US4146389A
Expired / Lapsed
US
⏱️ 0.0 years remaining
Thermal reduction process of aluminium
Assignee: Individual
•
Filing: 1977-10-18
•
Granted: 1979-03-27
•
Expires: 1997-10-18
Abstract
Abstract The thermal reduction process for producing metals such as aluminum in a reactor utilizes a dispersed discharge to provide the heat of reaction within the reaction zone in the presence of aluminum vapor to maintain the temperature in excess of 2000° C. The aluminum oxide powder and a reductant in a gaseous medium are introduced with a tangential component into the reactor to create a vortex motion. A minimum turbulence level within the reactor in the reaction zone is maintained so as to keep the solid particles in suspension and prevent the dispersed discharge from forming electrical arcs. Aluminum oxide is reduced to aluminum vapor which is removed with the effluent stream of gases from the reaction zone. Thereafter, the effluent is rapidly passed through a condenser where the temperature is dropped to liquefy the aluminum vapor which is then discharged in a continuous stream. The effluent stream is monitored for unreacted carbon or aluminum oxide and this information is fed back to the reactor for controlling the input of the starting materials.
Inventors
- 👤 Bela Karlovitz
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-11-08 12:26
CPC Classifications
C; C22; C22B; C22B21/00; C22B21/02; C22B5/00; C22B5/02; C22B5/12; C22B5/14
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 21
Claim 1
Independent Claim
123 words
A thermal reduction process for reducing metal oxides in a reactor comprising: A. introducing the metal oxide in powder form and a reductant in a gaseous medium into a reaction zone of the reactor with a tangential component to create a vortex motion; B. maintaining a dispersed electrical discharge in the reaction zone through a minimum turbulence level of the gaseous medium; C. maintaining a temperature in the reaction zone above a reduction-reaction temperature of said oxide; D. reducing said powder to metal vapor; E. retaining said powder in the said reaction zone through centrifugal force until reduced; F. removing an effluent stream of gases including the metal vapor from said reaction zone; and G. converting the metal vapor to the liquid state.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
123 words
A thermal reduction process for reducing metal oxides in a reactor comprising: A. introducing the metal oxide in powder form and a reductant in a gaseous medium into a reaction zone of the reactor with a tangential component to create a vortex motion; B. maintaining a dispersed electrical discharge in the reaction zone through a minimum turbulence level of the gaseous medium; C. maintaining a temperature in the reaction zone above a reduction-reaction temperature of said oxide; D. reducing said powder to metal vapor; E. retaining said powder in the said reaction zone through centrifugal force until reduced; F. removing an effluent stream of gases including the metal vapor from said reaction zone; and G. converting the metal vapor to the liquid state.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
11 words
The process of claim 1, said metal oxide being aluminum oxide.
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
14 words
The process of claim 2, said temperature being maintained in excess of 2000° C.
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
23 words
The process of claim 2 including the step of establishing the dispersed discharge within the reactor zone in the presence of aluminum vapor.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
23 words
The process of claim 2 wherein the converting step comprises condensing the aluminum vapor into the liquid state external of the reaction zone.
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
18 words
The process of claim 2 including the further step of monitoring the effluent stream for excessive reductant feed.
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
29 words
The process of claim 6 including controlling the flow rate of the reductant into like reaction zone in response to a signal that reductant is in the effluent stream.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
24 words
The process of claim 6 including introducing oxygen into the reaction zone in response to a signal that reductant is in the effluent stream.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
26 words
The process of claim 2 wherein the reductant is selected from the group consisting of natural gas, hydrocarbon gas other than natural gas and solid carbon.
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
31 words
The process of claim 5 wherein the condensing step includes passing the effluent stream through a condenser wherein the temperature of the stream is rapidly reduced to at least 1600° C.
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
22 words
The process of claim 10 wherein the effluent stream enters the condenser at a flow velocity of at least about 600 m/sec.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
27 words
The process of claim 10 including separating the liquid aluminum from the effluent stream of gas in a liquid-gas separator and discharging a stream of liquid aluminum.
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
26 words
The process of claim 3 wherein said temperature in the reaction zone in the area of the effluent stream removal is maintained at about 2400° C.
Claim 15
Dependent Claim
25 words
The process of claim 4 including establishing said dispersed discharge between spaced electrodes by filling said space with aluminum vapor and ionizing said aluminum vapor.
Claim 16
Dependent Claim
11 words
The process of claim 2, said reductant comprising the gaseous medium.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
25 words
The process of claim 2, said introducing step comprising introducing said oxide powder, reductant and gaseous medium through a plurality of spaced and aligned jets.
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
16 words
The process of claim 6 wherein a free carbon content of the effluent stream is monitored.
Claim 19
Dependent Claim
29 words
The process of claim 2 wherein the minimum turbulence level is defined by a characteristic time in the reaction zone on the order of 10 -3 seconds or less.
Claim 20
Dependent Claim
141 words
A process for thermally reducing aluminum oxide powder to aluminum in a reactor comprising: A. establishing a dispersed electric discharge within a reactor zone in the presence of aluminum vapor to maintain a temperature in a center portion of said zone of at least 2000° C.; B. introducing aluminum oxide powder and natural gas as introductants into the reaction zone with a tangential component to create a vortex motion; C. maintaining the dispersed discharge in the reaction zone through a minimum turbulence level of the introductants; D. reducing said powder to aluminum vapor and retaining said powder in said reaction zone until reduced; E. removing an effluent stream of gases including aluminum vapor from said reaction zone; and F. reducing the temperature of the effluent stream in a condenser rapidly to 1600° C. to condense the aluminum vapor to molten aluminum.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
141 words
A process for thermally reducing aluminum oxide powder to aluminum in a reactor comprising: A. establishing a dispersed electric discharge within a reactor zone in the presence of aluminum vapor to maintain a temperature in a center portion of said zone of at least 2000° C.; B. introducing aluminum oxide powder and natural gas as introductants into the reaction zone with a tangential component to create a vortex motion; C. maintaining the dispersed discharge in the reaction zone through a minimum turbulence level of the introductants; D. reducing said powder to aluminum vapor and retaining said powder in said reaction zone until reduced; E. removing an effluent stream of gases including aluminum vapor from said reaction zone; and F. reducing the temperature of the effluent stream in a condenser rapidly to 1600° C. to condense the aluminum vapor to molten aluminum.
References Cited (Backward Citations)
US3232746A
Cited
US3390979A
Cited
US3607221A
Cited
US3765870A
Cited
US3893845A
Cited
US3843351A
Cited
USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 Years (Year 4) | 1982-03-26 | 1982-09-25 | 1983-03-27 | $2000.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 1986-03-26 | 1986-09-25 | 1987-03-27 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 1990-03-26 | 1990-09-25 | 1991-03-27 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |