US4415415A
Expired / Lapsed
US
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Method of controlling oxide scale formation and descaling thereof from metal articles
Assignee: Allegheny Ludlum Corp
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Filing: 1982-11-24
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Granted: 1983-11-15
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Expires: 2002-11-24
Abstract
Abstract A process is provided for removing an oxide scale from the surface of a metal article and a process for the manufacture of metal articles which controls oxide scale formation and descaling thereof. A process includes providing an oxygen content of the thermal treatment atmosphere of at least 3.0%, by volume, after hot and cold forming to control the oxide scale formed. The descaling process includes immersing the article in an electrolyte of an aqueous solution of at least one neutral salt from the group consisting of the chloride, sulfate and nitrate of an alkali metal or ammonium, adjusting and maintaining a pH of 2.0 to 3.5 and passing a low density electric current through the immersed article. The article has an oxide scale substantially equivalent to an oxide scale formed at least in part in an oxidizing atmosphere of at least 3.0% oxygen, by volume. The processes may include the step of immersing in a mild acid solution to substantially remove the scale.
Inventors
- 👤 Donald R. Zaremski
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-10-30 18:51
CPC Classifications
C; C25; C25F; C25F1/00; C25F1/02; C25F1/04; C21; C21D; C21D1/00; C21D1/74; C21D1/76; C25F1/06
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 21
Claim 1
Independent Claim
120 words
A process for the manufacture of a metal article comprising hot forming, cold forming and subsequently thermally treating in an oxidizing atmosphere, the process further comprising: providing an oxygen content of the atmosphere of at least 3.0%, by volume, to control the oxide scale formed on the metal article; immersing the article in an electrolyte of an aqueous solution of at least one neutral salt from the group consisting of the chloride, sulfate and nitrate of an alkali metal or ammonium, the pH of the electrolyte being adjusted and maintained from about 2.0 to 3.5; passing a low density electric current through the article in the electrolyte to condition the scale for removal; and removing the article from the electrolyte.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
120 words
A process for the manufacture of a metal article comprising hot forming, cold forming and subsequently thermally treating in an oxidizing atmosphere, the process further comprising: providing an oxygen content of the atmosphere of at least 3.0%, by volume, to control the oxide scale formed on the metal article; immersing the article in an electrolyte of an aqueous solution of at least one neutral salt from the group consisting of the chloride, sulfate and nitrate of an alkali metal or ammonium, the pH of the electrolyte being adjusted and maintained from about 2.0 to 3.5; passing a low density electric current through the article in the electrolyte to condition the scale for removal; and removing the article from the electrolyte.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
47 words
The process as set forth in claim 1 wherein after removing the article, then immersing the article in a mild acid solution, the acid selected from the group consisting of sulfuric, nitric and hydrofluoric acid and mixtures of nitric and hydrofluoric acids to substantially remove the scale.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
18 words
The process as set forth in claim 2 including a subsequent step of water rinsing the descaled article.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
19 words
The process as set forth in claim 1 wherein the oxygen content of the oxidizing atmosphere ranges from 3-11%.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
18 words
The process as set forth in claim 1 including maintaining the electrolyte at a temperature of 150°-185° F.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
21 words
The process as set forth in claim 1 including passing a low density electric current of about 0.1-1.0 A/in 2 .
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
18 words
The process as set forth in claim 6 wherein the current density is about 0.2-0.5 A/in 2 .
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
21 words
The process as set forth in claim 1 wherein the mild acid solution has a concentration of less than 10% acid.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
159 words
A process for the manufacture of a stainless steel article comprising hot forming, cold forming and subsequently thermally treating in an oxidizing atmosphere, the process further comprising: providing an oxygen content of the atmosphere of at least 3.0% and up to 11%, by volume, to control the oxide scale formed on the steel article; immersing the steel article in an electrolyte of an aqueous solution of about 15-25%, by weight, sodium sulfate; adjusting and maintaining the electrolyte at a pH of about 2.0 to 3.5 and maintaining at a temperature of 150°-185° F.; passing a low density electric current of about 0.1-1.0 A/in 2 through the steel article in the electrolyte to condition the scale for removal; removing the steel article from the electrolyte; and immersing the steel article in an acid solution of less than 10% concentration of an acid selected from the group consisting of nitric and hydrofluoric acid and mixtures thereof to substantially remove the scale.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
159 words
A process for the manufacture of a stainless steel article comprising hot forming, cold forming and subsequently thermally treating in an oxidizing atmosphere, the process further comprising: providing an oxygen content of the atmosphere of at least 3.0% and up to 11%, by volume, to control the oxide scale formed on the steel article; immersing the steel article in an electrolyte of an aqueous solution of about 15-25%, by weight, sodium sulfate; adjusting and maintaining the electrolyte at a pH of about 2.0 to 3.5 and maintaining at a temperature of 150°-185° F.; passing a low density electric current of about 0.1-1.0 A/in 2 through the steel article in the electrolyte to condition the scale for removal; removing the steel article from the electrolyte; and immersing the steel article in an acid solution of less than 10% concentration of an acid selected from the group consisting of nitric and hydrofluoric acid and mixtures thereof to substantially remove the scale.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
115 words
A process for removing an oxide scale from the surface of a metal article, the process comprising: immersing the article in an electrolyte of an aqueous solution of at least one neutral salt from the group consisting of chloride, sulfate and nitrate of an alkali metal or ammonium, the pH of the electrolyte being adjusted to and maintained from about 2.0 to 3.5, the article having an oxide scale equivalent to an oxide scale formed at least in part in an oxidizing atmosphere of at least 3.0% oxygen, by volume; passing a low density electric current through the article in the electrolyte to condition the scale for removal; and removing the article from the electrolyte.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
115 words
A process for removing an oxide scale from the surface of a metal article, the process comprising: immersing the article in an electrolyte of an aqueous solution of at least one neutral salt from the group consisting of chloride, sulfate and nitrate of an alkali metal or ammonium, the pH of the electrolyte being adjusted to and maintained from about 2.0 to 3.5, the article having an oxide scale equivalent to an oxide scale formed at least in part in an oxidizing atmosphere of at least 3.0% oxygen, by volume; passing a low density electric current through the article in the electrolyte to condition the scale for removal; and removing the article from the electrolyte.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
47 words
The process as set forth in claim 10, wherein after removing the article, then immersing the article in a mild acid solution, the acid selected from the group consisting of sulfuric, nitric and hydrofluoric acid and mixtures of nitric and hydrofluoric acids to substantially remove the scale.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
18 words
The process as set forth in claim 11 including a subsequent step of water rinsing the descaled article.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
19 words
The process as set forth in claim 10 wherein the oxygen content of the oxidizing atmosphere ranges from 3-11%.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
18 words
The process as set forth in claim 10 including maintaining the electrolyte at a temperature of 150°-185° F.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
21 words
The process as set forth in claim 10 including passing a low density electric current of about 0.1-1.0 A/in 2 .
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
18 words
The process as set forth in claim 15 wherein the current density is about 0.2-0.5 A/in 2 .
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
147 words
A process for removing an oxide scale from the surface of a stainless steel article, the process comprising: immersing an article in an electrolyte of an aqueous solution of about 15-25%, by weight, sodium sulfate, the article having an oxide scale equivalent to an oxide scale formed at least in part in an oxidizing atmosphere of at least 3.0% oxygen, by volume; adjusting and maintaining the electrolyte at a pH of about 2.0 and 3.5 and maintaining at a temperature of 150°-185° F.; passing a low density electric current of about 0.1-1.0 A/in 2 through the steel article in the electrolyte to condition the scale for removal; removing the article from the electrolyte; and immersing the article in an acid solution of less than 10% concentration of an acid selected from the group consisting of nitric and hydrofluoric acid and mixtures thereof to substantially remove the scale.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
147 words
A process for removing an oxide scale from the surface of a stainless steel article, the process comprising: immersing an article in an electrolyte of an aqueous solution of about 15-25%, by weight, sodium sulfate, the article having an oxide scale equivalent to an oxide scale formed at least in part in an oxidizing atmosphere of at least 3.0% oxygen, by volume; adjusting and maintaining the electrolyte at a pH of about 2.0 and 3.5 and maintaining at a temperature of 150°-185° F.; passing a low density electric current of about 0.1-1.0 A/in 2 through the steel article in the electrolyte to condition the scale for removal; removing the article from the electrolyte; and immersing the article in an acid solution of less than 10% concentration of an acid selected from the group consisting of nitric and hydrofluoric acid and mixtures thereof to substantially remove the scale.
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USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 Years (Year 4) | 1986-11-14 | 1987-05-16 | 1987-11-15 | $2000.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 1990-11-14 | 1991-05-16 | 1991-11-15 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 1994-11-14 | 1995-05-16 | 1995-11-15 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |