US4231995A
Expired / Lapsed
US
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Ammonia double-alkali process for removing sulfur oxides from stack gases
Assignee: Smelter Control Research Association Inc
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Filing: 1978-09-22
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Granted: 1980-11-04
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Expires: 1998-09-22
Abstract
Abstract An ammonia-based double-alkali process for removing sulfur oxides from stack gases. In this process, usually continuous, stack gases are contacted with an aqueous wash liquid containing ammonium sulfite as a sulfur oxide reactive compound to form a spent absorbent liquor containing bisulfite, sulfite and sulfate salts of ammonia. A portion of the reactive compound is regenerated by reacting the spent scrubbing liquor with a source of calcium ions, usually limestone. During the regeneration, calcium sulfite solids are precipitated as a by-product, any gypsum solids precipitation during the process being tolerated for a time insufficient to degrade substantially process performance. The resultant calcium solids are separated from the regenerated liquor which is returned for further contact with the stack gases, a portion of these solids being recycled to the regeneration stage. The process is preferably regulated by monitoring and controlling of the calcium concentration of the regenerated liquor, upset conditions being corrected by the addition of make-up ammonia during regeneration of the liquor.
Inventors
- 👤 Ivor E. Campbell
- 👤 James M. Henderson
- 👤 Walter Johnson
- 👤 William H. Wetherill
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-11-03 07:47
CPC Classifications
C; C01; C01C; C01C1/00; C01C1/22; B; B01; B01D; B01D53/00; B01D53/34; B01D53/46; B01D53/48; B01D53/50; B01D53/501; C01C1/24; C01C1/242; C01F; C01F11/00; C01F11/48
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 13
Claim 1
Independent Claim
166 words
A process for removing sulfur oxide from stack gases comprising: (a) contacting said stack gases with an aqueous wash liquid comprising ammonium sulfite as a sulfur oxide reactive compound to form a spent absorbent liquor containing bisulfite, sulfite and sulfate salts of ammonia; (b) regenerating at least a portion of the reactive compound and precipitating calcium sulfite solids by treating the spent absorbent liquor with a source of calcium ions, the calcium ion concentration of the regenerated liquor being maintained between about 500 and 800 ppm at substantially all times and the pH of the regenerated liquor being maintained between about 5.5 and 6.2 at substantially all times whereby any gypsum solids precipitation in the process is tolerated for a time insufficient to degrade substantially process performance; (c) separating the precipitated calcium solids from the regenerated liquor; (d) returning at least a portion of the separated calcium solids to the regeneration step; and (e) further contacting the regenerated liquor with said sulfur oxide containing stack gases.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
166 words
A process for removing sulfur oxide from stack gases comprising: (a) contacting said stack gases with an aqueous wash liquid comprising ammonium sulfite as a sulfur oxide reactive compound to form a spent absorbent liquor containing bisulfite, sulfite and sulfate salts of ammonia; (b) regenerating at least a portion of the reactive compound and precipitating calcium sulfite solids by treating the spent absorbent liquor with a source of calcium ions, the calcium ion concentration of the regenerated liquor being maintained between about 500 and 800 ppm at substantially all times and the pH of the regenerated liquor being maintained between about 5.5 and 6.2 at substantially all times whereby any gypsum solids precipitation in the process is tolerated for a time insufficient to degrade substantially process performance; (c) separating the precipitated calcium solids from the regenerated liquor; (d) returning at least a portion of the separated calcium solids to the regeneration step; and (e) further contacting the regenerated liquor with said sulfur oxide containing stack gases.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
15 words
The process of claim 1 wherein substantially no gypsum solids are precipitated during the process.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
20 words
The process of claim 1 wherein the pH of the regenerated liquor during the process is about 5.5 to 5.9.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
19 words
The process of claim 1 also including the step of adding make-up ammonia to the pregnant liquor during regeneration.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
32 words
The process of claim 4 wherein ammonia is rapidly added to the liquor while continuing calcium ion addition until the pH of the regenerated liquor ranges between about 6.0 and about 6.2.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
29 words
The process of claim 4 wherein ammonia is added to the liquor while interrupting calcium ion addition until the pH of the regenerated liquor ranges between 5.5 and 5.9.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
13 words
The process of claim 1 wherein the source of calcium ion is limestone.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
174 words
In a process for removing sulfur oxide from stack gases which includes the step of contacting stack gases with an aqueous wash liquid comprising ammonium sulfite as a sulfur oxide reactive compound to form a spent absorbent liquor containing bisulfite, sulfite and sulfate salts of ammonia and regenerating the spent absorbent liquor, the improvement comprising regenerating at least a portion of the reactive compound and precipitating calcium sulfite solids by reacting the spent absorbent liquor with a source of calcium ions, the calcium ion concentration of the regenerated liquor being maintained between about 500 and 800 ppm at substantially all times and the pH of the regenerated liquor being maintained between about 5.5 and 6.2 at substantially all times whereby any gypsum solids precipitation in the process is tolerated for a time insufficient to degrade substantially process performance; separating the precipitated calcium solids from the regenerated liquor; returning at least a portion of the separated calcium solids to the regeneration step; and further contacting the regenerated liquor with the sulfur oxide containing stack gases.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
174 words
In a process for removing sulfur oxide from stack gases which includes the step of contacting stack gases with an aqueous wash liquid comprising ammonium sulfite as a sulfur oxide reactive compound to form a spent absorbent liquor containing bisulfite, sulfite and sulfate salts of ammonia and regenerating the spent absorbent liquor, the improvement comprising regenerating at least a portion of the reactive compound and precipitating calcium sulfite solids by reacting the spent absorbent liquor with a source of calcium ions, the calcium ion concentration of the regenerated liquor being maintained between about 500 and 800 ppm at substantially all times and the pH of the regenerated liquor being maintained between about 5.5 and 6.2 at substantially all times whereby any gypsum solids precipitation in the process is tolerated for a time insufficient to degrade substantially process performance; separating the precipitated calcium solids from the regenerated liquor; returning at least a portion of the separated calcium solids to the regeneration step; and further contacting the regenerated liquor with the sulfur oxide containing stack gases.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
18 words
The process of claim 8 including the step of adding make-up ammonia to the pregnant liquor during regeneration.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
32 words
The process of claim 9 wherein the ammonia is rapidly added to the liquor while continuing calcium addition until the pH of the regenerated liquor ranges between about 6.0 and about 6.2.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
28 words
The process of claim 9 wherein ammonia is added to the liquor while interrupting calcium addition until the pH of the regenerated liquor ranges between 5.5 and 5.9.
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USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 Years (Year 4) | 1983-11-04 | 1984-05-05 | 1984-11-04 | $2000.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 1987-11-04 | 1988-05-05 | 1988-11-04 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 1991-11-04 | 1992-05-05 | 1992-11-04 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |