Positive sequence undervoltage distance relay

Claim 2

An undervoltage distance relay for association with a three phase transmission line and adapted to provide a blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault behind the relay but providing no blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault on the transmission line in front of the relay, the relay comprising: (a) means for developing quantities -V 1 , +V 1 , and I 1 Z R , where: V 1 is a signal representative of the positive sequence component of the phase to ground or phase to phase voltages of the transmission line, I 1 is a signal representative of the positive sequence component of the phase currents of the transmission line when V 1 is related to phase to ground voltage and is a signal representation of the positive sequence component of the delta currents when V 1 is related to phase to phase voltage, Z R is a replica impedance of the equivalent positive sequence source impedance behind the relay and is of a magnitude equal to or greater than a quantity of a constant K times said equivalent positive sequence source impedance, (b) first summing means for summing I 1 Z R and -V 1 and developing a signal (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), (c) first means for receiving said signal (I 1 Z R -V 1 ) and developing an output signal (-K) (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), where K is a constant having a value selected between the range of 0.5 to 1.0 and has an out-of-phase relationship with (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), said first means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said output signal after removal of or change to the received signal, (d) second summing means for receiving and summing together said signals (I 1 Z R -V 1 ) and (-K) (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), so as to develop a signal (1-K) (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), expressed as an operating V OP signal, (e) second means for receiving said +V 1 signal and developing a polarizing signal V POL representative of the +V 1 signal, said second means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said polarizing signal after removal of or change to the received +V 1 signal, and, (f) coincidence detection means for comparing the phase of the operate signal V OP with the phase of the polarizing signal V POL and developing a blocking signal when the phase coincidence between V OP and V POL exceeds a predetermined duration.

Claim 3

An undervoltage distance relay for association with a three phase transmission line and adapted to provide a blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault behind the relay but providing no blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault on the transmission line in front of the relay, the relay comprising: (a) means for developing quantities -V 1 , +V 1 , I 1 Z R , and -I 1 Z R ' where: V 1 is a signal representative of the positive sequence component of the phase to ground or phase to phase voltages of the transmission line, I 1 is a signal representative of the positive sequence component of the phase currents of the transmission line when V 1 is related to phase to ground voltage and is a signal representation of the positive sequence component of the delta currents when V 1 is related to phase to phase voltage, Z R is a replica impedance of the equivalent positive sequence source impedance behind the relay and is of a magnitude equal to or greater than a quantity of a constant K times said equivalent positive sequence source impedance, Z R ' is an offset impedance having an angle selected to be substantially equal to the Z R replica impedance, (b) first summing means for summing I 1 Z R and -V 1 and developing a signal (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), (c) first means for receiving said signal (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), and developing an output signal (-K) (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), where K is a constant having a value selected between the range of 0.5 to 1.0 and has an out-of-phase relationship with (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), said first means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said output signal after removal of or change to the received signal, (d) second summing means for receiving and summing together said signals (I 1 Z R -V 1 ) and (-K) (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), so as to develop a signal (1-K) (I 1 Z R -V 1 ) expressed as an operating V OP signal, (e) third summing means for receiving and summing together signals representing said +V 1 and -I 1 Z R ' signals to provide a summation signal representing +V 1 -I 1 Z R ', (f) second means for receiving said summation signal and developing a polarizing signal V POL representative of +V 1 -I 1 Z R ', said second means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said polarizing signal V POL after removal of or a change to the received summation signal, said Z R ' quantity being selected to have a magnitude so as to minimize the phase angle coincidence between the V OP and V POL signals during non-fault conditions related to said transmission line, and, (g) coincidence detection means for comparing the phase of the operate signal V OP with the phase of the polarizing signal V POL and developing a blocking signal when the phase coincidence between V OP and V POL exceeds a predetermined duration.

Claim 4

An undervoltage distance relay for association with a three phase transmission line and adapted to provide a blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault behind the relay but providing no blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault on the transmission line in front of the relay, the relay comprising: (a) means for developing quantities -V 1 , +V 1 , I 1 Z R , and -I 1 Z R ' where: V 1 is a signal representative of the positive sequence component of the phase to ground or phase to phase voltages of the transmission line, I 1 is a signal representative of the positive sequence component of the phase currents of the transmission line when V 1 is related to phase to ground voltage and is a signal representation of the positive sequence component of the delta currents when V 1 is related to phase to phase voltage, Z R is a replica impedance of the equivalent positive sequence source impedance behind the relay and is of a magnitude equal to or greater than a quantity of a constant K times said equivalent positive sequence source impedance, Z R ' is an offset impedance having an angle selected to be substantially equal to the Z R replica impedance, (b) first summing means for summing I 1 Z R and -V 1 and developing a signal (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), (c) first means for receiving said signal (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), and developing an output signal (-K) (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), where K is a constant having a value selected between the range of 0.5 to 1.0 and has an out-of-phase relationship with (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), said first means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said output signal after removal of or change to the received signal, (d) second summing means for receiving and summing together said signals (I 1 Z R -V 1 ) and (-K) (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), so as to develop a signal (1-K) (I 1 Z R -V 1 ) expressed as an operating V OP signal, (e) third summing means for receiving and summing together signals representing said +V 1 and -I 1 Z R ' signals to provide a summation signal representing +V 1 -I 1 Z R ', (f) second means for receiving said summation signal and developing a polarizing signal V POL representative of +V 1 -I 1 Z R ', said second means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said polarizing signal V POL after removal of or a change to the received summation signal, said Z R ' quantity being selected to have a magnitude so as to minimize the phase angle coincidence between the V OP and V POL signals during non-fault conditions related to said transmission line, and, (g) coincidence detection means for comparing the phase of the operate signal V OP with the phase of the polarizing signal V POL and developing a blocking signal when the phase coincidence between V OP and V POL exceeds a predetermined duration.

Claim 5

An undervoltage distance relay for association with a three phase transmission line and adapted to provide a blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault behind the relay but providing no blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault on the transmission line in front of the relay, the relay comprising: (a) means for developing quantities -V 1 , +V 1 , I 1 Z R , and +I 1 Z R ' where: V 1 is a signal representative of the positive sequence component of the phase to ground or phase to phase voltages of the transmission line, I 1 is a signal representative of the positive sequence component of the phase currents of the transmission line when V 1 is related to phase to ground voltage and is a signal representation of the positive sequence component of the delta currents when V 1 is related to phase to phase voltage, Z R is a replica impedance of the equivalent positive sequence source impedance behind the relay and is of a magnitude equal to or greater than a quantity of a constant K times said equivalent positive sequence source impedance, Z R ' is an offset impedance having an angle selected to be substantially equal to the Z R replica impedance, (b) first summing means for summing I 1 Z R and -V 1 and developing a signal (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), (c) first means for receiving said signal (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), and developing an output signal (-K) (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), where K is a constant having a value selected between the range of 0.5 to 1.0 and has an out-of-phase relationship with (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), said first means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said output signal after removal of or change to the received signal, (d) second summing means for receiving and summing together said signals (I 1 Z R -V 1 ) and (-K) (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), so as to develop a signal (1-K) (I 1 Z R -V 1 ) expressed as an operating V OP signal, (e) third summing means for receiving and summing together signals representing said +V 1 and +I 1 Z R ' signals to provide a summation signal representing +V 1 +I 1 Z R ', (f) second means for receiving said summation signal and developing a polarizing signal V POL representative of +V 1 +I 1 Z R ', said second means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said polarizing signal V POL after removal of or change to the received summation signal, said Z R ' quantity being selected to have a magnitude so as to maintain a steady-state operation when the component V 1 of the V POL signal approaches a zero condition, and (g) coincidence detection means for comparing the phase of the operate signal V OP with the phase of the polarizing signal V POL and developing a blocking signal when the phase coincidence between V OP and V POL exceeds a predetermined duration.

Claim 6

An undervoltage distance relay for association with a three phase transmission line and adapted to provide a blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault behind the relay but providing no blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault on the transmission line in front of the relay, the relay comprising: (a) means for developing quantities -V 1 , +V 1 , I 1 Z R , and +I 1 Z R ' where: V 1 is a signal representative of the positive sequence component of the phase to ground or phase to phase voltages of the transmission line, I 1 is a signal representative of the positive sequence component of the phase currents of the transmission line when V 1 is related to phase to ground voltage and is a signal representation of the positive sequence component of the delta currents when V 1 is related to phase to phase voltage, Z R is a replica impedance of the equivalent positive sequence source impedance behind the relay and is of a magnitude equal to or greater than a quantity of a constant K times said equivalent positive sequence source impedance, Z R ' is an offset impedance having an angle selected to be substantially equal to the Z R replica impedance, (b) first summing means for summing I 1 Z R and -V 1 and developing a signal (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), (c) first means for receiving said signal (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), and developing an output signal (-K) (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), where K is a constant having a value selected between the range of 0.5 to 1.0 and has an out-of-phase relationship with (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), said first means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said output signal after removal of or change to the received signal, (d) second summing means for receiving and summing together said signals (I 1 Z R -V 1 ) and (-K) (I 1 Z R -V 1 ), so as to develop a signal (1-K) (I 1 Z R -V 1 ) expressed as an operating V OP signal, (e) third summing means for receiving and summing together signals representing said +V 1 and +I 1 Z R ' signals to provide a summation signal representing +V 1 +I 1 Z R ', (f) second means for receiving said summation signal and developing a polarizing signal V POL representative of +V 1 +I 1 Z R ', said second means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said polarizing signal V POL after removal of or change to the received summation signal, said Z R ' quantity being selected to have a magnitude so as to maintain a steady-state operation when the component V 1 of the V POL signal approaches a zero condition, and (g) coincidence detection means for comparing the phase of the operate signal V OP with the phase of the polarizing signal V POL and developing a blocking signal when the phase coincidence between V OP and V POL exceeds a predetermined duration.

Claim 7

The relay according to either claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3 wherein said second means for receiving has a short term memory greater than the short term memory of said first means for receiving.

Claim 8

The relay according to either claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3 in which said first summing means immediately ceases to develop said (I 1 Z R -V 1 ) signal when the means of (a) ceases developing the V 1 and I 1 Z R signals.

Claim 9

The relay according to either claim 1, claim 2, or claim 3 in which the means for developing the quantities V 1 and I 1 Z R develops a quantity I 1 Z R -V 1 which (a) is of the same polarity to that of +V 1 in response to a fault behind the relay and (b) is of the opposite polarity to the +V 1 in response to a fault in front of the relay.

Claim 10

An undervoltage distance relay for association with a three phase transmission line and adapted to provide a blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault behind the relay but providing no blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault on the transmission line in front of the relay, the relaying comprising: (a) means for developing quantities -V, +V, and IZ R , where: V is a signal representative of the phase to ground or phase to phase voltages of the transmission line, I is a signal representative of the phase current of the transmission line when V is related to phase to ground voltage and is a signal representation of the delta currents when V is related to phase to phase voltage, Z R is a replica impedance of the equivalent positive sequence source impedance behind the relay and is of a magnitude equal to or greater than a quantity of a constant K times said equivalent positive sequence source impedance, (b) first summing means for summing IZ R and -V and developing a signal (IZ R -V), (c) first means for receiving said signal (IZ R -V) and developing an output signal (-K) (IZ R -V), where K is a constant having a value selected between the range of 0.5 to 1.0 and has an out-of-phase relationship with (IZ R -V), said first means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said output signal after removal of or change to the received signal, (d) second summing means for receiving and summing together said signals (IZ R -V) and (-K) (IZ R -V), so as to develop a signal (1-K) (IZ R -V), expressed as an operating V OP signal, (e) second means for receiving said +V signal and developing a polarizing signal V POL representative of the +V signal, said second means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said polarizing signal after removal of or change to the received +V signal, and, (f) coincidence detection means for comparing the phase of the operate signal V OP with the phase of the polarizing signal V POL and developing a blocking signal when the phase coincidence between V OP and V POL exceeds a predetermined duration.

Claim 11

An undervoltage distance relay for association with a three phase transmission line and adapted to provide a blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault behind the relay but providing no blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault on the transmission line in front of the relay, the relaying comprising: (a) means for developing quantities -V, +V, and IZ R , where: V is a signal representative of the phase to ground or phase to phase voltages of the transmission line, I is a signal representative of the phase current of the transmission line when V is related to phase to ground voltage and is a signal representation of the delta currents when V is related to phase to phase voltage, Z R is a replica impedance of the equivalent positive sequence source impedance behind the relay and is of a magnitude equal to or greater than a quantity of a constant K times said equivalent positive sequence source impedance, (b) first summing means for summing IZ R and -V and developing a signal (IZ R -V), (c) first means for receiving said signal (IZ R -V) and developing an output signal (-K) (IZ R -V), where K is a constant having a value selected between the range of 0.5 to 1.0 and has an out-of-phase relationship with (IZ R -V), said first means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said output signal after removal of or change to the received signal, (d) second summing means for receiving and summing together said signals (IZ R -V) and (-K) (IZ R -V), so as to develop a signal (1-K) (IZ R -V), expressed as an operating V OP signal, (e) second means for receiving said +V signal and developing a polarizing signal V POL representative of the +V signal, said second means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said polarizing signal after removal of or change to the received +V signal, and, (f) coincidence detection means for comparing the phase of the operate signal V OP with the phase of the polarizing signal V POL and developing a blocking signal when the phase coincidence between V OP and V POL exceeds a predetermined duration.

Claim 12

An undervoltage distance relay for association with a three phase transmission line and adapted to provide a blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault behind the relay but providing no blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault on the transmission line in front of the relay, the relay comprising: (a) means for developing quantities -V, +V, IZ R , and -IZ R ' where: V is a signal representative of the phase to ground or phase to phase voltages of the transmission line, I is a signal representative of the phase current of the transmission line when V is related to phase to ground voltage and is a signal representation of the delta currents when V is related to phase to phase voltage, Z R is a replica impedance of the equivalent positive sequence source impedance behind the relay and is of a magnitude equal to or greater than a quantity of a constant K times said equivalent positive sequence source impedance, Z R ' is an offset impedance having an angle selected to be substantially equal to the Z R replica impedance, (b) first summing means for summing IZ R and -V and developing a signal (IZ R -V), (c) first means for receiving said signal (IZ R -V), and developing an output signal (-K) (IZ R -V), where K is a constant having a value selected between the range of 0.5 to 1.0 and has an out-of-phase relationship with (IZ R -V), said first means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said output signal after removal of or the change to the received signal, (d) second summing means for receiving and summing together said signals (IZ R -V) and (-K) (IZ R -V), so as to develop a signal (1-K) (IZ R -V) expressed as an operating V OP signal, (e) third summing means for receiving and summing together signals representing said +V and -IZ R ' signals to provide a summation signal representing +V-IZ R ', (f) second means for receiving said summation signal and developing a polarizing signal V POL representative of +V-IZ R ', said second means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said polarizing signal V POL after removal of or change to the received summation signal, said Z R ' quantity being selected to have a magnitude so as to minimize the phase angle coincidence between the V OP and V POL signals during non-fault conditions related to said transmission line, and, (g) coincidence detection means for comparing the phase of the operate signal V OP with the phase of the polarizing signal V POL and developing a blocking signal when the phase coincidence between V OP and V POL exceeds a predetermined duration.

Claim 13

An undervoltage distance relay for association with a three phase transmission line and adapted to provide a blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault behind the relay but providing no blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault on the transmission line in front of the relay, the relay comprising: (a) means for developing quantities -V, +V, IZ R , and -IZ R ' where: V is a signal representative of the phase to ground or phase to phase voltages of the transmission line, I is a signal representative of the phase current of the transmission line when V is related to phase to ground voltage and is a signal representation of the delta currents when V is related to phase to phase voltage, Z R is a replica impedance of the equivalent positive sequence source impedance behind the relay and is of a magnitude equal to or greater than a quantity of a constant K times said equivalent positive sequence source impedance, Z R ' is an offset impedance having an angle selected to be substantially equal to the Z R replica impedance, (b) first summing means for summing IZ R and -V and developing a signal (IZ R -V), (c) first means for receiving said signal (IZ R -V), and developing an output signal (-K) (IZ R -V), where K is a constant having a value selected between the range of 0.5 to 1.0 and has an out-of-phase relationship with (IZ R -V), said first means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said output signal after removal of or the change to the received signal, (d) second summing means for receiving and summing together said signals (IZ R -V) and (-K) (IZ R -V), so as to develop a signal (1-K) (IZ R -V) expressed as an operating V OP signal, (e) third summing means for receiving and summing together signals representing said +V and -IZ R ' signals to provide a summation signal representing +V-IZ R ', (f) second means for receiving said summation signal and developing a polarizing signal V POL representative of +V-IZ R ', said second means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said polarizing signal V POL after removal of or change to the received summation signal, said Z R ' quantity being selected to have a magnitude so as to minimize the phase angle coincidence between the V OP and V POL signals during non-fault conditions related to said transmission line, and, (g) coincidence detection means for comparing the phase of the operate signal V OP with the phase of the polarizing signal V POL and developing a blocking signal when the phase coincidence between V OP and V POL exceeds a predetermined duration.

Claim 14

An undervoltage distance relay for association with a three phase transmission line and adapted to provide a blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault behind the relay but providing no blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault on the transmission line in front of the relay, the relay comprising: (a) means for developing quantities -V, -V, IZ R , and +IZ R ', where: V is a signal representative of the phase to ground or phase to phase voltages of the transmission line, I is a signal representative of the phase currents of the transmission line when V is related to phase to ground voltage and is a signal representation of the delta currents when V is related to phase to phase voltage, Z R is a replica impedance of the equivalent positive sequence source impedance behind the relay and is of a magnitude equal to or greater than a quantity of a constant K times said equivalent positive sequence source impedance, Z R ' is an offset impedance having an angle selected to be substantially equal to the Z R replica impedance, (b) first summing means for summing IZ R and -V and developing a signal (IZ R -V), (c) first means for receiving said signal (IZ R -V), and developing an output signal (-K) (IZ R -V), where K is a constant having a value selected between the range of 0.5 to 1.0 and has an out-of-phase relationship with (IZ R -V), said first means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said output signal after removal of or change to the received signal, (d) second summing means for receiving and summing together said signals (IZ R -V) and (-K) (IZ R -V), so as to develop a signal (1-K) (IZ R -V) expressed as an operating V OP signal, (e) third summing means for receiving and summing together signals representing said +V and +IZ R ' signals to provide a summation signal representing +V+IZ R ', (f) second means for receiving said summation signal and developing a polarizing signal V POL representative of +V+IZ R ', said second means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said polarizing signal V POL after removal of or change to the received summation signal, said Z R ' quantity being selected to have a magnitude so as to maintain a steady-state operation when the component V of the V POL signal approaches a zero condition, and (g) coincidence detection means for comparing the phase of the operate signal V OP with the phase of the polarizing signal V POL and developing a blocking signal when the phase coincidence between V OP and V POL exceeds a predetermined duration.

Claim 15

An undervoltage distance relay for association with a three phase transmission line and adapted to provide a blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault behind the relay but providing no blocking signal in response to the occurrence of a fault on the transmission line in front of the relay, the relay comprising: (a) means for developing quantities -V, -V, IZ R , and +IZ R ', where: V is a signal representative of the phase to ground or phase to phase voltages of the transmission line, I is a signal representative of the phase currents of the transmission line when V is related to phase to ground voltage and is a signal representation of the delta currents when V is related to phase to phase voltage, Z R is a replica impedance of the equivalent positive sequence source impedance behind the relay and is of a magnitude equal to or greater than a quantity of a constant K times said equivalent positive sequence source impedance, Z R ' is an offset impedance having an angle selected to be substantially equal to the Z R replica impedance, (b) first summing means for summing IZ R and -V and developing a signal (IZ R -V), (c) first means for receiving said signal (IZ R -V), and developing an output signal (-K) (IZ R -V), where K is a constant having a value selected between the range of 0.5 to 1.0 and has an out-of-phase relationship with (IZ R -V), said first means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said output signal after removal of or change to the received signal, (d) second summing means for receiving and summing together said signals (IZ R -V) and (-K) (IZ R -V), so as to develop a signal (1-K) (IZ R -V) expressed as an operating V OP signal, (e) third summing means for receiving and summing together signals representing said +V and +IZ R ' signals to provide a summation signal representing +V+IZ R ', (f) second means for receiving said summation signal and developing a polarizing signal V POL representative of +V+IZ R ', said second means having a short term memory that enables it to continue developing said polarizing signal V POL after removal of or change to the received summation signal, said Z R ' quantity being selected to have a magnitude so as to maintain a steady-state operation when the component V of the V POL signal approaches a zero condition, and (g) coincidence detection means for comparing the phase of the operate signal V OP with the phase of the polarizing signal V POL and developing a blocking signal when the phase coincidence between V OP and V POL exceeds a predetermined duration.

Claim 16

The relay according to either claim 7, claim 8 or claim 9 wherein said second means for receiving has a short term memory greater than the short term memory of said first means for receiving.

Claim 17

The relay according to either claim 7, claim 8 or claim 9 in which said first summing means immediately ceases to develop said (IZ R -V) signal when the means of (a) ceases developing the V and IZ R signals.

Claim 18

The relay according to either claim 7, claim 8, or claim 9 in which the means for developing the quantities V and IZ R develops a quantity IZ R -V which (a) is of the same polarity to that of +V in response to a fault behind the relay and (b) is of the opposite polarity to the +V 1 in response to a fault in front of the relay.