Coal conversion in the presence of added alkali metal compounds

Claim 2

A process for converting coal or similar liquefiable carbonaceous solids into liquid hydrocarbons which comprises contacting said carbonaceous solids with molecular hydrogen under liquefaction conditions in a liquefaction zone in the presence of an added alkali metal compound, and in the absence of externally added hydrocarbon liquids and externally added water other than the inherent moisture in said carbonaceous solids.

Claim 3

A process as defined in claim 1 wherein the residence time of said carbonaceous solids in said liquefaction zone is between about 20 and about 120 minutes.

Claim 4

A process as defined in claim 2 wherein said carbonaceous solids comprise a bituminous coal.

Claim 5

A process as defined in claim 1 wherein said alkali metal compound is a sodium or potassium compound.

Claim 6

A process as defined in claim 4 wherein said alkali metal compound comprises sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide.

Claim 7

A process as defined in claim 1 wherein a sufficient amount of said alkali metal compound is introduced into said liquefaction zone to produce an alkali metal concentration of between about 2 weight percent and about 30 weight percent based on the weight of the moisture and ash-free carbonaceous solids.

Claim 8

A process as defined by claim 1 wherein said carbonaceous solids are contacted with molecular hydrogen in the absence of an externally added vapor phase hydrocarbon solvent.

Claim 9

A process as defined by claim 1 wherein the temperature in said liquefaction zone is between about 790° F. and about 900° F.

Claim 10

A process as defined by claim 1 wherein the pressure in said liquefaction zone is between about 300 psig and about 5000 psig.

Claim 11

A process as defined by claim 5 wherein said carbonaceous solids comprise a bituminous coal.

Claim 12

A process for converting coal or similar liquefiable carbonaceous solids into liquid hydrocarbons which comprises: (a) contacting said carbonaceous solids with molecular hydrogen in the presence of an added alkali metal compound, and in the absence of externally added hydrocarbon liquids and externally added water other than the inherent moisture in said carbonaceous solids under liquefaction conditions during sequential residence in two or more liquefaction zones arranged in series and operated such that (i) the temperature in each zone increases from the first to the final zone of the series, and (ii) the total of the solids residence times in all except the final zone of the series is sufficient to produce an increase in liquid yield over that which would be obtainable by a single stage liquefaction carried out under the conditions in said final zone, wherein said carbonaceous solids are partially converted into liquid hydrocarbons in each of said liquefaction zones and the only hydrocarbon liquids and water added to each liquefaction zone subsequent to said first liquefaction zone are the hydrocarbon liquids and water in the effluent from the preceding liquefaction zone; and (b) recovering liquid hydrocarbonaceous product from the effluent of said final liquefaction zone.

Claim 13

A process for converting coal or similar liquefiable carbonaceous solids into liquid hydrocarbons which comprises: (a) contacting said carbonaceous solids with molecular hydrogen in the presence of an added alkali metal compound, and in the absence of externally added hydrocarbon liquids and externally added water other than the inherent moisture in said carbonaceous solids under liquefaction conditions during sequential residence in two or more liquefaction zones arranged in series and operated such that (i) the temperature in each zone increases from the first to the final zone of the series, and (ii) the total of the solids residence times in all except the final zone of the series is sufficient to produce an increase in liquid yield over that which would be obtainable by a single stage liquefaction carried out under the conditions in said final zone, wherein said carbonaceous solids are partially converted into liquid hydrocarbons in each of said liquefaction zones and the only hydrocarbon liquids and water added to each liquefaction zone subsequent to said first liquefaction zone are the hydrocarbon liquids and water in the effluent from the preceding liquefaction zone; and (b) recovering liquid hydrocarbonaceous product from the effluent of said final liquefaction zone.

Claim 14

A process as defined in claim 11 wherein said carbonaceous solids comprise a bituminous coal.

Claim 15

A process as defined in claim 11 wherein said alkali metal compound comprises sodium or potassium carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide, sulfide, sulfite, nitrate, formate, or oxalate.

Claim 16

A process as defined in claim 11 wherein the total of the solids residence times in all except the final zone of the series is greater than about 40 minutes.

Claim 17

A process as defined in claim 11 wherein said first liquefaction zone is operated at a temperature in the range between about 680° F. and 750° F. and the solids residence time in said first liquefaction zone is between about 60 minutes and about 200 minutes.

Claim 18

A process as defined in claim 11 wherein said final liquefaction zone is operated at a temperature between about 790° F. and about 900° F. and the solids residence time in said final liquefaction zone is between about 20 minutes and about 120 minutes.

Claim 19

A process as defined in claim 11 wherein two liquefaction zones are employed in step (a).

Claim 20

A process as defined in claim 11 wherein a sufficient amount of said alkali metal compound is added to said first liquefaction zone to provide an alkali metal concentration in all of said zones of between about 2 and about 30 weight percent based on the weight of the moisture and ash-free solids fed to said first zone.

Claim 21

A process as defined by claim 11 wherein the temperature in said first liquefaction zone is between about 680° F. and about 750° F., and the temperature in said final liquefaction zone is greater than about 790° F.

Claim 22

A process as defined by claim 11 wherein the pressure in all of said liquefaction zones is between about 300 psig and about 5000 psig.

Claim 23

A process as defined by claim 13 wherein said carbonaceous solids comprise a bituminous coal.

Claim 24

A process for converting coal into liquid hydrocarbons which comprises: (a) contacting said coal with molecular hydrogen at a temperature above about 650° F. and at a pressure between about 300 psig and about 5000 psig in the presence of added potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide, and in the absence of externally added hydrocarbon liquids and externally added water other than the inherent moisture in said coal in a first liquefaction zone to at least partially convert said coal into liquid hydrocarbons thereby producing a liquefaction effluent, wherein the residence time of said coal in said liquefaction zone is above about 40 minutes; (b) subjecting said liquefaction effluent from said first liquefaction zone to a temperature above about 790° F. and to a pressure between about 300 psig and about 5000 psig in the presence of molecular hydrogen and potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate in a second liquefaction zone maintained at a temperature greater than the temperature in said first liquefaction zone thereby further converting said coal into liquid hydrocarbons, wherein the only hydrocarbon liquids and water added to said second liquefaction zone are the hydrocarbon liquids and water in said liquefaction effluent from said first liquefaction zone; and (c) recovering liquid hydrocarbonaceous products from the effluent of said second liquefaction zone.

Claim 25

A process for converting coal into liquid hydrocarbons which comprises: (a) contacting said coal with molecular hydrogen at a temperature above about 650° F. and at a pressure between about 300 psig and about 5000 psig in the presence of added potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide, and in the absence of externally added hydrocarbon liquids and externally added water other than the inherent moisture in said coal in a first liquefaction zone to at least partially convert said coal into liquid hydrocarbons thereby producing a liquefaction effluent, wherein the residence time of said coal in said liquefaction zone is above about 40 minutes; (b) subjecting said liquefaction effluent from said first liquefaction zone to a temperature above about 790° F. and to a pressure between about 300 psig and about 5000 psig in the presence of molecular hydrogen and potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate in a second liquefaction zone maintained at a temperature greater than the temperature in said first liquefaction zone thereby further converting said coal into liquid hydrocarbons, wherein the only hydrocarbon liquids and water added to said second liquefaction zone are the hydrocarbon liquids and water in said liquefaction effluent from said first liquefaction zone; and (c) recovering liquid hydrocarbonaceous products from the effluent of said second liquefaction zone.

Claim 26

A process as defined in claim 22 wherein said coal comprises a bituminous coal.

Claim 27

A process as defined in claim 22 wherein said residence time in said first liquefaction zone is between about 120 minutes and about 170 minutes and said residence time in said second liquefaction zone is between about 40 minutes and about 90 minutes.

Claim 28

A process as defined in claim 22 wherein the temperature in said first liquefaction zone is between about 690° F. and about 720° F. and the temperature in said second liquefaction zone is between about 820° F. and about 860° F.

Claim 29

A process as defined in claim 22 wherein a sufficient amount of potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate is added to said first liquefaction zone to provide a potassium concentration in said first and said second liquefaction zones of between about 2 and about 30 weight percent based on the weight of the moisture and ash-free solids fed to said first liquefaction zone.

Claim 30

A process as defined by claim 22 wherein said residence time of said coal in said first liquefaction zone is greater than the solids residence time in said second liquefaction zone.

Claim 31

A process as defined by claim 22 wherein the solids residence time in said second liquefaction zone is between about 20 minutes and about 120 minutes.