1 in which: said cathode has a power-temperature characteristic with an anomaly; and said means for controlling maintains the power applied to the cathode at a level outside of said anomaly.

Claim 4

Apparatus according to claim 2 in which said anomaly includes a portion in which the rate of change of the power-temperature characteristic is positive when the temperature is increasing and negative when decreasing.

Claim 5

Apparatus according to claim 1 in which: said cathode has a sputtering point; and said means for controlling includes means for maintaining the power applied to said cathode at a level a predetermined increment higher than the sputtering point.

Claim 6

Apparatus according to claim 3 in which: said cathode has a cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve; and said means for controlling includes means for maintaining the said cathode at a level sufficient to be outside the cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve between the sputtering region and none-sputtering region.

Claim 7

Apparatus according to claim 2 in which said means for controlling includes means for maintaining the ratio of the AC potential drop across said cathode to AC current through said cathode at a predetermined value during operation of said apparatus.

Claim 8

Apparatus according to claim 6 in which said predetermined relationship is proportional to the ratio of an AC potential drop across the cathode to AC current through the cathode at a predetermined temperature lower than the temperature of said cathode during operation of said apparatus.

Claim 9

Apparatus according to claim 7 in which said means for controlling said relationship includes means for comparing the AC potential drop across the cathode multiplied by a first proportionality factor with the AC current through the cathode multiplied by a second proportionality factor at room temperature to establish a predetermined relationship and then changing the proportionality factors in such a way as to change the relationship between the AC potential drop multiplied by its proportionality factor to the AC current multiplied by its proportionality factor by a value between 3 and 5.

Claim 10

Apparatus according to claim 8 in which said means for comparing includes means for developing a signal related to changes in said relationship and means for applying AC potential to said cathode related to said signal.

Claim 11

Apparatus according to claim 9 in which said relationship between the ratio of AC potential and AC current at operating conditions is substantially four times the ratio at room temperature.

Claim 12

Apparatus according to claim 10 in which said means for controlling said relationship includes an alternating curent control means.

Claim 13

Apparatus according to claim 11 in which said gas is deuterium gas and said envelope, deuterium gas, cathode and anode comprise a deuterium lamp.

Claim 14

Apparatus according to claim 1 in which said means for controlling includes means for maintaining the ratio of the AC potential drop across said cathode to AC current through said cathode at a predetermined value during operation of said apparatus.

Claim 15

Apparatus according to claim 13 in which said predetermined relationship is proportional to the ratio of AC potential drop across the cathode to AC current through the cathode at a predetermined cathode temperature lower than the temperature of said cathode during operation of said apparatus.

Claim 16

Apparatus according to claim 14 in which said: means for controlling said relationship includes means for comparing the AC potential drop across the cathode multiplied by a first proportionality factor with the AC current through the cathode multiplied by a second proportionality factor at room temperature to establish a predetermined relationship and then changing the proportionality factors in such a way as to change the relationship between the voltage multiplied by its proportionality factor to current by its proportionality factor by a value between 3 and 5; said means for comparing includes means for developing a signal related to changes in said relationship and means for applying AC potential to said cathode related to said signal; said means responsive to said signal is an alternating current means.

Claim 17

Apparatus according to claim 15 in which said gas is deuterium gas and said envelope, deuterium gas, cathode and anode comprise a deuterium lamp.

Claim 18

Apparatus according to claim 1 in which said means for controlling said relationship includes means for comparing the AC potential drop across cathode multiplied by a first proportionality factor with the AC current through the cathode multiplied by a second proportionality factor at room temperature to establish a predetermined relationship and then changing the proportionality factors in such a way as to change the relationship between the AC potential drop multiplied by its proportinality factor to the AC current multiplied by its proportionality factor by a value between 3 and 5.

Claim 19

Apparatus according to claim 17 in which: said means for comparing includes means for developing a signal related to changes in said relationship and means for applying AC potential to said cathode related to said signal; said means responsive to said signal is an alternating current means; and said gas is deuterium gas and said envelope, deuterium gas, cathode and anode comprise a deuterium lamp.

Claim 20

Apparatus according to claim 1 in which said gas is deuterium gas and said envelope, deuterium gas, cathode and anode comprise a deuterium lamp.

Claim 21

Apparatus comprising: a deuterium lamp having a cathode and an anode; said cathode having a high emissivity coat; means for creating an arc between said anode and said cathode, whereby an arc current flows between said anode and said cathode; means for applying an AC sensing potential across said cathode, whereby a cathode AC potential drop is created across said cathode and an AC cathode sensing current flows through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC sensing current through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC potential drop across said cathode; means for applying energy to said cathode, whereby the ratio between said AC potential drop and AC sensing current is altered; and feedback means for controlling the energy applied to said cathode by said means for applying energy in response to said measurements of AC potential drop and AC sensing current through said cathode for maintaining said ratio in a predetermined relationship.

Claim 22

Apparatus comprising: a deuterium lamp having a cathode and an anode; said cathode having a high emissivity coat; means for creating an arc between said anode and said cathode, whereby an arc current flows between said anode and said cathode; means for applying an AC sensing potential across said cathode, whereby a cathode AC potential drop is created across said cathode and an AC cathode sensing current flows through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC sensing current through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC potential drop across said cathode; means for applying energy to said cathode, whereby the ratio between said AC potential drop and AC sensing current is altered; and feedback means for controlling the energy applied to said cathode by said means for applying energy in response to said measurements of AC potential drop and AC sensing current through said cathode for maintaining said ratio in a predetermined relationship.

Claim 23

Apparatus according to claim 20 in which: said cathode has a power-temperature characteristic with an anomaly; and said means for controlling maintains the cathode at a level outside of said anomaly.

Claim 24

Apparatus according to claim 20 in which: said cathode has a sputtering point; and said feedback means for controlling includes means for maintaining the temperature of said cathode at a level a predetermined increment higher than the sputtering point.

Claim 25

Apparatus according to claim 21 in which: said cathode has a cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve; and said means for controlling includes means for maintaining the said cathode at a level outside the cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve and higher than the sputtering point.

Claim 26

Apparatus according to claim 23 in which said means for applying energy includes means for controlling the AC potential applied across said cathode.

Claim 27

Apparatus according to claim 24 in which said feedback means includes: means for balancing the AC components of said potential derived from said AC current against the AC components of said potential proportional to the AC potential drop across said cathode; means for adjusting said means for balancing so that a predetermined signal is provided by said balancing means when said deuterium lamp is operating with its cathode at an operating temperature that is a predetermined small temperature increment above the sputtering temperature, whereby noise is reduced and the life of the lamp is increased.

Claim 28

Apparatus comprising: a deuterium lamp having a cathode and an anode; said cathode having a high emissivity coat; means for creating an arc between said anode and said cathode; whereby an arc current flows between said anode and said cathode; means for applying an AC sensing potential across said cathode, whereby a cathode AC potential drop is created across said cathode and an AC cathode sensing current flows through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC sensing current through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC potential drop across said cathode; means for applying energy to said cathode, whereby the ratio between said AC potential drop and AC sensing current is altered; feedback means for controlling the energy applied to said cathode by said means for applying energy in response to said measurements of AC potential drop and AC sensing current through said cathode for maintaining said ratio in a predetermined relationship; said cathode having a power-temperature characteristic with an anomaly; said means for controlling maintaining the cathode at a level outside of said anomaly; said cathode having a cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve; said means for controlling includes means for maintaining the said cathode at a level outside the cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve and higher than the sputtering point; said means for adjusting including means for selecting a resistance within a range that permits at least selection of one resistance that is more than three times another resistance; said means for selecting a resistance including means connecting said resistance to one side of said cathode; said feedback means including at least one linear operational amplifier; one input of said linear operational amplifier being electrically connected to the other side of said cathode; and said means for connecting said resistance including means for connecting said resistance in circuit with said means for deriving a potential related to said AC current through said cathode and to the other input of said linear operational amplifier.

Claim 29

Apparatus comprising: a deuterium lamp having a cathode and an anode; said cathode having a high emissivity coat; means for creating an arc between said anode and said cathode; whereby an arc current flows between said anode and said cathode; means for applying an AC sensing potential across said cathode, whereby a cathode AC potential drop is created across said cathode and an AC cathode sensing current flows through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC sensing current through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC potential drop across said cathode; means for applying energy to said cathode, whereby the ratio between said AC potential drop and AC sensing current is altered; feedback means for controlling the energy applied to said cathode by said means for applying energy in response to said measurements of AC potential drop and AC sensing current through said cathode for maintaining said ratio in a predetermined relationship; said cathode having a power-temperature characteristic with an anomaly; said means for controlling maintaining the cathode at a level outside of said anomaly; said cathode having a cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve; said means for controlling includes means for maintaining the said cathode at a level outside the cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve and higher than the sputtering point; said means for adjusting including means for selecting a resistance within a range that permits at least selection of one resistance that is more than three times another resistance; said means for selecting a resistance including means connecting said resistance to one side of said cathode; said feedback means including at least one linear operational amplifier; one input of said linear operational amplifier being electrically connected to the other side of said cathode; and said means for connecting said resistance including means for connecting said resistance in circuit with said means for deriving a potential related to said AC current through said cathode and to the other input of said linear operational amplifier.

Claim 30

Apparatus according to claim 26 in which said feedback means includes: a PNP transistor; a first diode, having its anode electrically connected to the collector of said PNP transistor; a NPN transistor; a second diode; said second diode having its cathode electrically connected to the collector of said NPN transistor; the output of said linear operational amplifier being connected to the bases of said NPN and PNP transistors; a transformer; a source of AC potential having first and second output terminals; said transformer having first and second windings; a first of said windings of said transformer being electrically connected at one end to the cathode of said first diode and to the anode of said second diode; the second end of said first winding being electrically connected to one end of said AC source; the emitters of said NPN and PNP transistors being electrically connected to the second end of said AC source through said means for obtaining a potential related to said current through said cathode, whereby said means for obtaining a potential controls the amplitude of current through said cathode; and the second winding of said transformer providing said output signal.

Claim 31

Apparatus according to claim 27 in which said feedback means includes a lamp electrically connected between said first end of said first winding of said transformer and one of said anode of said first and second diodes, whereby said lamp is illuminated when said second diode conducts.

Claim 32

Apparatus comprising: a deuterium lamp having a cathode and an anode; said cathode having a high emissivity coat; means for creating an arc between said anode and said cathode, whereby an arc current flows between said anode and said cathode; means for applying an AC sensing potential across said cathode, whereby a cathode AC potential drop is created across said cathode and an AC cathode sensing current flows through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC sensing current through said cathode; means for deriving a signal porportional to said AC potential drop across said cathode; means for applying energy to said cathode, whereby the ratio between said AC potential drop and AC sensing circuit is altered; feedback means for controlling the energy applied to said cathode by said means for applying energy in response to said measurements of AC potential drop and AC sensing current through said cathode for maintaining said ratio in a predetermined relationship; said cathode having a power-temperature characteristic with an anomaly; said means for controlling including means for maintaining the cathode at a level outside of said anomaly; said cathode having a cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve; said means for controlling including means for maintaining the said cathode at a level outside the cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve and above the sputtering point. said feedback means including means for selecting a resistance within a range that permits at least selection of one resistance that is more than three times another resistance; said means for selecting a resistance including means connecting said resistance to one side of said cathode; said feedback means including at least one linear operational amplifier; one input of said linear operational amplifier being electrically connected to the other side of said cathode; said means for connecting said resistance including means for connecting said resistance in circuit with said means for deriving a potential related to said AC current through said cathode and to the other input of said linear operational amplifier; said feedback means including: a PNP transistor; a first diode, having its anode electrically connected to the collector of said PNP transistor; an NPN transistor; a second diode; a transformer; a source of AC potential having first and second output terminals; said second diode having its cathode electrically connected to the collector of said NPN transistor; the output of said linear operational amplifier being connected to the bases of said NPN and PNP transistors; said transformer having first and second windings; a first of said windings of said transformer being electrically connected at one end to the cathode of said first diode and to the anode of said second diode; the second end of said first winding being electrically connected to one end of said AC source; the emitters of said NPN and PNP transistors being electrically connected to the second end of said AC source through said means for obtaining a potential related to said current through said cathode, whereby said means for obtaining a potential controls the amplitude of current through said cathode; the second winding of said transformer providing said output signal; said feedback means including a lamp electrically connected between said first end of said first winding of said transformer and one of said anode of said anode of said first and second diodes, whereby said lamp is illuminated when said second diode conducts; said means for applying energy including first rectifier bridge means and a second rectifier bridge means; one diagonal of said first rectifier bridge means being electrically connected across the second winding of said transformer; the other diagonal of said rectifier bridge means being electrically connected to a transistor switch, whereby pulses through said transformer close said transistor switch; and said source of AC power being electrically connected between said transistor switch means and said second rectifier bridge means to permit AC potential to be applied through said transistor switch means and said rectifier bridge to the cathode.

Claim 33

Apparatus comprising: a deuterium lamp having a cathode and an anode; said cathode having a high emissivity coat; means for creating an arc between said anode and said cathode, whereby an arc current flows between said anode and said cathode; means for applying an AC sensing potential across said cathode, whereby a cathode AC potential drop is created across said cathode and an AC cathode sensing current flows through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC sensing current through said cathode; means for deriving a signal porportional to said AC potential drop across said cathode; means for applying energy to said cathode, whereby the ratio between said AC potential drop and AC sensing circuit is altered; feedback means for controlling the energy applied to said cathode by said means for applying energy in response to said measurements of AC potential drop and AC sensing current through said cathode for maintaining said ratio in a predetermined relationship; said cathode having a power-temperature characteristic with an anomaly; said means for controlling including means for maintaining the cathode at a level outside of said anomaly; said cathode having a cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve; said means for controlling including means for maintaining the said cathode at a level outside the cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve and above the sputtering point. said feedback means including means for selecting a resistance within a range that permits at least selection of one resistance that is more than three times another resistance; said means for selecting a resistance including means connecting said resistance to one side of said cathode; said feedback means including at least one linear operational amplifier; one input of said linear operational amplifier being electrically connected to the other side of said cathode; said means for connecting said resistance including means for connecting said resistance in circuit with said means for deriving a potential related to said AC current through said cathode and to the other input of said linear operational amplifier; said feedback means including: a PNP transistor; a first diode, having its anode electrically connected to the collector of said PNP transistor; an NPN transistor; a second diode; a transformer; a source of AC potential having first and second output terminals; said second diode having its cathode electrically connected to the collector of said NPN transistor; the output of said linear operational amplifier being connected to the bases of said NPN and PNP transistors; said transformer having first and second windings; a first of said windings of said transformer being electrically connected at one end to the cathode of said first diode and to the anode of said second diode; the second end of said first winding being electrically connected to one end of said AC source; the emitters of said NPN and PNP transistors being electrically connected to the second end of said AC source through said means for obtaining a potential related to said current through said cathode, whereby said means for obtaining a potential controls the amplitude of current through said cathode; the second winding of said transformer providing said output signal; said feedback means including a lamp electrically connected between said first end of said first winding of said transformer and one of said anode of said anode of said first and second diodes, whereby said lamp is illuminated when said second diode conducts; said means for applying energy including first rectifier bridge means and a second rectifier bridge means; one diagonal of said first rectifier bridge means being electrically connected across the second winding of said transformer; the other diagonal of said rectifier bridge means being electrically connected to a transistor switch, whereby pulses through said transformer close said transistor switch; and said source of AC power being electrically connected between said transistor switch means and said second rectifier bridge means to permit AC potential to be applied through said transistor switch means and said rectifier bridge to the cathode.

Claim 34

Apparatus according to claim 20 in which said means for applying energy includes means for controlling the AC potential applied across said cathode.

Claim 35

Apparatus according to claim 30 in which said feedback means includes: means for balancing the AC components of said AC potential derived from said current against the AC components of said potential proportional to the AC potential drop across said cathode; means for adjusting said means for balancing so that a predetermined signal is provided by said balancing means when said deuterium lamp is operating with its cathode at an operating temperature that is a predetermined small temperature increment above the sputtering temperature, whereby noise is reduced and the life of said lamp is increased.

Claim 36

Apparatus comprising: a deuterium lamp having a cathode and an anode; said cathode having a high emissivity coat; means for creating an arc between said anode and said cathode, whereby an arc current flows between said anode and said cathode; means for applying an AC sensing potential across said cathode, whereby a cathode AC potential drop is created across said cathode and an AC cathode sensing current flows through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC sensing current through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC potential drop across said cathode; means for applying energy to said cathode, whereby the ratio between said AC potential drop and AC sensing current is altered; feedback means for controlling the energy applied to said cathode by said means for applying energy in response to said measurements of AC potential drop and AC sensing current through said cathode for maintaining said ratio in a predetermined relationship; said means for applying energy including means for controlling the AC potential applied across said cathode; said feedback means including means for balancing the AC components of said AC potential derived from said current against the AC components of said potential proportional to the AC potential drop across said cathode; and means for adjusting said means for balancing so that a predetermined signal is provided by said balancing means when said deuterium lamp is operating with its cathode at an operating temperature that is a predetermined small temperature increment above the sputtering temperature, whereby noise is reduced and the life of said lamp is increased; said means for adjusting includes means for selecting a resistance within a range that permits at least selection of one resistance that is three times another resistance; said means for selecting including means for connecting said resistance to one side of said cathode; said feedback means including at least one linear operational amplifier; one input of said linear operational amplifier being electrically connected to the other side of said cathode; said means for connecting said resistance including means for connecting said resistance in circuit with said means for deriving a potential related to said AC current through said cathode and to the other input of said linear operational amplifier; said balancing means includes a PNP transistor; a first diode, having its anode electrically connected to the collector of said PNP transistor; a NPN transistor; a second diode; a source of AC potential having first and second output terminals; said second diode having its cathode electrically connected to the collector of said NPN transistor; the output of said linear operational amplifier being connected to the bases of said NPN and PNP transistors; and a transformer; said transformer having first and second windings; a first of said windings of said transformer being electrically connected at one end to the cathode of said first diode and to the anode of said second diode; the second end of said first winding being electrically connected to one end of said AC source; the emitters of said NPN and PNP transistors being electrically connected to the second end of said AC source through said means for obtaining a potential related to said current through said cathode; the second winding of said transformer providing said output signal; said means for adjusting includes a lamp electrically connected between said first end of said first winding of said transformer and the anode of said second diode, whereby said lamp is illuminated when said second diode conducts; said means for applying power includes first and second rectifier bridge means; one diagonal of said rectifier bridge means being electrically connected across the second winding of said transformer; the other diagonal of said rectifier bridge means being electrically connected to a transistor switch, whereby pulses through said transformer close said transistor switch; and said source of AC power being electrically connected between said transistor switch means and said rectifier bridge to permit AC potential to be applied through said transistor switch means and said rectifier bridge to the cathode.

Claim 37

Apparatus comprising: a deuterium lamp having a cathode and an anode; said cathode having a high emissivity coat; means for creating an arc between said anode and said cathode, whereby an arc current flows between said anode and said cathode; means for applying an AC sensing potential across said cathode, whereby a cathode AC potential drop is created across said cathode and an AC cathode sensing current flows through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC sensing current through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC potential drop across said cathode; means for applying energy to said cathode, whereby the ratio between said AC potential drop and AC sensing current is altered; feedback means for controlling the energy applied to said cathode by said means for applying energy in response to said measurements of AC potential drop and AC sensing current through said cathode for maintaining said ratio in a predetermined relationship; said means for applying energy including means for controlling the AC potential applied across said cathode; said feedback means including means for balancing the AC components of said AC potential derived from said current against the AC components of said potential proportional to the AC potential drop across said cathode; and means for adjusting said means for balancing so that a predetermined signal is provided by said balancing means when said deuterium lamp is operating with its cathode at an operating temperature that is a predetermined small temperature increment above the sputtering temperature, whereby noise is reduced and the life of said lamp is increased; said means for adjusting includes means for selecting a resistance within a range that permits at least selection of one resistance that is three times another resistance; said means for selecting including means for connecting said resistance to one side of said cathode; said feedback means including at least one linear operational amplifier; one input of said linear operational amplifier being electrically connected to the other side of said cathode; said means for connecting said resistance including means for connecting said resistance in circuit with said means for deriving a potential related to said AC current through said cathode and to the other input of said linear operational amplifier; said balancing means includes a PNP transistor; a first diode, having its anode electrically connected to the collector of said PNP transistor; a NPN transistor; a second diode; a source of AC potential having first and second output terminals; said second diode having its cathode electrically connected to the collector of said NPN transistor; the output of said linear operational amplifier being connected to the bases of said NPN and PNP transistors; and a transformer; said transformer having first and second windings; a first of said windings of said transformer being electrically connected at one end to the cathode of said first diode and to the anode of said second diode; the second end of said first winding being electrically connected to one end of said AC source; the emitters of said NPN and PNP transistors being electrically connected to the second end of said AC source through said means for obtaining a potential related to said current through said cathode; the second winding of said transformer providing said output signal; said means for adjusting includes a lamp electrically connected between said first end of said first winding of said transformer and the anode of said second diode, whereby said lamp is illuminated when said second diode conducts; said means for applying power includes first and second rectifier bridge means; one diagonal of said rectifier bridge means being electrically connected across the second winding of said transformer; the other diagonal of said rectifier bridge means being electrically connected to a transistor switch, whereby pulses through said transformer close said transistor switch; and said source of AC power being electrically connected between said transistor switch means and said rectifier bridge to permit AC potential to be applied through said transistor switch means and said rectifier bridge to the cathode.

Claim 38

Apparatus according to claim 20 in which: said feedback means includes: means for balancing the AC components of said AC potential derived from said current against the AC components of said potential proportional to the AC potential drop across said cathode; and means for adjusting said means for balancing so that a predetermined signal is provided by said balancing means when said deuterium lamp is operating with its cathode at an operating temperature that is a predetermined small temperature increment above the sputtering temperature, whereby noise is reduced and the life of said lamp is increased.

Claim 39

Apparatus comprising: a deuterium lamp having a cathode and an anode; said cathode having a high emissivity coat; means for creating an arc between said anode and said cathode, whereby an arc current flows between said anode and said cathode; means for applying an AC sensing potential across said cathode, whereby a cathode AC potential drop is created across said cathode and an AC cathode sensing current flows through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC sensing current through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC potential drop across said cathode; means for applying energy to said cathode, whereby the ratio between said AC potential drop and AC sensing current is altered; feedback means for controlling the energy applied to said cathode by said means for applying energy in response to said measurements of AC potential drop and AC sensing current through said cathode for maintaining said ratio in a predetermined relationship; said feedback means including means for balancing the AC components of said AC potential derived from said current against the AC components of said potential proportional to the AC potential drop across said cathode; and means for adjusting said means for balancing so that a predetermined signal is provided by said balancing means when said deuterium lamp is operating with its cathode at an operating temperature that is a predetermined small temperature increment above the sputtering temperature, whereby noise is reduced and the life of said lamp is increased; said means for adjusting including means for selecting a resistance within a range that permits at least selection of one resistance that is three times another resistance; said means for selecting including means for connecting said resistance to one side of said cathode; said feedback means including at least one linear operational amplifier; one input of said linear operational amplifier being electrically connected to the other side of said cathode; the second winding of said transformer providing said output signal; said means for adjusting includes a lamp electrically connected between said first end of said first winding of said transformer and the anode of said second diode, whereby said lamp is illuminated when said second diode conducts; said means for applying power includes first and second rectifier bridge means; one diagonal of said rectifier bridge means being electrically connected across the second winding of said transformer; the other diagonal of said rectifier bridge means being electrically connected to a transistor control means whereby pulses through said transformer close said transistor switch; and said source of AC power being electrically connected between said transistor switch means and said rectifier bridge to permit AC potential to be applied through said transistor switch means and said rectifier bridge to the cathode.

Claim 40

Apparatus comprising: a deuterium lamp having a cathode and an anode; said cathode having a high emissivity coat; means for creating an arc between said anode and said cathode, whereby an arc current flows between said anode and said cathode; means for applying an AC sensing potential across said cathode, whereby a cathode AC potential drop is created across said cathode and an AC cathode sensing current flows through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC sensing current through said cathode; means for deriving a signal proportional to said AC potential drop across said cathode; means for applying energy to said cathode, whereby the ratio between said AC potential drop and AC sensing current is altered; feedback means for controlling the energy applied to said cathode by said means for applying energy in response to said measurements of AC potential drop and AC sensing current through said cathode for maintaining said ratio in a predetermined relationship; said feedback means including means for balancing the AC components of said AC potential derived from said current against the AC components of said potential proportional to the AC potential drop across said cathode; and means for adjusting said means for balancing so that a predetermined signal is provided by said balancing means when said deuterium lamp is operating with its cathode at an operating temperature that is a predetermined small temperature increment above the sputtering temperature, whereby noise is reduced and the life of said lamp is increased; said means for adjusting including means for selecting a resistance within a range that permits at least selection of one resistance that is three times another resistance; said means for selecting including means for connecting said resistance to one side of said cathode; said feedback means including at least one linear operational amplifier; one input of said linear operational amplifier being electrically connected to the other side of said cathode; the second winding of said transformer providing said output signal; said means for adjusting includes a lamp electrically connected between said first end of said first winding of said transformer and the anode of said second diode, whereby said lamp is illuminated when said second diode conducts; said means for applying power includes first and second rectifier bridge means; one diagonal of said rectifier bridge means being electrically connected across the second winding of said transformer; the other diagonal of said rectifier bridge means being electrically connected to a transistor control means whereby pulses through said transformer close said transistor switch; and said source of AC power being electrically connected between said transistor switch means and said rectifier bridge to permit AC potential to be applied through said transistor switch means and said rectifier bridge to the cathode.

Claim 41

Apparatus for receiving a gas discharge tube that has a cathode and an anode, comprising: anode-cathode means for applying a potential between said cathode and anode whereby an anode-cathode current is created between said cathode and said anode; measuring means for measuring the temperature of said cathode; cathode means for applying power to said cathode; and feedback means, responsive to said measuring means, for controlling said cathode means to maintain the temperature of said cathode at a predetermined value.

Claim 42

Apparatus for receiving a gas discharge tube that has a cathode and an anode, comprising: anode-cathode means for applying a potential between said cathode and anode whereby an anode-cathode current is created between said cathode and said anode; measuring means for measuring the temperature of said cathode; cathode means for applying power to said cathode; and feedback means, responsive to said measuring means, for controlling said cathode means to maintain the temperature of said cathode at a predetermined value.

Claim 43

Apparatus according to claim 35 in which: said cathode is subject to physical alternation during operation at certain ranges of temperature; and said means for controlling maintains the temperature of said cathode at a level outside said certain ranges.

Claim 44

Apparatus according to claim 36 in which: said cathode has a cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve; and said means for controlling maintains the said cathode at a level above the cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve.

Claim 45

Apparatus according to claim 37 in which: said means for applying power comprises means for applying an AC potential across said cathode whereby a separate AC current flows through said cathode in addition to said cathode-anode current; and said feedback means includes means for deriving a potential related to said separate current and a potential related to the AC potential drop across said cathode.

Claim 46

Apparatus according to claim 38 in which said feedback means includes a means for measuring the ratio of said AC voltage drop across said cathode to said separate AC current and maintaining the temperature of said cathode at a value which is a predetermined multiple of said ratio representing the ratio of the resistivity of said cathode at an optimum operating temperature to its resistivity at a lower temperature.

Claim 47

Apparatus according to claim 39 in which said lower temperature is room temperature and said operating temperature is approximately 1000 K.

Claim 48

Apparatus according to claim 35 in which: said means for applying power comprises means for applying an AC potential across said cathode whereby a separate AC current flows through said cathode in addition to said cathode-anode current; and said feedback means includes means for deriving a potential related to said separate current and a potential related to the AC potential drop across said cathode.

Claim 49

Apparatus according to claim 41 in which said feedback means includes a means for measuring the ratio of said AC voltage drop across said cathode to said separate AC current and maintaining the temperature of said cathode at a value which is a predetermined multiple of said ratio representing the ratio of the resistivity of said cathode at an optimum operating temperature to its resistivity at a lower temperature.

Claim 50

Apparatus according to claim 42 in which said lower temperature is room temperature and said operating temperature is approximately 980 K.

Claim 51

Apparatus according to claim 35 in which said feedback means includes a means for measuring the ratio of said AC voltage drop across said cathode to said separate AC current and maintaining the temperature of said cathode.

Claim 52

Apparatus according to claim 44 in which said lower temperature is room temperature and said operating temperature is approximately 980 K.

Claim 53

Apparatus according to claim 35 in which said temperature is approximately 980 K.

Claim 54

Apparatus comprising: a gas discharge tube having a cathode and an anode; means for measuring the resistance of said cathode at first and second temperatures; feedback means for applying power to said cathode to maintain its temperature at a preset value in response to said means for measuring said resistance; and said feedback means including means for maintaining the ratio of said resistance at said second temperature to said resistance at said first temperature constant.

Claim 55

Apparatus comprising: a gas discharge tube having a cathode and an anode; means for measuring the resistance of said cathode at first and second temperatures; feedback means for applying power to said cathode to maintain its temperature at a preset value in response to said means for measuring said resistance; and said feedback means including means for maintaining the ratio of said resistance at said second temperature to said resistance at said first temperature constant.

Claim 56

Apparatus according to claim 47 in which: said cathode has an anomaly in its cathode-power temperature characteristic; and said means for measuring includes means for maintaining the temperature of said cathode at a level a predetermined increment outside said anomaly.

Claim 57

Apparatus according to claim 48 in which: said cathode has a cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve; and said means for measuring includes means for maintaining the cathode at a temperature above the cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve.

Claim 58

Apparatus for receiving a gas discharge tube that has a cathode and an anode, comprising: anode-cathode means for applying a potential between said cathode and anode whereby an anode-cathode current is created between said cathode and said anode; measuring means for measuring the condition of said cathode; said cathode having an anomaly in its power temperature characteristic; means for maintaining the condition of said cathode at a level outside the anomaly.

Claim 59

Apparatus for receiving a gas discharge tube that has a cathode and an anode, comprising: anode-cathode means for applying a potential between said cathode and anode whereby an anode-cathode current is created between said cathode and said anode; measuring means for measuring the condition of said cathode; said cathode having an anomaly in its power temperature characteristic; means for maintaining the condition of said cathode at a level outside the anomaly.

Claim 60

Apparatus for receiving a gas discharge tube that has a cathode and an anode, comprising: anode-cathode means for applying a potential between said cathode and anode whereby an anode-cathode current is created between said cathode and said anode; measuring means for measuring the condition of said cathode; said cathode having a cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve; means for maintaining the said cathode at a temperature above the cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve.

Claim 61

Apparatus for receiving a gas discharge tube that has a cathode and an anode, comprising: anode-cathode means for applying a potential between said cathode and anode whereby an anode-cathode current is created between said cathode and said anode; measuring means for measuring the condition of said cathode; said cathode having a cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve; means for maintaining the said cathode at a temperature above the cathode-power cathode-temperature hysteresis curve.

Claim 64

A method according to claim 52 in which the step of controlling the source of power includes the step of controlling the source of power to maintain said temperature at a level which is above the hysteresis curve within the cathode-power cathode-temperature curve.

Claim 65

A method according to claim 53 in which said step of measuring the temperature includes the steps of applying an AC signal across said cathode, measuring the AC voltage drop across said cathode and the AC current through said cathode caused by said AC potential and calculating the ratio of said potential to current.

Claim 66

A method according to claim 54 in which said step of controlling includes the step of measuring the resistance of the cathode at a first temperature and applying power until the resistance of the cathode equals that at the proper operating temperature.

Claim 67

A method according to claim 55 in which the step of controlling includes the steps of: measuring the resistance of the cathode at room temperature; determining the resistance of the cathode at the optimum operating temperature; and measuring the resistance of the cathode during operation of the gas discharge tube to keep it at the resistance calculated for the optimum temperature.

Claim 68

A method according to claim 56 in which the step of maintaining the temperature of the cathode includes the step of feeding back a signal representing the measurement of the cathode resistance at the operating temperature and comparing it with a signal representing the calculated optimum temperature based on its ratio with the resistance at room temperature and using the comparison to control the application of power to the cathode.

Claim 71

A method according to claim 58 in which said step of measuring the temperature includes the steps of applying an AC signal across said cathode, measuring the AC voltage drop across said cathode and the AC current through said cathode caused by said AC potential and calculating the ratio of said potential to current.

Claim 72

A method according to claim 59 in which said step of controlling includes the step of measuring the resistance of the cathode at a first temperature and applying power until the resistance of the cathode equals that at the proper operating temperature.

Claim 73

A method according to claim 60 in which the step of controlling includes the steps of: measuring the resistance of the cathode at room temperature; determining the resistance of the cathode at the optimum operating temperature; and measuring the resistance of the cathode during operation of the gas discharge tube to keep it at the resistance calculated for the optimum temperature.

Claim 74

A method according to claim 61 in which the step of maintaining the temperature of the cathode includes the step of feeding back a signal representing the measurement of the cathode resistance at the operating temperature and comparing it with a signal representing the calculated optimum temperature based on its ratio with the resistance at room temperature and using the comparison to control the application of power to the cathode.

Claim 77

A method according to claim 63 in which said step of controlling includes the step of measuring the resistance of the cathode at a first temperature and applying power until the resistance of the cathode equals that at the proper operating temperature.

Claim 78

A method according to claim 64 in which the step of controlling includes the steps of: measuring the resistance of the cathode at room temperature; determining the resistance of the cathode at the optimum operating temperature; and measuring the resistance of the cathode during operation of the gas discharge tube to keep it at the resistance calculated for the optimum temperature.

Claim 79

A method according to claim 65 in which the step of maintaining the temperature of the cathode includes the step of feeding back a signal representing the measurement of the cathode resistance at the operating temperature and comparing it with a signal representing the calculated optimum temperature based on its ratio with the resistance at room temperature and using the comparison to control the application of power to the cathode.

Claim 82

A method according to claim 67 in which the step of controlling includes the steps of: measuring the resistance of the cathode at room temperature; determining the resistance of the cathode at the optimum operating temperature; and measuring the resistance of the cathode during operation of the gas discharge tube to keep it at the resistance calculated for the optimum temperature.

Claim 83

A method according to claim 68 in which the step of maintaining the temperature of the cathode includes the step of feeding back a signal representing the measurement of the cathode resistance at the operating temperature and comparing it with a signal representing the calculated optimum temperature based on it ratio with the resistance at room temperature and using the comparison to control the application of power to the cathode.

Claim 86

A method according to claim 70 in which the step of maintaining the temperature of the cathode includes the step of feeding back a signal representing the measurement of the cathode resistance at the operating temperature and comparing it with a signal representing the calculated optimum temperature based on it ratio with the resistance at room temperature and using the comparison to control the application of power to the cathode.

Claim 91

A method according to claim 73 in which the step of maintaining the temperature includes the step of maintaining the temperature above the sputtering point.

Claim 94

A method according to claim 75 in which the step of measuring the temperature includes the steps of applying an AC signal across said cathode, measuring the AC voltage drop across said cathode and the AC current through said cathode caused by said AC potential and calculating the ratio of said potential to current.

Claim 95

A method according to claim 76 in which the step of controlling the source of power includes the step of measuring the resistance of the cathode at a first temperature and applying power until the resistance of the cathode equals that of the operating temperature above said hysteresis curve.

Claim 96

A method according to claim 77 in which the step of controlling includes the steps of: developing a signal representative of the resistance of said cathode at room temperature; developing a signal based on the measurement of said resistance of said cathode at its operating temperature; comparing said signal representing the potential at room temperature with the signal representing the temperature of the cathode; and correcting the temperature of the cathode by applying power thereto intil it is in a predetermined relationship with the resistance of the cathode at room temperature.

Claim 97

A method according to claim 75 in which the step of maintaining includes the step of applying an AC potential across said cathode whereby the most negative point of the AC potential moves over the surface of said cathode.