Ice stress gauge

Claim 2

An ice stress gauge comprising: two substantially identically shaped metal sheets joined together along their outer edges to form a fluid-tight enclosed volume between said sheets; a conduit having one end bonded to at least one of said sheets in communication with said enclosed volume; a pressure transducer having a fluid input coupled to a second end of said conduit, and an output for providing an indication of pressure at said input; and a liquid filling said enclosed volume, said conduit, and said pressure transducer input; wherein the volume occupied by the metal forming said metal sheets is larger than the volume occupied by the liquid filling said enclosed volume.

Claim 3

An ice stress gauge comprising: two substantially identically shaped metal sheets joined together along their outer edges to form a fluid-tight enclosed volume between said sheets; a conduit having one end bonded to at least one of said sheets in communication with said enclosed volume; a pressure transducer having a fluid input coupled to a second end of said conduit, and an output for providing an indication of pressure at said input; and a liquid filling said enclosed volume, said conduit, and said pressure transducer input; wherein said enclosed volume is selected as a function of the volume occupied by said sheets and the thermal expansion coefficients of said sheets and said liquid to provide an effective thermal expansion coefficient for the gauge essentially equal to the expansion coefficient of ice.

Claim 4

An ice stress gauge comprising: two substantially identically shaped metal sheets joined together along their outer edges to form a fluid-tight enclosed volume between said sheets; a conduit having one end bonded to at least one of said sheets in communication with said enclosed volume; a pressure transducer having a fluid input coupled to a second end of said conduit, and an output for providing an indication of pressure at said input; and a liquid filling said enclosed volume, said conduit, and said pressure transducer input; wherein said enclosed volume is selected as a function of the volume occupied by said sheets and the thermal expansion coefficients of said sheets and said liquid to provide an effective thermal expansion coefficient for the gauge essentially equal to the expansion coefficient of ice.

Claim 5

An ice stress gauge comprising: two substantially circular metal sheets joined together along their circumferences to form a fluid-tight enclosed volume between said sheets, each of said sheets formed from steel plates and having a ratio of thickness to diameter greater than 0.005; a conduit having one end bonded to at least one of said sheets and in communication with said enclosed volume; a pressure transducer having a fluid input coupled to a second end of said conduit, and an output for providing an indication of pressure of said input; and a liquid filling said enclosed volume, said conduit, and said pressure transducer input, said liquid having a low positive pressure relative to external pressure and separating said plates to form said enclosed volume; said enclosed volume selected as a function of the volume occupied by said sheets and the thermal expansion coefficients of said sheets and said liquid to provide an effective thermal expansion coefficient for the gauge essentially equal to the expansion coefficient of ice.

Claim 6

An ice stress gauge comprising: two substantially circular metal sheets joined together along their circumferences to form a fluid-tight enclosed volume between said sheets, each of said sheets formed from steel plates and having a ratio of thickness to diameter greater than 0.005; a conduit having one end bonded to at least one of said sheets and in communication with said enclosed volume; a pressure transducer having a fluid input coupled to a second end of said conduit, and an output for providing an indication of pressure of said input; and a liquid filling said enclosed volume, said conduit, and said pressure transducer input, said liquid having a low positive pressure relative to external pressure and separating said plates to form said enclosed volume; said enclosed volume selected as a function of the volume occupied by said sheets and the thermal expansion coefficients of said sheets and said liquid to provide an effective thermal expansion coefficient for the gauge essentially equal to the expansion coefficient of ice.

Claim 7

An ice stress gauge comprising: two substantially identically shaped metal sheets joined together along their outer edges to form a fluid-tight enclosed volume between said sheets, said enclosed volume being less than the volume occupied by said metal sheets; a conduit having one end bonded to at least one of said sheets in communication with said enclosed volume; a pressure transducer having a fluid input coupled to a second end of said conduit, and an output for providing an indication of pressure at said input; and a liquid filling said enclosed volume, said conduit, and said pressure transducer input; wherein said enclosed volume is selected as a function of the volume occupied by said sheets and the thermal expansion coefficients of said sheets and said liquid to provide an effective thermal expansion coefficient for the gauge essentially equal to the expansion coefficient of ice.

Claim 8

An ice stress gauge comprising: two substantially identically shaped metal sheets joined together along their outer edges to form a fluid-tight enclosed volume between said sheets, said enclosed volume being less than the volume occupied by said metal sheets; a conduit having one end bonded to at least one of said sheets in communication with said enclosed volume; a pressure transducer having a fluid input coupled to a second end of said conduit, and an output for providing an indication of pressure at said input; and a liquid filling said enclosed volume, said conduit, and said pressure transducer input; wherein said enclosed volume is selected as a function of the volume occupied by said sheets and the thermal expansion coefficients of said sheets and said liquid to provide an effective thermal expansion coefficient for the gauge essentially equal to the expansion coefficient of ice.

Claim 9

An ice stress gauge comprising: two substantially identically shaped metal sheets joined together along their outer edges to form a fluid-tight enclosed volume between said sheets, said enclosed volume being less than the volume occupied by said metal sheets; a conduit having one end bonded to at least one of said sheets in communication with said enclosed volume; a pressure transducer having a fluid input coupled to a second end of said conduit, and an output for providing an indication of pressure at said input; and a liquid filling said enclosed volume, said conduit, and said pressure transducer input; wherein the ratio of the thickness of each of said sheets to the largest dimension of said sheets is greater than 0.005.

Claim 10

An ice stress gauge comprising: two substantially identically shaped metal sheets joined together along their outer edges to form a fluid-tight enclosed volume between said sheets, said enclosed volume being less than the volume occupied by said metal sheets; a conduit having one end bonded to at least one of said sheets in communication with said enclosed volume; a pressure transducer having a fluid input coupled to a second end of said conduit, and an output for providing an indication of pressure at said input; and a liquid filling said enclosed volume, said conduit, and said pressure transducer input; wherein the ratio of the thickness of each of said sheets to the largest dimension of said sheets is greater than 0.005.

Claim 11

An ice stress gauge comprising: two substantially identically shaped metal sheets joined together along their outer edges to form a fluid-tight enclosed volume between said sheets, said enclosed volume being less than the volume occupied by said metal sheets; a conduit having one end bonded to at least one of said sheets in communication with said enclosed volume; a pressure transducer having a fluid input coupled to a second end of said conduit, and an output for providing an indication of pressure at said input; and a liquid filling said enclosed volume, said conduit, and said pressure transducer input; wherein each of said sheets is formed from steel plate and the ratio of the thickness to the largest dimension of said sheets is greater than 0.005.

Claim 12

An ice stress gauge comprising: two substantially identically shaped metal sheets joined together along their outer edges to form a fluid-tight enclosed volume between said sheets, said enclosed volume being less than the volume occupied by said metal sheets; a conduit having one end bonded to at least one of said sheets in communication with said enclosed volume; a pressure transducer having a fluid input coupled to a second end of said conduit, and an output for providing an indication of pressure at said input; and a liquid filling said enclosed volume, said conduit, and said pressure transducer input; wherein each of said sheets is formed from steel plate and the ratio of the thickness to the largest dimension of said sheets is greater than 0.005.

Claim 13

The gauge of claim 6 wherein said steel plate is stainless steel.

Claim 14

The gauge of claim 6 wherein said liquid is under a low initial pressure, relative to external pressure, and said pressurized liquid separates said sheets to form said enclosed volume.

Claim 15

The gauge of claim 8 wherein said low initial pressure is less than ten pounds per square inch.

Claim 16

An ice stress gauge comprising: two substantially identically shaped metal sheets joined together along their outer edges to form a fluid-tight enclosed volume between said sheets, each of said sheets having a thickness at least 0.005 times the largest dimension of said sheets; a conduit having one end bonded to at least one of said sheets in communication with said enclosed volume; a pressure transducer having a fluid input coupled to a second end of said conduit, and an output for providing an indication of pressure at said input; and a liquid filling said enclosed volume, said conduit, and said pressure transducer input.

Claim 17

An ice stress gauge comprising: two substantially identically shaped metal sheets joined together along their outer edges to form a fluid-tight enclosed volume between said sheets, each of said sheets having a thickness at least 0.005 times the largest dimension of said sheets; a conduit having one end bonded to at least one of said sheets in communication with said enclosed volume; a pressure transducer having a fluid input coupled to a second end of said conduit, and an output for providing an indication of pressure at said input; and a liquid filling said enclosed volume, said conduit, and said pressure transducer input.

Claim 18

The gauge of claim 10 wherein said liquid is under a low pressure, relative to external pressure, and said pressurized liquid separates said sheets to form said enclosed volume.

Claim 19

The gauge of claim 11 wherein said low initial pressure is less than ten pounds per square inch.

Claim 20

The gauge of claim 10 wherein the ratio of the average thickness of said enclosed volume to the radius of said volume is about 0.01.

Claim 21

The gauge of claim 10 wherein each of said sheets is formed from steel plate.

Claim 22

The gauge of claim 14 wherein said steel plate is stainless steel.

Claim 23

The gauge of claim 14 wherein said liquid is under a low initial pressure, relative to external pressure, and said pressurized liquid separates said sheets to form said enclosed volume.

Claim 24

The gauge of claim 16 wherein said low initial pressure is less than ten pounds per square inch.

Claim 25

The gauge of claim 10 wherein said enclosed volume is selected as a function of the volume occupied by said sheets and the thermal expansion coefficients of said sheets and said liquid to provide an effective thermal expansion coefficient for the gauge essentially equal to the expansion coefficient of ice.