Method and apparatus for drying and processing moisture-containing solids

Claim 2

An energetically cross-linked process for the drying and thermal processing of moisture containing solids comprising the steps of: (a) heating the moisture containing solids to a temperature below that of the decomposition of any organic component thereof so as substantially to dry the solids by evaporating out the moisture content thereof; (b) condensing the vapours from step (a) at least partially in indirect heat exchange with the moisture containing solids and thereby transferring part of the enthalpy of these vapours to the moisture containing solids so as to contribute to the heating of step (a); (c) upgrading the enthalpy of the condensate formed in step (b) by utilisation of the heat generated or released in the energetically cross-linked processing stage; (d) utilising at least part of this upgraded enthalpy for completing the heating in step (a) and utilising any residual upgraded enthalpy in the energetically cross-linked processing stage; and (e) carrying out the thermal processing of the solids dried in step (a).

Claim 3

A process according to claim 1 wherein the moisture evaporated in step (a) is compressed to such an extent that its condensation temperature is higher than the evaporation temperature of step (a) before being condensed in step (b).

Claim 4

An energetically cross-linked process including the drying and combustion of moisture containing solids comprising the steps of: (a) heating the moisture containing solids to a temperature below that of the decomposition of any organic component thereof so as substantially to dry the solids by evaporating out the moisture content thereof; (b) carrying out the combustion thereof; (c) filtering at least part of the vapour formed in step (a) to remove dust therein; (d) upgrading the enthalpy of at least part of the vapours formed in step (a) and filtered in step (c) by utilisation of waste heat generated or released in the combustion of step (b); and (e) condensing at least part of the vapours from step (d) in indirect heat exchange with the moisture containing solids while continuously moving said solids from a moist solids inlet to a dried solids outlet and thereby transferring part of the enthalpy of these vapours to the moisture containing solids so as to effect the heating of step (a).

Claim 5

An energetically cross-linked process including the drying and combustion of moisture containing solids comprising the steps of: (a) heating the moisture containing solids to a temperature below that of the decomposition of any organic component thereof so as substantially to dry the solids by evaporating out the moisture content thereof; (b) carrying out the combustion thereof; (c) filtering at least part of the vapour formed in step (a) to remove dust therein; (d) upgrading the enthalpy of at least part of the vapours formed in step (a) and filtered in step (c) by utilisation of waste heat generated or released in the combustion of step (b); and (e) condensing at least part of the vapours from step (d) in indirect heat exchange with the moisture containing solids while continuously moving said solids from a moist solids inlet to a dried solids outlet and thereby transferring part of the enthalpy of these vapours to the moisture containing solids so as to effect the heating of step (a).

Claim 6

A process according to claim 3 wherein said heat exchange is effected in countercurrent flow.

Claim 7

A process according to claim 3 wherein said moisture containing solids are caused to flow turbulently with respect to said vapours.

Claim 8

A process according to claim 3 comprising the further step of regulating the rate of movement of the moisture containing solids during heat exchange so as to ensure a substantially constant temperature of the dried solids prior to combustion.

Claim 9

A process according to claim 3 wherein the degree of said upgrading is regulated so as to ensure a substantially constant temperature of the dried solids prior to combustion.

Claim 10

A process according to claim 3 wherein said heat exchange is effected at atmospheric pressure.

Claim 11

A process according to claim 3 wherein said heat exchange is effected at sub-atmospheric pressure.

Claim 12

A process according to claim 3 wherein said heat exchange is effected at super-atmospheric pressure.

Claim 13

An energetically cross-linked process for the drying and thermal processing of moisture containing solids comprising the steps of: (a) heating the moisture containing solids to a temperature below that of the decomposition of any organic component thereof so as substantially to dry the solids by evaporating out the moisture content thereof; (b) upgrading the enthalpy of a portion of the vapours from step (a) by utilisation of the heat generated or released in the energetically cross-linked processing stage; (c) utilising this upgraded enthalpy for carrying out the heating in step (a) in direct heat exchange whilst maintaining the vapours which are thereby cooled at a temperature above their condensation point; (d) condensing the remaining portion of the vapours from step (a) and utilising the condensate thus formed in the energetically cross-linked processing; and (e) carrying out the thermal processing of the solids dried in step (a).

Claim 14

An energetically cross-linked process for the drying and thermal processing of moisture containing solids comprising the steps of: (a) heating the moisture containing solids to a temperature below that of the decomposition of any organic component thereof so as substantially to dry the solids by evaporating out the moisture content thereof; (b) upgrading the enthalpy of a portion of the vapours from step (a) by utilisation of the heat generated or released in the energetically cross-linked processing stage; (c) utilising this upgraded enthalpy for carrying out the heating in step (a) in direct heat exchange whilst maintaining the vapours which are thereby cooled at a temperature above their condensation point; (d) condensing the remaining portion of the vapours from step (a) and utilising the condensate thus formed in the energetically cross-linked processing; and (e) carrying out the thermal processing of the solids dried in step (a).

Claim 15

A process according to claim 11 wherein said condensation of step (d) takes place in heat exchange with an input fluid of the energetically cross-linked processing stage thereby upgrading said input fluid which is fed to the processing stage.

Claim 16

Apparatus for carrying out the process according to claim 11 and comprising a drying installation and a thermal processing installation coupled thereto, said drying installation comprising a fluidisation bed enclosure, moisture containing solid input means communicating with an inlet of said enclosure, dried solid output means communicating with an outlet of said enclosure and vapour inlet and outlet of said enclosure for coupling to vapour flow means and such that vapour can flow in direct contact heat exchange with solids in said fluidisation bed.

Claim 17

A process according to claim 3 and comprising the additional step of: (f) condensing at least part of any remaining vapours of those produced in steps (a) or (c) and utilizing their enthalpy and the residual upgraded enthalpy of the condensate of step (e) in an energetically cross-linked stage including said combustion.

Claim 18

A process according to claim 14 wherein said condensate is subjected to filtering prior to its utilisation in the energetically cross-linked processing.

Claim 19

A process according to claim 14 wherein said condensate is subjected to chemical treatment prior to its utilisation in the energetically cross-linked processing.

Claim 20

A process according to claim 3 wherein said solids are in a heated state when said combustion commences.

Claim 21

Apparatus for carrying out an energetically cross-linked drying and combustion of moisture containing solids and comprising a drying installation and a combustion installation coupled thereto, said drying installation comprising: an enclosure, moisture containing solid input means communicating with an upper inlet of said enclosure, dried solid output means communicating with a lower outlet of said enclosure, means for ensuring continuous movement of said solids from said inlet to said outlet along the height of of said enclosure; means for removing vapours from said enclosure, means for filtering said vapours, vapour heating means for heating said filtered vapour by indirect heat exchange with waste heat from said combustion installation; a plurality of hollow heat exchange units rotatably and substantially horizontally mounted in said enclosure and spaced along the height thereof, each unit having a vapour inlet and outlet, at least some of said units being connected in series, with the vapour outlet of at least one lower unit being coupled to the vapour inlet of a higher succeeding unit, the inlet to the first of said units being coupled to the heated vapour outlet of said vapour heating means; condensate drainage outlets of said heat exchange units and coupling means for effecting respective communication paths between said enclosure and said combustion installation for the flow of vapours, condensate and dried solids.

Claim 22

Apparatus for carrying out an energetically cross-linked drying and combustion of moisture containing solids and comprising a drying installation and a combustion installation coupled thereto, said drying installation comprising: an enclosure, moisture containing solid input means communicating with an upper inlet of said enclosure, dried solid output means communicating with a lower outlet of said enclosure, means for ensuring continuous movement of said solids from said inlet to said outlet along the height of of said enclosure; means for removing vapours from said enclosure, means for filtering said vapours, vapour heating means for heating said filtered vapour by indirect heat exchange with waste heat from said combustion installation; a plurality of hollow heat exchange units rotatably and substantially horizontally mounted in said enclosure and spaced along the height thereof, each unit having a vapour inlet and outlet, at least some of said units being connected in series, with the vapour outlet of at least one lower unit being coupled to the vapour inlet of a higher succeeding unit, the inlet to the first of said units being coupled to the heated vapour outlet of said vapour heating means; condensate drainage outlets of said heat exchange units and coupling means for effecting respective communication paths between said enclosure and said combustion installation for the flow of vapours, condensate and dried solids.

Claim 23

Apparatus according to claim 18 wherein said input means is provided with an airlock.

Claim 24

Apparatus according to claim 18 wherein said output means is provided with an airlock.

Claim 25

Apparatus according to claim 18 wherein each heat exchange unit comprises a hollow casing rotatably journalled with respect to the enclosure, the outer wall of said casing being formed with fins directed at an acute angle thereto and adapted to be impacted by the falling solids thereby causing said casing to rotate.

Claim 26

Apparatus according to claim 18 wherein each casing is keyed to one or more sprockets, the sprockets of said casing being coupled by means of a common coupling chain.

Claim 27

Apparatus according to claim 18 wherein the sprockets of the differing cases are of the same pitch thereby ensuring the rotation of said casings at substantially the same rate.

Claim 28

Apparatus according to claim 18 wherein the pitch diameters of the sprockets of the casings decrease downstream in a substantially stepwise fashion in proportion with the rate of diminution of the mass of the downflowing drying solids.

Claim 29

Apparatus according to claim 21 wherein braking means are provided for limiting the rate of rotation of said casings.