Liquid developer for use in electrophotography

Claim 1

A liquid developer for use in electrophotography, consisting essentially of a toner dispersed in a carrier liquid having a high resistivity and a low dielectric constant, said toner having a mean particle size in the range of from 0.1 to 1 micron and consisting essentially of pigment or dye particles, a non-aqueous resin dispersion and an additive copolymer, said non-aqueous resin dispersion having been prepared by carrying out successively the following four steps (a), (b), (c) and (d) in an aliphatic hydrocarbon organic solvent or a halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent, at an elevated temperature, adding wax or polyethylene having a softening point of 60° to 130° C in one of the four steps and dissolving it in the solvent, and cooling the reaction product of step (d) while stirring vigorously: (a) copolymerizing from 99.9 to 80 parts by weight of a monomer having the formula (I) ##STR4## wherein R is hydrogen or methyl, A is --COOC n H 2n+1 or --OC n H 2n+1 , and n is an integer of from 6 to 20, with from 0.1 to 20 parts by weight of at least one co-monomer selected from the group consisting of an unsaturated carboxylic acid, glycidyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate; (b) esterifying 100 parts by weight of the copolymer obtained in step (a) with from 0.1 to 20 parts by weight of glycidyl acrylate or glycidyl acrylate when said copolymer has been prepared by using an unsaturated carboxylic acid, or esterifying 100 parts by weight of the copolymer obtained in step (a) with from 0.1 to 20 parts by weight of said unsaturated carboxylic acid when said copolymer has been prepared by using glycidyl acrylate or glycidyl methacrylate; (c) grafting 100 parts by weight of the esterified copolymer obtained in step (b) with from 5 to 100 parts by weight of a monomer having a vinyl group; (d) polymerizing 100 parts by weight of the graft copolymer obtained in step (c) with from 0.1 to 20 parts by weight of a compound selected from the group consisting of maleic acid, fumaric acid, allylamine, vinylamine, aroyl alcohol, vinyl sulfonic acid, vinyl phosphate and a vinyl monomer having the formula ##STR5## wherein R is hydrogen or methyl, and B is ##STR6## wherein m and m' are integers from one to 4, ##STR7## ##STR8## ##STR9## and wherein the amount of said wax or polyethylene added is as follows: when added in step (a), from 5 to 50 parts by weight of said wax or polyethylene, per 100 parts by weight of the sum of the weights of said monomer (I) and said co-monomer, when added in step (b), from 5 to 50 parts by weight of said wax or polyethylene, per 100 parts by weight of the copolymer obtained in step (a), when added in step (c), from 1 to 40 parts by weight of said wax or polyethylene, per 100 parts by weight of the esterified copolymer obtained in step (b), and when added in step (d), from 5 to 50 parts by weight of said wax or polyethylene, per 100 parts by weight of the graft copolymer obtained in step (c), and said additive copolymer is a copolymer of a first monomer selected from the group consisting of styrene, methylmethacrylate and vinyl toluene, and a second monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, lauryl methacrylate, lauryl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, stearyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexylacrylate and 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, copolymerized at a molar ration of 3/7 to 7/3, the amount of said additive copolymer being from one to 40 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of said resin dispersion.