Patent EP0388768A2 successfully refreshed from Google Patents.
US4092491A
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US
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Differential encoding and decoding scheme for digital transmission systems
Assignee: AT&T Inc
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Filing: 1977-04-04
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Granted: 1978-05-30
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Expires: 1997-04-04
Abstract
Abstract Digital transmission systems operating over microwave radio generally employ phase modulation rather than amplitude modulation because phase modulation is less sensitive to non-linearities in the transmitter. Coherent demodulation is typically employed in the receiver to ensure maximum immunity to the thermal noise of the radio receiver. This, in turn, requires that the receiver include circuitry to recover an unmodulated carrier from the incoming digital signal for use as a phase reference in the demodulation process. Unfortunately, the phase of the recovered carrier is subject to ambiguities which may result in the demodulated digital signal being transposed and/or inverted, resulting in gross transmission errors. Differential encoding of the digital signal, prior to modulation, overcomes this problem but may create additional problems, such as the inability of the receiver to monitor transmission errors by means of the parity bits which are included in the digital signal to be transmitted. The instant invention comprises an encoding algorithm which encodes the digital signal prior to modulation so that phase ambiguities in the recovered carrier signal become unimportant, yet at the same time preserves the ability of the receiver to check for transmission errors. The algorithm comprises two separate but complementary encoding rules, one of which is employed if the last three outputs of the encoder are logical equivalents and the other if they are not. A similar decoding algorithm is employed at the receiver.
Inventors
- 👤 Gerald Lee Frazer
Bibliographic Details
Application Number
—
Jurisdiction
US
Data Source
google_patents
Last Synchronized
2026-10-27 10:07
CPC Classifications
H; H04; H04L; H04L27/00; H04L27/18; H04L27/20; H04L27/2032; H04L27/2053; H04L27/206; H04L27/2067; H04L27/2078; H04L27/2082; H04L27/22; H04L27/227; H04L27/2275; H04L27/2276
Claims Analysis
Total Claims: 40
Claim 1
Independent Claim
262 words
An improved method of transmitting a digital signal from a first to a second location, which comprises the steps of: at said first location, splitting said digital signal into first and second digital signals at half the bit rate of the original digital signal, said first and second digital signals being carried on first and second parallel data rails respectively and being offset with respect to one another by one-half bit interval; phase-modulating a carrier wave of fixed frequency and amplitude with the first and second digital signals on said data rails; and then transmitting the modulated carrier wave from said first to said second location, wherein the improvement comprises: prior to said phase-modulating step, differentially encoding the digital signal on each data rail in a differential encoder according to the following encoding algorithm: If the last three outputs of the differential encoder were all the same, implement encoding Rule I, otherwise implement encoding Rule II. Encoding Rule I: (a) If the input to the encoder is a first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output; (b) If the input to the encoder is a second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output: Encoding Rule II: (a) If the input to the encoder is said first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output; (b) If the input to the encoder is said second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output.
Claim 2
Dependent Claim
262 words
An improved method of transmitting a digital signal from a first to a second location, which comprises the steps of: at said first location, splitting said digital signal into first and second digital signals at half the bit rate of the original digital signal, said first and second digital signals being carried on first and second parallel data rails respectively and being offset with respect to one another by one-half bit interval; phase-modulating a carrier wave of fixed frequency and amplitude with the first and second digital signals on said data rails; and then transmitting the modulated carrier wave from said first to said second location, wherein the improvement comprises: prior to said phase-modulating step, differentially encoding the digital signal on each data rail in a differential encoder according to the following encoding algorithm: If the last three outputs of the differential encoder were all the same, implement encoding Rule I, otherwise implement encoding Rule II. Encoding Rule I: (a) If the input to the encoder is a first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output; (b) If the input to the encoder is a second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output: Encoding Rule II: (a) If the input to the encoder is said first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output; (b) If the input to the encoder is said second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output.
Claim 3
Dependent Claim
24 words
The method according to claim 1 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "0" and said second logical condition is a logical "1".
Claim 4
Dependent Claim
24 words
The method according to claim 1 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "1" and said second logical condition is a logical "0".
Claim 5
Dependent Claim
199 words
The method according to claim 1 comprising the further steps of: at said second location, demodulating said phase-modulated carrier wave to derive on first and second parallel data rails said first and second digital signals respectively; and then, interleaving said first and second digital signals to obtain the original digital signal, wherein the improvements comprises: prior to said interleaving step, differentially decoding the digital signal on each data rail in a differential decoder according to the following decoding algorithm: if the last three inputs to the differential decoder were all the same, implement decoding Rule I, otherwise implement decoding Rule II. Decoding Rule I: (a) If the input to the decoder is the logical equivalent of the previous input, make the decoder output a first logical condition; (b) If the input to the decoder is the logical complement of the previous input, make the decoder output a second logical condition; Decoding Rule II: (a) If the input to the decoder is the logical complement of the previous input, make the decoder output said first logical condition; (b) If the input to the decoder is the logical equivalent of the previous input, make the decoder output said second logical condition.
Claim 6
Dependent Claim
24 words
The method according to claim 4 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "0" and said second logical condition is a logical "1".
Claim 7
Dependent Claim
24 words
The method according to claim 4 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "1" and said second logical condition is a logical "0".
Claim 8
Dependent Claim
190 words
An improved method of transmitting a digital signal from a first to a second location, which comprises the steps of: at said first location, modulating a carrier wave with said digital signal and then; transmitting said digital signal to said second location, wherein the improvement comprises: prior to said modulating step, differentially encoding the digital signal according to the following encoding algorithm: if the last three outputs of the differential encoder were all the same, implement encoding Rule I, otherwise implement encoding Rule II. Encoding Rule I: (a) If the input to the encoder is a first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output; (b) IF the input to the encoder is a second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output: Encoding Rule II: (a) If the input to the encoder is said first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output; (b) If the input to the encoder is said second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output.
Claim 9
Dependent Claim
190 words
An improved method of transmitting a digital signal from a first to a second location, which comprises the steps of: at said first location, modulating a carrier wave with said digital signal and then; transmitting said digital signal to said second location, wherein the improvement comprises: prior to said modulating step, differentially encoding the digital signal according to the following encoding algorithm: if the last three outputs of the differential encoder were all the same, implement encoding Rule I, otherwise implement encoding Rule II. Encoding Rule I: (a) If the input to the encoder is a first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output; (b) IF the input to the encoder is a second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output: Encoding Rule II: (a) If the input to the encoder is said first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output; (b) If the input to the encoder is said second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output.
Claim 10
Dependent Claim
24 words
The method according to claim 7 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "0" and said second logical condition is a logical "1".
Claim 11
Dependent Claim
24 words
The method according to claim 7 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "1" and said second logical condition is a logical "0".
Claim 12
Dependent Claim
169 words
The method according to claim 7 comprising the further steps of: at said second location, demodulating said modulated carrier wave to recover said digital signal, wherein the improvement comprises: subsequent to said demodulating step, differentially decoding the digital signal in a differential decoder according to the following decoding algorithm: If the last three inputs to the differential decoder were all the same, implement decoding Rule I, otherwise implement decoding Rule II. Decoding Rule I: (a) If the input to the decoder is the logical equivalent of the previous input, make the decoder output a first logical condition; (b) If the input to the decoder is the logical complement of the previous input, make the decoder output a second logical condition; Decoding Rule II: (a) If the input to the decoder is the logical complement of the previous input, make the decoder output said first logical condition; (b) If the input to the decoder is the logical equivalent of the previous input, make the decoder output said second logical condition.
Claim 13
Dependent Claim
24 words
The method according to claim 10 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "0" and said second logical condition is a logical "1".
Claim 14
Dependent Claim
24 words
The method according to claim 10 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "1" and said second logical condition is a logical "0".
Claim 15
Independent Claim
158 words
A method of differentially encoding a digital bit stream comprising the steps of: applying said bit stream to a differential encoder, said encoder following the encoding algorithm set forth below: if the last three outputs of the differential encoder were all the same, implement encoding Rule I, otherwise implement encoding Rule II. Encoding Rule I: (a) If the input to the encoder is a first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output; (b) If the input to the encoder is a second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output: Encoding Rule II: (a) If the input to the encoder is said first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output; (b) If the input to the encoder is said second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output.
Claim 16
Independent Claim
158 words
A method of differentially encoding a digital bit stream comprising the steps of: applying said bit stream to a differential encoder, said encoder following the encoding algorithm set forth below: if the last three outputs of the differential encoder were all the same, implement encoding Rule I, otherwise implement encoding Rule II. Encoding Rule I: (a) If the input to the encoder is a first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output; (b) If the input to the encoder is a second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output: Encoding Rule II: (a) If the input to the encoder is said first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output; (b) If the input to the encoder is said second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output.
Claim 17
Dependent Claim
24 words
The method according to claim 13 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "0" and said second logical condition is a logical "1".
Claim 18
Dependent Claim
24 words
The method according to claim 13 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "1" and said second logical condition is a logical "0".
Claim 19
Independent Claim
155 words
A method of differentially decoding a bit stream that has priorly been differentially encoded comprising the steps of: applying said bit stream to a differential decoder, said decoder following the decoding algorithm set forth below: if the last three inputs to the differential decoder were all the same, implement decoding Rule I, otherwise implement decoding Rule II. Decoding Rule I: (a) If the input to the decoder is the logical equivalent of the previous input, make the decoder output a first logical condition; (b) If the input to the decoder is the logical complement of the previous input, make the decoder output a second logical condition; Decoding Rule II: (a) If the input to the decoder is the logical complement of the previous input, make the decoder output said first logical condition; (b) If the input to the decoder is the logical equivalent of the previous input, make the decoder output said second logical condition.
Claim 20
Independent Claim
155 words
A method of differentially decoding a bit stream that has priorly been differentially encoded comprising the steps of: applying said bit stream to a differential decoder, said decoder following the decoding algorithm set forth below: if the last three inputs to the differential decoder were all the same, implement decoding Rule I, otherwise implement decoding Rule II. Decoding Rule I: (a) If the input to the decoder is the logical equivalent of the previous input, make the decoder output a first logical condition; (b) If the input to the decoder is the logical complement of the previous input, make the decoder output a second logical condition; Decoding Rule II: (a) If the input to the decoder is the logical complement of the previous input, make the decoder output said first logical condition; (b) If the input to the decoder is the logical equivalent of the previous input, make the decoder output said second logical condition.
Claim 21
Dependent Claim
24 words
The method according to claim 16 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "0" and said second logical condition is a logical "1".
Claim 22
Dependent Claim
24 words
The method according to claim 16 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "1" and said second logical condition is a logical "0".
Claim 23
Dependent Claim
272 words
Improved apparatus for transmitting a digital signal from a first to a second location, which comprises: at said first location, means for splitting said digital signal into first and second digital signals at half the bit rate of the original digital signal, said first and second digital signals being applied to first and second parallel data rails, respectively, and being offset with respect to one another by one-half bit interval; a source of a carrier signal; and a modulator, connected to said first and second data rails and to said carrier signal source, for phase-monitoring said carrier signal with said digital signal, wherein the improvement comprises: first and second encoding means, respectively interposed in said first and second data rails between said signal splitting means and said phase modulator, for separately encoding the digital signal on each data rail according to the following algorithm: if the last three outputs of the differential encoder were all the same implement encoding Rule I, otherwise implement encoding Rule II. Encoding Rule I: (a) If the input to the encoder is a first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output; (b) If the input to the encoder is a second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output: Encoding Rule II: (a) If the input to the encoder is said first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output; (b) If the input to the encoder is said second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output.
Claim 24
Dependent Claim
272 words
Improved apparatus for transmitting a digital signal from a first to a second location, which comprises: at said first location, means for splitting said digital signal into first and second digital signals at half the bit rate of the original digital signal, said first and second digital signals being applied to first and second parallel data rails, respectively, and being offset with respect to one another by one-half bit interval; a source of a carrier signal; and a modulator, connected to said first and second data rails and to said carrier signal source, for phase-monitoring said carrier signal with said digital signal, wherein the improvement comprises: first and second encoding means, respectively interposed in said first and second data rails between said signal splitting means and said phase modulator, for separately encoding the digital signal on each data rail according to the following algorithm: if the last three outputs of the differential encoder were all the same implement encoding Rule I, otherwise implement encoding Rule II. Encoding Rule I: (a) If the input to the encoder is a first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output; (b) If the input to the encoder is a second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output: Encoding Rule II: (a) If the input to the encoder is said first logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical complement of the previous output; (b) If the input to the encoder is said second logical condition, make the output of the encoder the logical equivalent of the previous output.
Claim 25
Dependent Claim
24 words
The apparatus according to claim 19 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "0" and said second logical condition is a logical "1".
Claim 26
Dependent Claim
24 words
The apparatus according to claim 19 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "1" and said second logical condition is a logical "0".
Claim 27
Dependent Claim
153 words
The apparatus according to claim 19 wherein said first and second encoding means each comprise: a first exclusive OR-gate having one input connected to a corresponding data rail; first, second and third cascaded bistable multivibrators, the input to said first multivibrator being connected to the output of said first exclusive OR-gate; a second exclusive OR-gate having one input connected to the output of said third multivibrator and another input connected to the output of said second multivibrator; a third exclusive OR-gate having one input connected to the output of said second multivibrator and another input connected to the output of said first multivibrator; and a fourth exclusive OR-gate having one input connected to the output of said first multivibrator and another input connected to the output of both said second and said third exclusive OR-gate, the output of said fourth exclusive OR-gate being connected to the other input of said first exclusive OR-gate.
Claim 28
Dependent Claim
272 words
Improved apparatus for receiving a digital signal which has been transmitted from a first to a second location by means of a carrier wave which has been phase-modulated by said digital signal, which comprises: at said second location, means, connected to the source of the incoming digital signal, for generating a local version of said carrier wave; first and second demodulators, connected to said carrier wave generating means, for respectively generating on first and second parallel data rails first and second digital signals at half the bit rate of the original incoming digital signal; and means for combining said first and second digital signals into said original digital signal, wherein the improvement comprises: first and second decoding means, respectively interposed in said first and second data rails between said first and second demodulators and said combining means, for separately decoding the digital signal on each data rail according to the following algorithm: if the last three inputs to the differential decoder were all the same, implement decoding Rule I, otherwise implement decoding Rule II. Decoding Rule I: (a) If the input to the decoder is the logical equivalent of the previous input, make the decoder output a first logical condition; (b) If the input to the decoder is the logical complement of the previous input, make the decoder output a second logical condition. Decoding Rule II: (a) If the input to the decoder is the logical complement of the previous input, make the decoder output said first logical condition; (b) If the input to the decoder is the logical equivalent of the previous input, make the decoder output said second logical condition.
Claim 29
Dependent Claim
272 words
Improved apparatus for receiving a digital signal which has been transmitted from a first to a second location by means of a carrier wave which has been phase-modulated by said digital signal, which comprises: at said second location, means, connected to the source of the incoming digital signal, for generating a local version of said carrier wave; first and second demodulators, connected to said carrier wave generating means, for respectively generating on first and second parallel data rails first and second digital signals at half the bit rate of the original incoming digital signal; and means for combining said first and second digital signals into said original digital signal, wherein the improvement comprises: first and second decoding means, respectively interposed in said first and second data rails between said first and second demodulators and said combining means, for separately decoding the digital signal on each data rail according to the following algorithm: if the last three inputs to the differential decoder were all the same, implement decoding Rule I, otherwise implement decoding Rule II. Decoding Rule I: (a) If the input to the decoder is the logical equivalent of the previous input, make the decoder output a first logical condition; (b) If the input to the decoder is the logical complement of the previous input, make the decoder output a second logical condition. Decoding Rule II: (a) If the input to the decoder is the logical complement of the previous input, make the decoder output said first logical condition; (b) If the input to the decoder is the logical equivalent of the previous input, make the decoder output said second logical condition.
Claim 30
Dependent Claim
24 words
The apparatus according to claim 23 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "0" and said second logical condition is a logical "1".
Claim 31
Dependent Claim
24 words
The apparatus according to claim 23 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "1" and said second logical condition is a logical "0".
Claim 32
Dependent Claim
149 words
The apparatus according to claim 23 wherein said first and second decoding means each comprise: a first exclusive OR-gate having one input connected to a corresponding data rail; first, second and third cascaded bistable multivibrators, the input to said first multivibrator being connected to said data rail; a second exclusive OR-gate having one input connected to the output of said second multivibrator and another input connected to the output of said third multivibrator; a third exclusive OR-gate having one input connected to the output of said first multivibrator and another input connected to the output of said second multivibrator; and a fourth exclusive OR-gate having one input connected to the output of both said second and said third exclusive OR-gates and another input connected to the output of said first multivibrator, the output of said fourth exclusive OR-gate being connected to the other input of said first exclusive OR-gate.
Claim 33
Dependent Claim
161 words
An improved differential encoder for differentially encoding a digital bit stream which comprises: means for examining successive bits in said bit stream, said examining means generating an output bit which is identical to the previous output bit if the bit currently under examination is a first logical condition and an output bit which is the logical complement of the previous output bit if the bit currently under examination is a second logical condition, wherein the improvement comprises: means for examining the last three bits output from said examining means and, if said last three output bits were not all logical equivalents, modifying the operation of said examining means such that said examining means generates an output bit which is the logical complement of the previous output bit if the bit currently under examination is said first logical condition and an output bit which is identical to the previous output bit if the bit currently under examination is a second logical condition.
Claim 34
Dependent Claim
161 words
An improved differential encoder for differentially encoding a digital bit stream which comprises: means for examining successive bits in said bit stream, said examining means generating an output bit which is identical to the previous output bit if the bit currently under examination is a first logical condition and an output bit which is the logical complement of the previous output bit if the bit currently under examination is a second logical condition, wherein the improvement comprises: means for examining the last three bits output from said examining means and, if said last three output bits were not all logical equivalents, modifying the operation of said examining means such that said examining means generates an output bit which is the logical complement of the previous output bit if the bit currently under examination is said first logical condition and an output bit which is identical to the previous output bit if the bit currently under examination is a second logical condition.
Claim 35
Dependent Claim
24 words
The apparatus according to claim 27 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "0" and said second logical condition is a logical "1".
Claim 36
Dependent Claim
24 words
The apparatus according to claim 27 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "1" and said second logical condition is a logical "0".
Claim 37
Dependent Claim
176 words
An improved differential decoder for differentially decoding a digital bit stream which has priorly been differentially encoded, said decoder comprising: means for examining successive bits in said bit stream, said examining means generating an output bit which is a first logical condition if the input bit currently under examination is the logical equivalent of the previous input bit and an output bit which is a second logical condition if the input bit currently under examination is the logical complement of the previous input bit, wherein the improvement comprises: means for examining the last three bits input to said examining means and, if said last three input bits were not all logical equivalents, modifying the operation of said examining means such that said examining means generates an output bit which is said first logical condition if the input bit currently under examination is the logical complement of the previous input bit and an output bit which is said second logical condition if the input bit currently under examination is the logical equivalent of the previous input bit.
Claim 38
Dependent Claim
176 words
An improved differential decoder for differentially decoding a digital bit stream which has priorly been differentially encoded, said decoder comprising: means for examining successive bits in said bit stream, said examining means generating an output bit which is a first logical condition if the input bit currently under examination is the logical equivalent of the previous input bit and an output bit which is a second logical condition if the input bit currently under examination is the logical complement of the previous input bit, wherein the improvement comprises: means for examining the last three bits input to said examining means and, if said last three input bits were not all logical equivalents, modifying the operation of said examining means such that said examining means generates an output bit which is said first logical condition if the input bit currently under examination is the logical complement of the previous input bit and an output bit which is said second logical condition if the input bit currently under examination is the logical equivalent of the previous input bit.
Claim 39
Dependent Claim
24 words
The apparatus according to claim 30 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "0" and said second logical condition is a logical "1".
Claim 40
Dependent Claim
24 words
The apparatus according to claim 30 wherein said first logical condition is a logical "1" and said second logical condition is a logical "0".
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USPTO Annuity & Maintenance Windows
| Annuity Stage | Window Opens | Payment Deadline | Surcharge Period Until | Estimated Fee | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 Years (Year 4) | 1981-05-29 | 1981-11-28 | 1982-05-30 | $2000.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 7.5 Years (Year 8) | 1985-05-29 | 1985-11-28 | 1986-05-30 | $3760.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |
| 11.5 Years (Year 12) | 1989-05-29 | 1989-11-28 | 1990-05-30 | $7700.00 | Window Closed / Lapsed |