Method and apparatus for the determination of the thickness of a mudcake layer on a borehole wall traversing a subsurface earth formation

Claim 1

An apparatus for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole and having a mudcake layer on the borehole wall, comprising: a. means for supporting a plurality of electrodes adapted for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. means for emitting a main current, I 0 and an auxiliary current, I 1 from said current-emitting electrode; c. a first control loop for maintaining a first potential difference between two measure electrodes in one portion of the borehole; d. a second control loop for maintaining a second potential difference between two measure electrodes at a second portion of the borehole, said first and second control loops arranged to produce auxiliary current flow primarily in the borehole and mudcake formed on the borehole wall and main current flow primarily in the formation surrounding the borehole; e. means for producing a first signal representative of the magnitude of the main current; f. means for producing a second signal indicative of the magnitude of the auxiliary current; g. means for combining said first and second signals to produce a third signal proportional to (I 1 -λI 0 ) where λ is a constant coefficient, said third signal being representative of the mudcake thickness.

Claim 2

An apparatus for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole and having a mudcake layer on the borehole wall, comprising: a. means for supporting a plurality of electrodes adapted for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. means for emitting a main current, I 0 and an auxiliary current, I 1 from said current-emitting electrode; c. a first control loop for maintaining a first potential difference between two measure electrodes in one portion of the borehole; d. a second control loop for maintaining a second potential difference between two measure electrodes at a second portion of the borehole, said first and second control loops arranged to produce auxiliary current flow primarily in the borehole and mudcake formed on the borehole wall and main current flow primarily in the formation surrounding the borehole; e. means for producing a first signal representative of the magnitude of the main current; f. means for producing a second signal indicative of the magnitude of the auxiliary current; g. means for combining said first and second signals to produce a third signal proportional to (I 1 -λI 0 ) where λ is a constant coefficient, said third signal being representative of the mudcake thickness.

Claim 3

An apparatus for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. means for supporting a plurality of electrodes adapted for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole, current return electrodes and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. means for emitting a main current and an auxiliary current from said at least one current-emitting electrode; c. means for adjusting the potential difference between selected potential measuring electrodes to produce auxiliary current flow primarily in the media adjacent to the electrodes and main current flow primarily in the formation surrounding the electrodes; d. means for producing first and second signals representative of said main and auxiliary currents, respectively; e. means responsive to the signal representative of the main current for producing a third signal representative of the resistivity, R a , of the formation surrounding the borehole; and f. means for combining said first, second and third signals to produce an output signal representative of the mudcake thickness on the borehole wall, including gate means for disabling said combining means when the ratio of the resistivity of the formation to the mudcake resistivity is less than a predetermined amount.

Claim 4

An apparatus for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. means for supporting a plurality of electrodes adapted for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole, current return electrodes and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. means for emitting a main current and an auxiliary current from said at least one current-emitting electrode; c. means for adjusting the potential difference between selected potential measuring electrodes to produce auxiliary current flow primarily in the media adjacent to the electrodes and main current flow primarily in the formation surrounding the electrodes; d. means for producing first and second signals representative of said main and auxiliary currents, respectively; e. means responsive to the signal representative of the main current for producing a third signal representative of the resistivity, R a , of the formation surrounding the borehole; and f. means for combining said first, second and third signals to produce an output signal representative of the mudcake thickness on the borehole wall, including gate means for disabling said combining means when the ratio of the resistivity of the formation to the mudcake resistivity is less than a predetermined amount.

Claim 5

A method for investigating subsurface earth formations traversed by a borehole having a mudcake layer formed on the borehole wall, comprising: a. moving a plurality of electrodes through said borehole, the electrodes including at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the media surrounding the electrodes and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. emitting a main and auxiliary current from said current-emitting electrode; c. maintaining a first potential difference between two measure electrodes in one portion of the borehole; d. maintaining a second potential difference between two measure electrodes in a second portion of the borehole, said first and second potential differences cooperating to produce an auxiliary current flow primarily in the borehole and mudcake on the borehole wall and main current flow primarily in the formation surrounding the borehole; e. measuring the main current; f. measuring the auxiliary current; g. producing a signal from the measured main current which is representative of the resistivity of the formation surrounding the borehole; h. comparing said signal representative of the formation resistivity with a predetermined limit value; i. combining said signals representative of the main, auxiliary and resistivity signals to produce a fourth signal representative of the mudcake thickness when the value of formation resistivity is greater than said predetermined limit value.

Claim 6

A method for investigating subsurface earth formations traversed by a borehole having a mudcake layer formed on the borehole wall, comprising: a. moving a plurality of electrodes through said borehole, the electrodes including at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the media surrounding the electrodes and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. emitting a main and auxiliary current from said current-emitting electrode; c. maintaining a first potential difference between two measure electrodes in one portion of the borehole; d. maintaining a second potential difference between two measure electrodes in a second portion of the borehole, said first and second potential differences cooperating to produce an auxiliary current flow primarily in the borehole and mudcake on the borehole wall and main current flow primarily in the formation surrounding the borehole; e. measuring the main current; f. measuring the auxiliary current; g. producing a signal from the measured main current which is representative of the resistivity of the formation surrounding the borehole; h. comparing said signal representative of the formation resistivity with a predetermined limit value; i. combining said signals representative of the main, auxiliary and resistivity signals to produce a fourth signal representative of the mudcake thickness when the value of formation resistivity is greater than said predetermined limit value.

Claim 7

An apparatus for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. means for supporting a plurality of electrodes adapted for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. means for supplying both survey and auxiliary currents to said current-emitting electrode for emission into the media surrounding the supporting means, said survey current returning to a first return electrode for return to the current supplying means and said auxiliary current returning to at least one return electrode located relatively near said current-emitting electrode for return to the current supply means; c. means for measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said supporting means; d. means operative in response to the measured potentials for adjusting one of the survey or auxiliary currents to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole whereby the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. means for producing first and second signals functionally related to the main and auxiliary currents I 0 and I 1 , respectively; and f. means for combining said first and second signals to produce a third signal proportional to (I 1 -λI 0 ) where λ is a constant coefficient, said third signal being functionally related to the mudcake thickness.

Claim 8

An apparatus for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. means for supporting a plurality of electrodes adapted for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. means for supplying both survey and auxiliary currents to said current-emitting electrode for emission into the media surrounding the supporting means, said survey current returning to a first return electrode for return to the current supplying means and said auxiliary current returning to at least one return electrode located relatively near said current-emitting electrode for return to the current supply means; c. means for measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said supporting means; d. means operative in response to the measured potentials for adjusting one of the survey or auxiliary currents to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole whereby the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. means for producing first and second signals functionally related to the main and auxiliary currents I 0 and I 1 , respectively; and f. means for combining said first and second signals to produce a third signal proportional to (I 1 -λI 0 ) where λ is a constant coefficient, said third signal being functionally related to the mudcake thickness.

Claim 10

A method of measuring a characteristic of earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. moving a plurality of electrodes through said borehole, the electrodes including at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the media surrounding the electrodes and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. supplying survey and auxiliary currents to at least one of said electrodes for emission into the media surrounding the electrodes, said survey current returning to a first return electrode for return to the current supply means and said auxiliary current returning to at least one electrode which is relatively near said at least one current-emitting electrode for return to the current supply means; c. measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said borehole; d. adjusting one of said survey or auxiliary currents in response to said measured potentials to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole so that the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. producing first and second signals functionally related to said main and auxiliary currents I 0 and I 1 , respectively; and f. combining said first and second signals to produce a third signal functionally related to (I 1 -λI 0 ) where λ is a constant coefficient, said third signal being functionally related to the mudcake thickness.

Claim 11

A method of measuring a characteristic of earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. moving a plurality of electrodes through said borehole, the electrodes including at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the media surrounding the electrodes and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. supplying survey and auxiliary currents to at least one of said electrodes for emission into the media surrounding the electrodes, said survey current returning to a first return electrode for return to the current supply means and said auxiliary current returning to at least one electrode which is relatively near said at least one current-emitting electrode for return to the current supply means; c. measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said borehole; d. adjusting one of said survey or auxiliary currents in response to said measured potentials to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole so that the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. producing first and second signals functionally related to said main and auxiliary currents I 0 and I 1 , respectively; and f. combining said first and second signals to produce a third signal functionally related to (I 1 -λI 0 ) where λ is a constant coefficient, said third signal being functionally related to the mudcake thickness.

Claim 13

An apparatus for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. means for supporting a plurality of electrodes adapted for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. means for supplying both survey and auxiliary currents to said current-emitting electrode for emission into the media surrounding the supporting means, said survey current returning to a first return electrode for return to the current supply means and said auxiliary current returning to at least one return electrode located relatively near said current-emitting electrode for return to the current supply means; c. means for measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said supporting means; d. means operative in response to the measured potentials for adjusting one of the survey or auxiliary currents to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole whereby the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. means for producing first and second signals functionally related to the main and auxiliary currents I 0 and I 1 , respectively; f. means for producing a third signal functionally related to the resistivity, R a , of the formation surrounding the borehole; and g. means for combining said first, second and third signals to produce an output signal representative of the mudcake thickness H mc according to the expression: H.sub.mc = K.sub.1 (A-K.sub.2).sup.α where: ##EQU2##and K 1 through K 4 and α are predetermined constants, R mc is a predetermined constant representative of the mudcake resistivity.

Claim 14

An apparatus for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. means for supporting a plurality of electrodes adapted for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. means for supplying both survey and auxiliary currents to said current-emitting electrode for emission into the media surrounding the supporting means, said survey current returning to a first return electrode for return to the current supply means and said auxiliary current returning to at least one return electrode located relatively near said current-emitting electrode for return to the current supply means; c. means for measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said supporting means; d. means operative in response to the measured potentials for adjusting one of the survey or auxiliary currents to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole whereby the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. means for producing first and second signals functionally related to the main and auxiliary currents I 0 and I 1 , respectively; f. means for producing a third signal functionally related to the resistivity, R a , of the formation surrounding the borehole; and g. means for combining said first, second and third signals to produce an output signal representative of the mudcake thickness H mc according to the expression: H.sub.mc = K.sub.1 (A-K.sub.2).sup.α where: ##EQU2##and K 1 through K 4 and α are predetermined constants, R mc is a predetermined constant representative of the mudcake resistivity.

Claim 15

A method of measuring a characteristic of earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. moving a plurality of electrodes through said borehole, the electrodes including at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the media surrounding the electrodes and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. supplying survey and auxiliary currents to at least one of said electrodes for emission into the media surrounding the electrodes, said survey current returning to a first return electrode for return to the current supply means and said auxiliary current returning to at least one electrode which is relatively near said at least one current-emitting electrode for return to the current supply means; c. measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said borehole; d. adjusting one of said survey or auxiliary currents in response to said measured potentials to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole so that the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. producing first and second signals functionally related to said main and auxiliary currents I 0 and I 1 , respectively; f. producing a third signal functionally related to the formation resistivity, R a , of the formation surrounding the borehole; and g. combining said first, second and third signals to produce an output signal representative of the mudcake thickness H mc according to the expression: H.sub.mc = K.sub.1 (A-K.sub.2).sup.α where: ##EQU3##and K 1 through K 4 and α are predetermined constants, R mc is a predetermined constant representative of the mudcake resistivity.

Claim 16

A method of measuring a characteristic of earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. moving a plurality of electrodes through said borehole, the electrodes including at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the media surrounding the electrodes and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. supplying survey and auxiliary currents to at least one of said electrodes for emission into the media surrounding the electrodes, said survey current returning to a first return electrode for return to the current supply means and said auxiliary current returning to at least one electrode which is relatively near said at least one current-emitting electrode for return to the current supply means; c. measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said borehole; d. adjusting one of said survey or auxiliary currents in response to said measured potentials to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole so that the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. producing first and second signals functionally related to said main and auxiliary currents I 0 and I 1 , respectively; f. producing a third signal functionally related to the formation resistivity, R a , of the formation surrounding the borehole; and g. combining said first, second and third signals to produce an output signal representative of the mudcake thickness H mc according to the expression: H.sub.mc = K.sub.1 (A-K.sub.2).sup.α where: ##EQU3##and K 1 through K 4 and α are predetermined constants, R mc is a predetermined constant representative of the mudcake resistivity.

Claim 17

An apparatus for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. means for supporting a plurality of electrodes for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. means for supplying both survey and auxiliary currents to said current-emitting electrode for emission into the media surrounding the supporting means, said survey current returning to a first return electrode for return to the current supply means and said auxiliary current returning to at least one return electrode located relatively near said current-emitting electrode for return to the current supply means; c. means for measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said supporting means; d. means operative in response to the measured potentials for adjusting one of the survey or auxiliary currents to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole whereby the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. means for producing first and second signals functionally related to the main and auxiliary currents, I 0 and I 1 , respectively; f. means responsive to the signal functionally related to the main current for producing a third signal representative of the resistivity, R a , of the formation surrounding the borehole; and g. means for combining said first, second and third signals to produce an output signal representative of the mudcake thickness on a borehole wall, including gate means for disabling said combining means when the ratio of the resistivity of the formation to the mudcake resistivity is less than a predetermined amount.

Claim 18

An apparatus for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. means for supporting a plurality of electrodes for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. means for supplying both survey and auxiliary currents to said current-emitting electrode for emission into the media surrounding the supporting means, said survey current returning to a first return electrode for return to the current supply means and said auxiliary current returning to at least one return electrode located relatively near said current-emitting electrode for return to the current supply means; c. means for measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said supporting means; d. means operative in response to the measured potentials for adjusting one of the survey or auxiliary currents to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole whereby the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. means for producing first and second signals functionally related to the main and auxiliary currents, I 0 and I 1 , respectively; f. means responsive to the signal functionally related to the main current for producing a third signal representative of the resistivity, R a , of the formation surrounding the borehole; and g. means for combining said first, second and third signals to produce an output signal representative of the mudcake thickness on a borehole wall, including gate means for disabling said combining means when the ratio of the resistivity of the formation to the mudcake resistivity is less than a predetermined amount.

Claim 19

A method for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. supporting a plurality of electrodes for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. supplying both survey and auxiliary currents to said current-emitting electrode for emission into the media surrounding the supporting means, said survey current returning to a first return electrode for return to the current supply means and said auxiliary current returning to at least one electrode located relatively near said current-emitting electrode for return to the current supply means; c. measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said supporting means; d. adjusting one of the survey or auxiliary currents in response to the measured potentials to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole whereby the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. producing first and second signals functionally related to the main and auxiliary currents I 0 and I 1 , respectively; f. producing a third signal responsive to the signal functionally related to the main current representative of the resistivity, R a , of the formation surrounding the borehole; and g. combining said first, second and third signals to produce an output signal representative of the mudcake thickness on a borehole wall, including the step of producing a fourth signal representative of the ratio of the resistivity of the formation to the mudcake resistivity and not combining said first, second and third signals when said fourth signal is less than a predetermined amount.

Claim 20

A method for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. supporting a plurality of electrodes for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. supplying both survey and auxiliary currents to said current-emitting electrode for emission into the media surrounding the supporting means, said survey current returning to a first return electrode for return to the current supply means and said auxiliary current returning to at least one electrode located relatively near said current-emitting electrode for return to the current supply means; c. measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said supporting means; d. adjusting one of the survey or auxiliary currents in response to the measured potentials to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole whereby the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. producing first and second signals functionally related to the main and auxiliary currents I 0 and I 1 , respectively; f. producing a third signal responsive to the signal functionally related to the main current representative of the resistivity, R a , of the formation surrounding the borehole; and g. combining said first, second and third signals to produce an output signal representative of the mudcake thickness on a borehole wall, including the step of producing a fourth signal representative of the ratio of the resistivity of the formation to the mudcake resistivity and not combining said first, second and third signals when said fourth signal is less than a predetermined amount.

Claim 21

An apparatus for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. means for supporting a plurality of electrodes adapted for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. means for emitting a main current and an auxiliary current from said at least one current-emitting electrode; c. means for measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said supporting means; d. means operative in response to the measured potentials for adjusting one of the survey or auxiliary currents to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole whereby the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. means for producing first and second signals functionally related to the potential differences measured between separate points in the borehole wall, V a and E O , respectively; and f. means for combining said first and second signals to produce a third signal functionally related to the mudcake thickness on the borehole wall, said third signal being a function of: V.sub.a - K/E.sub.O where K is a constant.

Claim 22

An apparatus for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. means for supporting a plurality of electrodes adapted for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. means for emitting a main current and an auxiliary current from said at least one current-emitting electrode; c. means for measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said supporting means; d. means operative in response to the measured potentials for adjusting one of the survey or auxiliary currents to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole whereby the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. means for producing first and second signals functionally related to the potential differences measured between separate points in the borehole wall, V a and E O , respectively; and f. means for combining said first and second signals to produce a third signal functionally related to the mudcake thickness on the borehole wall, said third signal being a function of: V.sub.a - K/E.sub.O where K is a constant.

Claim 23

A method for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. supporting a plurality of electrodes adapted for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. means for emitting a main current and an auxiliary current from said at least one current-emitting electrode; c. measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said supporting means; d. adjusting one of the survey or auxiliary currents in response to the measured potentials to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole whereby the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. producing first and second signals functionally related to the potential differences measured between separate points in the borehole, V A and E 0 , respectively; and f. combining said first and second signals to produce a third signal functionally related to the mudcake thickness on the borehole wall, said third signal being a function of: V.sub.a - K/E.sub.0 where K is a constant.

Claim 24

A method for investigating earth formations traversed by a borehole comprising: a. supporting a plurality of electrodes adapted for movement in the borehole, the electrodes comprising at least one current-emitting electrode adapted for emitting current into the borehole and a plurality of potential measuring electrodes; b. means for emitting a main current and an auxiliary current from said at least one current-emitting electrode; c. measuring the potential at a plurality of points along said supporting means; d. adjusting one of the survey or auxiliary currents in response to the measured potentials to set up a given potential distribution in at least a portion of the borehole whereby the auxiliary current will tend to force the survey current into the formation; e. producing first and second signals functionally related to the potential differences measured between separate points in the borehole, V A and E 0 , respectively; and f. combining said first and second signals to produce a third signal functionally related to the mudcake thickness on the borehole wall, said third signal being a function of: V.sub.a - K/E.sub.0 where K is a constant.